.D AND DESCRIPTIVE
LOGUE
LIBRARY OF 1
IVERSITYofCALE
LICK OBSERVAT
NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA'S
/; ENCYCLOPEDIC
ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIPTIVE
REFERENCE
CATALOGUE -
OF
OPTICAL, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, PHOTOGRAPHIC,
AND
STANDARD
METEOROLOGICAL
INSTRUMENTS,
MANUFACTURED AND SOLD BY THEM.
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA,
©ptidans ani jJrientifit Jfnsirununt Utabrs to
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN;
H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES;
THE ROYAL OBSERVATORY, GREENWICH; THE ADMIRALTY; BOARD OF TRADE ;
THE ROYAL BRITISH METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY; THE
OBSERVATORIES, KEW, TORONTO, WASHINGTON, VICTORIA; AND CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.
HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
45, COBNHILL, E.G., and 122, REGENT STREET, W.,
PHOTOGRAPHERS TO THE CRYSTAL PALACE, SYDENHAM.
LONDON.
PRICE FIVE SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE.
Revised and Corrected Edition.
Oi vvv^
MAYMAN BROTHERS AND LILLY,
PRINTERS,
HATTON HOUSE, FARRINGDON ROAD.
LONDON. E.G.
NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA,
photographers to tbe Crystal palace Company
OPTICIANS,
AND
METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENT MAKERS,
CERAMIC COURT, CRYSTAL PALACE, SYDENHAM, S,E,
NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA' S PHOTOGRAPHIC ROOMS
Are open daily, and Portraits taken in all the most approved Styles, from
Carte de Visite to Life Size.
MINIATURES, CARTE DE VISITE, AND OTHER PORTRAITS ENLARGED,
PORTRAITS FROM LIFE. OR ENLARGEMENTS COLOURED IN THE HIGHEST
AND MOST FINISHED STYLE EITHER IN OIL OR WATER COLOURS.
All kinds of Photographic Work undertaken, and executed
with ability and despatch.
Price Lixts Posted Free.
XEGRETTI & ZAMBRA have, in connection with their Photographic Rooms
in the Ceramic Court, Crystal Palace, a department for the sale of
Optical, Meteorological, Philosophical, and Photographic Instruments;
and respectfully invite inspection of their extensive stock, conveniently
arranged for examination, every facility for so doing- being- afforded by
the Assistants in attendance.
NEGHETTI & CAMERA,
Opticians anfc meteorological instrument
TO
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,
AND
H. R. H. THE PRINCE OF WALES
A SPECIAL PRIZE MEDAL was awarded at the International Exhibition
of 1 862 to Negretti and Zambra ; and the
AUSTRIAN GOLD MEDAL was also presented to the Firm for the
EXCELLENCE oj their PHOTOGRAPHS UPON GLASS, 6V.
740482
HONORARY AWARDS TO NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1883.
1884.
1851. The only Prixe Medal for Meteorological Instruments
was awarded to Negretti and Zambra.
1855. " Honourable Mention."— Paris Exhibition.
The £ew Committee exhibited among their Apparatus one of
-A7". <$[ Z*s. Patent Maximum Thermometers ; the Jury awarded an
Honour able Mention for this Instrument. Negretti and Zambra
not having exhibited at all.
The "Austrian Gold Medal." — For Stereoscopic Photographic
Views on Glass. ^
1862. Two Prize Medals. — J. Meteorological Instruments. — The
terms of the Award being as follows : — " For many important
inventions and improvements, together with accuracy and
excellence in objects exhibited."
II. Photographic Transparencies, "for beauty and excellence
of, and adaptation of Photography to 'Book Illustrations"
1875. A Prize Medal. — Santiago, Chili, awarded for their exhibited
collection of Optical and Physical Instruments.
1876. Three Prize Medals.— Philadelphia, "/or Meteorological
Instruments ; " "for Thermometers" and "for Microscopes J*'
1878. A Gold Medal, Paris. The only Gold Medal awarded
for Meteorological Instruments in the British Section.
Fisheries Exhibition, Norwich. A Silver Medal and
Diploma for Deep Sea Recording Thermometers and Sextants.
Fisheries Exhibition, Edinburgh. A Silver Medal for
Deep Sea Recording Thermometers, &c.
Buitenzorg, Batavia, Java Exhibition. A Gold Medal for
general excellence of Optical Instruments exhibited.
International Fisheries Exhibition, London. A Gold
Medal for Meteorological Instruments. A Silver Medal for
Deep Sea Recording Thermometers. A Bronze Medal for
Current Meter. A Gold Medal for Standard Barometers.
International Health Exhibition, London. A Gold Medal
for Hourly Recording and other Registering Thermometers.
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA'S
INVENTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS.
1. — Enamelling the centre or back of Thermometer Tubes. By this invention, Negretti
and Zambra have been enabled to make Thermometers at least twenty times
more sensitive than heretofore. The delicate Clinical Thermometers now so
extensively used could never have been efficiently constructed without the aid
of the enamelled tube. See Sensitive Thermometers, pages 32 and 160.
2. — Negretti and Zambra's Patent Self-Registering Maximum Thermometer. Pp. 36
to 45. For a Report on the value of this Thermometer by the Kew Committee
see pages 37 and 38.
3. — The Application of Porcelain and Enamelled White Glass Scales to Barometers
and Thermometers, the divisions being permanently etclied or painted thereon ;
a plan now universally adopted by all makers.
4. — Negretti and Zambra's Patent Mercurial Minimum Thermometers (two patents).
See pages 47 to 50.
5. — Negretti and Zambra's Patent Self -Registering Maximum Thermometer, specially
arranged for obtaining underground temperatures, Mines, Springs, &c., Marine
service, Solar Observations, &c., &c. Seepages 42, 44, 145, 171, and 172.
6. — FitzRoy's Marine Gun Barometer, constructed for use in Her Majesty's Navy, by
Negretti and Zambra, the only one adopted and in use in Her Majesty's vessels.
See pages 11 and 12.
7. — FitzRoy's Storm or Life-Boat Service Barometer. See page 143.
8. — Pocket and Watch- sized Aneroid Barometer. The first Pocket Aneroid ever produced
was manufactured by Negretti and Zambra for the late Admiral FitzRoy.
See pages 24 to 27.
9. — The Double Bulb Deep Sea Thermometer, first constructed and supplied to Her
Majesty's Navy by Negretti and Zambra in 1 862. For full particulars and the
history of this important invention see pages 63, 64, 65, and 173.
10. — Improved Standard Mercurial Deep-Sea Thermometer, the only Instrument capable
of giving correct temperatures of the bottom or any intermediate depth of the
sea. See pages 66 and 67.
11-— Negretti and Zambra's Patent Strengthened Glass Hydrometer. Seepage 194.
12.— A Portable form of the Open Range Glycerine Barometer. See page 18.
13. — Self Recording Aneroid Barometers with various Improvements.
See pages 27 and 28.
14.— Improved Self-Recording Barographs, Thermographs, Hygrometers.
Seepages 30, 53 to 56, 130.
15-— Negretti and Zambra's Patent Apparatus for recording Hourly Temperatures.
Seepages 55 and 78.
16.— Recording Anemometers, Electrical. Various arrangements constructed by
Negretti and Zambra.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Preface v. to vii
Standard Meteorological Instruments and Meteorological Publications . . 1 to 133
Barometers, Aneroids, Thermometers, and Hygrometers . . . 134 to 151, 152 to 175
Hydrometers and Saccharometers 176 to 195
Steam, Vacuum, Hydraulic, and Gas Pressure Gauges, and Counting Machines 198 to 210
Surveying Instruments, Land Chains, Measures, &c 283 to 307
Nautical Instruments, Sextants, Quadrants, Ships' Lamps, Logs, Mariners'
Compasses, &c., and Sun Dials 308 to 327
Mathematical Drawing Instruments, Scales and Rules 330 to 349
Globes and Orreries 328 to 329
Spectacles, Pocket and Hand Magnifiers 213 to 224
Various Optical Instruments 225 to 228
Opera, Race, and Field Glasses *234 to 240
Microscopes and Apparatus 256 to 275
Telescopes 241 to 255
Polarising Apparatus 277 to 280
Stereoscopes and Slides . . . 229 to 233
Magic Lanterns and Dissolving View Apparatus 350 to 374
Spectrum Apparatus, and the Radiometer 276, 281, 282
Chemical Apparatus, of Glass, Porcelain, and Earthenware .... 375 to 394
Apparatus for Organic Analysis 394, 395
Chemical and Philosophical Apparatus and Instruments, of Metal, &c. . . 396 to 410
Chemical Cabinets and Portable Laboratories 410,411
Frictional Electrical Apparatus 412 to 427
Voltaic or Galvanic Apparatus 428 to 436
Electro-Metallurgical Apparatus 440 to 442
Magnetic and Electro-Magnetic Apparatus 443 to 449
Electric Bells and Alarms 459 to 467
Electric Light Apparatus 437 to 439
Thevmo-Electric Apparatus 450'
Induction Coils and Apparatus 451 to 455
Medical Galvanic and Magnetic Apparatus 455 to 459
Pneumatic Apparatus 468 to 476
Hydrostatics and Hydraulics 477 to 480
Photometers 497
Acoustic Instruments, &c 494
Mechanics and Dynamics 491 to 495
Models of Steam Engines, &c., Apparatus for Illustrating the Phenomena of Heat 481 to 490
Portable Steam Engines ) .... 211
Gun Metal Fittings, for Steam Engines and Boilers, &c. ' .... 210
Bourdon's Steam Gauges 205 to 210
Telegraph Instruments and Apparatus 449, 461, 466
Surgical and Medical Instruments, &c. 498 to 503
Soda Water Machinery and Diving Apparatus, and Ice Machines . . . 504 to 508
Hydraulic Machinery 509
Gas Motors 510, 511
Photographic Apparatus 517 to 553
Appendix 554
General Reference Index 567
Mineralogical and Geological Collections . 503
PKEFACE.
IN again submitting to our numerous friends and patrons a greatly enlarged
and revised edition of our Encyclopaedic Catalogue, we do so with some decree
of pride, — firstly, that all previous editions have been such as to command the
extensive patronage bestowed upon them ; and, secondly, from the award made
known at the " Great International Exhibition at Paris," that the superiority
and excellence of our instruments, which gained for us the only Prize Medal in
1851, is still maintained, and manifested by the fact that at Paris in 1873 we had
awarded to us the ONLY GOLD MEDAL given for our class of instruments
in the British Section.
This is further confirmed by the award of THREE GOLD MEDJLL>, SILVER,
and BRONZE MEDALS at the International Exhibitions, London, 1883-1884,
and other awards specified on page iii.
In this edition, as in all that have preceded it, our endeavour has been to
make the the work, not merely a list of prices, but in reality a guide for those
who are purchasing Scientific Instruments and Apparatus generally. All
instruments are well described, some more fully than others, depending upon
the importance of the apparatus or article under consideration.
Our Meteorological Instruments we particularly recommend to those who
are about to commence making observations in the science of Meteorologv as
being the most recently improved and reliable that can possibly be produced.
In confirmation of this we have only to state that for nearly forty years our
firm have had the honour of supplying Standard Instruments to all the most
important Meteorological Observatories, Scientific Institutions, and Govern-
ments of the World ; most of the Geographical and Deep Sea Exploring
Expeditions of the last thirty years have been supplied with our Instruments.
To enumerate our various inventions and improvements here would be,
with few exceptions, to repeat all that has been said in previous editions ; as
it would be tedious, we specify these Inventions and Improvements on pao-e iv.,
and indicate the section or page in the Catalogue where they will be found
fully described. Our doing so must not be taken as an act of egotism ; but for
the special purpose of placing on record that we are the Inventors and
Improvers of such instruments, as many of our inventions have been
appropriated by manufacturers, and sold without the slightest acknowledgment
of their origin.
Our extensive business knowledge and experience in each of the various
sections of our Trade enables us to obtain full and correct information respecting
any new Instruments or Inventions : hence we are in a position to supply to
our Correspondents any Specialities made and sold by other firms at their
advertised or Catalogue prices.
Viii PREFACE.
At page v. will be found a Table of Contents, referring to the pages where
any particular section or class of apparatus will be found, and at page 567 an
extensive general Index, giving the marginal number or page for each
Instrument: these, combined with upwards of Thirteen Hundred "Wood
Engravings (a large proportion of them new), will assist the reader in searching
for any particular item.
When Orders are transmitted in Foreign Languages, N". & Z. advise
their friends to send verbatim copies of such orders in the original language,
as it often occurs that where the order has been translated and copied by
persons unacquainted with the nature or use of the articles written for, serious
errors arise in the carrying out their correspondents' commands.
Correspondents may, if preferable to them, write in French, Italian,
Spanish, or German.
A liberal commission allowed to Merchants, Shippers, or Agents on large
transactions. Merchants favouring us with copies of their clients' orders will
have special quotations furnished to them if desired.
Full and explicit instructions should accompany orders as to the Address,
mode of Conveyance, Shipment, Insurance, Consular Forms, and Declarations,
etc., etc. Foreign or Country orders must be accompanied by an adequate
Remittance or Order for Payment, or Satisfactory Reference in London.
Every possible care being taken in packing Apparatus and Instruments to
insure safety in carriage, ibe cannot be responsible for any damage that may occur
in transit after the goods leave our establishment.
The probable expense of Packing Cases, Tin or Zinc-lined, may be taken
at say from 5 to 10 per cent, on the value of articles of ordinary dimensions
and weight. Yery bulky or extremely heavy goods can. hardly be estimated
for ; but 1ST. & Z. will undertake that all packages, &c., shall be supplied at
the lowest possible net charge.
All communications from abroad should be directed to the Chier
Establishment, Negretti & Zambra, Holborn Viaduct, E.G., London.
Letters for their Branches to be specially addressed 45, Cornhill, E.G. ;
122, Regent Street, W. ; or, Negretti & Zambra's Photographic
Department, Crystal Palace, Sydenham, S.E.
The compilation and revision of this New Edition of our Catalogue has
again been entrusted by us to Mr. R. WILLATS, the Manager of our retail
department at Holborn Viaduct ; and we hope that both as a Price List and a
Book of Reference it will be found much superior to its predecessors.
NEGEETTI & ZAMBEA.
ERRATA.
PAGE.
7 Last line 0'45 should read 0'6.
20 Fig. 21. Price should read £27 !<»-.
27 Last line, 18s., should read 15s.
32 No. 39. For T\jth of degree read ^ths.
58 Last line, 20s., should read 7s.
(This instrument has been considerably improved since catalogue was printed.
Full particulars forwarded on application.)
65 The line "1 Cubic Foot of Sea Water" should read "Fresh Water" (see
page 558).
67 Price of Magnaghi Pattern Deep Sea Thermometer, £5 10s.
75 No. 98. 63s. should read 50s.
94 No. 133 is no longer made, having been superseded by No. 132.
102 No. 144. 4-inch Anemometer, 63s. should read 60s.
114 No. 158 is no longer made.
124 No. 1 Set of Instruments, instead of £330 to £450, read £170 to £250.
131 Dip Circle No. 136. £35 should read £40.
132 Prices of Charts for figures 21 and 29. 25s. should read 21s.
For fig. 28 read 15s.
For Anemometers and Tide Gauges read 35s.
133 Negretti and Zambra's Treatise and Ksemtz's Meteorology are both out of
print.
143 No. 171. FitzRoy Barometer, £6 10s., should read £6 6s.
14§ Fig. 182 should read 183.
Fig. 183 should read 182.
149 No. 199 can also be supplied at £5 5s.
157 No. 267 14-inch, 10s., should read 8s. 6d.
159 No. 299. 400° should read 140?.
No. 300. 600° should read 212°.
No. 301 should read to 600°.
162 The Thermometers, Nos. 313, 314, and 315, are not to be recommended, and
are superseded by Nos. 316 and 317.
163 No. 316 are also supplied on Boxwood Scales at 5s. 6d. and 7s. 6d.
Porcelain Scale in Japanned Metal Case, 10s. 6d. should read 7s. 6d.
No. 317. 12s. 6d, should read 10s. 6d.
No. 321. 10s. 6d. should read 7s. 6d.
No. 322. 12s. 6d. should read 10s. 6d.
168 No. 366. 16s. 6d. should read 15s.
169 No. 386. 130° should read 110°.
177 No. 423. 27s. 6d. should read 21s.
186 No. 485. 16s. 6s. should read 12s. 6d.
No. 486. 10s. 6d. should read 7s. 6d.
188 No. 510 is no longer made.
No. 514. Fig. 466 should read 514.
No. 515. Fig. 467 should read 515.
No. 517. Fig. 469 should read 517.
196 No. 559. " Vacuum Gauge " should read " Pressure Gauge."
Fig. 459 should read 559.
199 Fig. 578 should read 587.
201 Fig. A should read C.
Fig. C should read A.
Small Machine Counter " with 4 figures at 63s." should read " with 6 figures
and reciprocating."
ERRATA.
PAGE.
223 Fig. 697 should read 679.
226 Fig 40 should read 740.
250 No. 859, referred to as fig. 859, should read fig. 861.
251 No 861 should read 859.
252 No. 864. For 190 diameters read 100.
253 No. 866. £8 8s, should read £S.
254 No. 868. £8 8s. should read £8.
No. 871. £14 should read £14 10s.
£200 should read £190.
£300 should read £280.
„ £400 should read £390.
268 No. 925. ith Object Glass £4 10s., should read £6 10s.
ith ditto £5 should read £7 10s.
272 No. 995 6s. should read 5s.
275 No. 1042. £8 8s. should read £7 7s.
No. 1044. 10s. 6d. should read 6s. 6d.
No. 1045. 12s. 6d. should read 8s. 6d.
280 No. 1075 are also supplied at 5s. and 7s, 6 d.
285 No. 1115. 20 seconds should read 30.
291 No. 1155. £18 18s. should read £19 10s.
292 No. 1165. 36s. should read 35s.
297 No. 1186. £3 3s. should read £3 10s.
307 30-inch Pentagraph, £10 10s., should read £9 10s.
308 No. 1293. 5-inch should read 6-inch.
317 No. 1345. £3 3s. should read £2 2s.
325 No. 1404. 5s. should read 3s.
No. 1407. Is. should read Is. 9d.
No. 1418. Is. should read Is. 6d.
356 No. 1761. £12 12s. should read £10 10s.
397 No. 2167.* 16s. should read 10s. 6d.
398 No. 2181 is no longer made.
412 No. 2380. 9-inch at 63s. should read 10-inch
432 Fig. 1888 should read 2564.
434 No. 2554. No. 1 size, 5s. 6d. should read 4s. 6d.
No. 2 size, 4s., should read 3s. 6d.
„ No. 3 size, 3s. 6d., should read 3s.
No. 2604 has now been superseded by machines of improved construction.
447 Fig. 2079 should read 2709.
448 No. 2709 is no longer made.
458 No. 2784. 32s. should read 30s.
477 No. 2912. Fig 2612 should read 2912.
479 Fig. 9240 should read 2940.
481 Fig. 2995 should read 2955.
483 No. 2951. Fig. 2251 should read 2951.
No. 2954. No. 2144 should read fig. 3044.
490 No. 3009. Figs. 2109 and 2109* should read figs. 3009 and 3009*,
493 Fig. 2694 should read 3042.
517 No. 3159. For £ plate at £3 3s. read \ plate.
545 No. 3282. £5 15s. should read £6 5s.
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA'S
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.
STANDARD
METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS.
THE practical usefulness of Meteorological Instruments as weather indicators,
and their increasing employment for Scientific and Sanitary investigation,
render a knowledge of their construction and principles desirable to all.
Impressed with the idea that we shall be supplying a want, in giving simple
descriptions of those now in use, we have endeavoured to condense such
information regarding the instruments used in Meteorology in the present
section of our Catalogue.
Every Meteorological Instrument of any practical value being described,
with plain instructions for using them, purchasers will be enabled to select
such as seem to them most suited to their requirements.
For convenience of reference and comparison we arrange and describe the
different instruments used for Meteorological observation under the following
headings, viz. : Instruments to show, 1st, the pressure of the atmosphere; 2nd,
the temperature of the air ; 3rd, the absorption and radiation of the sun's heat
by the earth's surface ; 4th, the humidity of the air ; 5th, the amount and
duration of rainfall ; 6th, the direction, the horizontal pressure, and the velocity
of winds ; 7th, the electric condition of the atmosphere, the prevalence and
activity of ozone, magnetic, and tidal phenomena, &c., &c.
B
INSTRUMENTS FOR ASCERTAINING THE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE,
BAEOMETEES.
1. Principle of the Barometer.— The first instrument which gave the exact
measure of the pressure of the atmosphere was invented by Torricelli, a Florentine
pupil of Galileo, in 1643. It is constructed
as follows : A glass tube, C D (fig. 1), about
34 inches long, and from two to four-tenths
of an inch in diameter of bore, having one
end dosed, is filled with mercury. In a
cup, B, a quantity of mercury is also poured.
Then, placing a finger securely over the
open end, C, invert the tube vertically over
the cup, and remove the finger when the
end of the tube dips into the mercury. The
mercury in the tube then partly falls out,
bat a column, A B, about 30 inches in
height, remains supported. This column is
a weight of mercury, the pressure of which
upon the surface of that in the cup is pre-
cisely equivalent to the corresponding pres-
sure of the atmosphere. As the atmospheric
pressure varies, the length of this mercurial
column also changes. It is by no means
constant in its height ; in fact, it is very
seldom stationary, but is constantly rising or falling in the tube. It is, there-
fore, an instrument by which the fluctuations taking place in the pressure of
the atmosphere, arising from changes in its weight and elasticity, can be shown
and measured. It has obtained the name Barometer, or measurer of heaviness,
— a word certainly not happily expressive of the utility of the invention. If
the bore of the barometer tube be uniform throughout its length, and have its
sectional area equal to a square inch, it is evident that the length of the column,
which is supported by the pressure of the air, expresses the number of cubic
inches of mercury which compose it. The weight of this mercury, therefore,
represents the statical pressure of the atmosphere upon a square inch of
surface.
In England the annual mean height of the barometric column, reduced to
the sea-level, and to the temperature of 32° Fahrenheit, is about 29'95 inches.
A cubic inch of mercury at this temperature has been ascertained to weigh
0-43967 Ibs. avoirdupois. Hence 29'95 xO'48967^14'67 Ibs., is the mean
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBKA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G. 3
value of the pressure of the atmosphere on each square inch of surface, near the
sea-level, about the latitude of 50 degrees. Nearer the equator this mean
pressure is somewhat greater ; nearer the poles, somewhat less. For common
practical calculations it is assumed to be 15 Ibs. on the square inch. When it
became apparent that the movements of the barometric column furnished indi-
cations of the probable coming "changes in the weather, an attempt was made
to deduce from recorded observations the barometric height corresponding to
the most notable characteristics of weather. It was found that for fine dry
weather the mercury in the barometer at the sea-level generally stood above 30
inches ; changeable weather happened when it ranged from 30 to 29 inches,
and when rainy or stormy weather occurred it was even lower. Thus, it became
the practice to place upon barometer scales words (Fair, Change, Rain, &c.),
indicatory of the weather likely to accompany, or follow, the movements of the
mercury ; and the instruments bearing them obtained the name " Weather
Glasses."
COMPARISON
OF THE
ENGLISH AND METRICAL SCALES OF BAROMETERS
AT ALL
TEMPERATURES COMMON TO BOTH.
Inches.
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
BY F. F. TUCKETT, ESQ.
Millimetres.
Inches.
812-5312
16
787-1396
15
761-7480
14
736-3564
13
710-9648
12
685-5732
11
660-1816
10
634-7900
9
609-3984
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584-0068
7
558-6152
6
533-2236
5
507-8320
4
482-4404
3
457-0488
2
431-6572
1
Millimetres.
406-2656
380-8740
355-4824
330-0908
304-6992
279-3076
253-9160
228-5244
203-1328
177-7412
152-3496
126-9580
101-5664
76-1748
50-7832
253916
B 2
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOKN TIADUCT, E.G.,
s
II
FIG, 2.
INSTRUMENTS FOR ASCERTAINING THE
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.
STANDAKD BAEOMETEES.
2. Negretti & Zambra's Standard Barometers are
constructed on Fortin's principle,* which has been proved
to be the most reliable and convenient arrangement
yefc introduced. The level of the mercury in the cistern
being adjusted previous to each observation to a fixed
zero point of ivory, loss of mercury from leakage or
oxidation is of little or no importance, and does not
affect the accuracy of the readings of the instrument.
The tubes are of varying internal diameter, according
to the price of each barometer. These tubes are filled
with pure mercury, very carefully boiled in the tube to
perfectly expel all air or moisture.
The barometer tube is mounted in a brass tubular
frame, extending throughout its whole length ; the
upper portion of it has two longitudinal openings 5
on one side of the front opening is the barometrical
scale of English inches, divided to show, by means of a
vernier, -^oth of an inch ; on the opposite side is some,
times divided a scale of French millimetres, reading
also by a vernier to y^th of a millimetre. The reservoir
or cistern of the barometer is of glass, closed at bottom
by means of a leather bag, acted upon by a thumb-screw
passing through the bottom of an arrangement of brass-
work, by which it is protected. A delicate thermometer
with the scale divided on its stem, so arranged as to
give as accurately as possible the temperatures of the
column of mercury, is attached to the brass tube. A
mahogany board, with brass bracket and ring, with
three adjusting screws for suspending and adjusting
the barometer, is supplied with each instrument.
* This form of barometer, now universally adopted by all makers, was
originally introduced by Negretti and Zambra.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, "REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
Fortin's barometer cistern shown in section by fig. 3, is
formed of a glass cylinder, which allows of the level of the
mercury within being seen. The bottom of the cylinder is
made of flexible leather, like a bag, so as to allow of being
pushed up or lowered by means of a screw, D B, worked from
beneath. This screw moves through the bottom of a brass
cylinder, C C, which is fixed outside, and protects the glass
cylinder containing the mercury. At the top of the interior
of the cistern is fixed a small piece of ivory, .A, the point of
which exactly coincides with the zero of the scale. This
screw and moveable cistern-bottom FIG. 3.
serve also to render the barometer portable, by con-
fining the mercury in the tube, and preventing its
descending into the cistern.
Fig. 4 exhibits the external construction of the
cistern portion of a standard barometer. S S are
metal screws that secure the glass cylinder or cistern
G Gr partly filled with mercury, M, through this the
tube T passes down into the flexible leather bag, with
which the instrument is adjusted or made portable
by the screw, D B, as previously described. At P is
shown the white ivory zero point to which the level of
the mercury in the glass cistern is always corrected
previous to reading off the height of the mercurial
column. This ivory point is seen at A in the section
FIG. 4. fio- 3, and at P in fig. 4.
Directions for fixing Hie Barometer. — In selecting a position for a barometer
care should be taken to place it so that the sun cannot shine upon it, and that
it is not affected by direct heat from a fire. The cistern should be from two to
three feet above the ground, which will give a height for observing convenient
to most persons. Having determined upon the position in which to place the
instrument, fix the mahogany board as nearly vertical as possible ; and ascer-
tain if the barometer is perfectly free from air, in the following manner : — lower
the adjusting screw at the bottom of the cistern several turns, so that the
mercury in the tube, when held upright, may fall two or three inches from the
top ; then slightly incline the instrument from the vertical position, and if the
mercury in striking the top elicit a sharp tap, the instrument is perfect. If the
tap be dull, or not heard at all, there is air above the mercury ; this must be
driven into the cistern by partially rescrewing and then inverting the instrument,
and gently tapping it with the hand. The barometer being in perfect condition,
6 NBGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, B.C.,
suspend it on the brass bracket, its cistern passing through the ring at bottom,
and allow it to find its vertical position ; after which firmly clamp it by means
of the three clamping screws.
Directions for taking an Observation. — Having
taken the temperature by the attached thermometer,
the mercury in the cistern must be raised or lowered
by means of the thumb-screw (s), fig. 2, until the
ivory point (E), and its reflected image in the mer-
cury (D), are just in contact ; the vernier is then
moved by means of the milled head, until its lower
edge just excludes the light from the middle and
uppermost point of the mercurial column as seen in
fig. 5 ; the reading is then taken by means of the
scale on the limb and the vernier. In observing, the
eye should be placed in a right line with the fore and
back edges of the lower termination or edge of the
vernier. A small white reflector placed behind the
barometer will assist in throwing the light through
the brass frame and the glass tube ; and the observer's
vision may be further assisted by the use of a
magnifying lens. The great object in standard
barometers, is to obtain exact readings, which can only be done by having the
eye, the front of the zero edge of the vernier, the top of the mercurial column,
and the back of the vernier, in the same horizontal plane.
To remove the Instrument. — If it should be necessary to remove the
barometer, first, by means of the adjusting screw (s), fig. 2, drive the mercury to
the top of the tube, turning the screw gently when the mercury approaches the
top, and stop turning directly any resistance is experienced ; next remove the
instrument from the bracket, slowly invert it, and in carrying keep the cistern
end uppermost.
3. The Barometer Vernier. — The Vernier, an invaluable contrivance
for measuring small spaces, was invented by Peter Vernier, about the year
1630. The barometer scale is divided into inches and tenths. The vernier
enables us to accurately sub-divide the tenths into hundredths, and, even to
thousandths of an inch. It consists of a short scale made to pass along the
graduated fixed scale by a sliding or rack-and-pinion adjustment.
The scales of standard barometers are usually divided into half-tenths, or
•05, of an inch, as represented, in fig 6, by AB. The vernier, C D, is made equal
in length to twenty-four of these divisions, and divided into twenty-five equal
parts ; consequently one space on the scale is larger than one on the vernier, by
the twenty-fifth part of *05, which is '002 inch, so that such a vernier shows
FIG 5.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
r/H
c
h
a
0
differences of "002 inch. The vernier of the figure reading upwards, the lower
edge, D, will denote the top of the mercurial column ; and is the zero of the
vernier scale. In fig. 6, the zero being in line exactly with 29 inches and five-
tenths of the fixed scale, the barometer reading would be 29*500 inches. It will
be seen that the vernier line, a, falls short of ^
a division of the scale by, as we have ex-
plained, -002 inch ; 6, by '004 ; c, by '006 ;
d, by "008 ; and the next line by one hun-
dredth. If, then, the vernier be moved so as
to make a coincide with z, on the scale, it
will have moved through '002 inch ; and if
1 on the vernier be moved into line with y
on the scale, the space measured will be1 010.
Thus, the figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 on the vernier
measure hundredths, and the intermediate
lines even thousandths of an inch. In fig 6*,
the zero of the vernier is between 29'65 and
2970 on the scale. Passing the eye up the
vernier and scale, the second line above 3 is
perceived to lie evenly with a line of the
scale. This gives '03 and '004 to add to
29*65, so that the actual reading is 29'684
inches.
For the ordinary purposes of the
30
B
FIG
6.
barometer as a " weather glass," such
minute measurement is not required. In
household and marine barometers, the scale
is only divided to tenths, and the vernier
constructed to measure hundredths of an inch.
This is done by making the vernier either 9
_gj
^S
_
Ol
20
'1 5
10
OS
00
—
-
•
-
-
-
—
—
-
—
—
—
—
29
-
-
°D
—
-
--
HE
-
FIG 6*.
or ll-10ths of an inch long, and dividing it into ten equal parts. The lines
above the zero line are then numbered from 1 to 10 ; sometimes the alternate
divisions only are numbered, the intermediate numbers being very readily
inferred. Hence, if the first line of the vernier agrees with 1 on the scale, the
next must be out one-tenth of a tenth, or '01 of an inch from agreement with
next scale line ; the following vernier line must be "02 out, and so on. Conse-
quently, when the vernier is set to the mercurial column, the difference shown
by the vernier from the tenth on the scale is the hundredths to be added to the
inches and tenths of the scale.
Price, Standard Barometer (fig 2) £880
Ditto, with English and Millimetre Scales 990 10 10 0
Ditto, with Tube 0'45-inch internal diameter . 12 12 0
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.
m
FIG. 9.
FIG. 7. FIG. 8.
4. Large Standard Barometers with attached Thermometer suited
for Observatories and Public Institutions. The tubes are T6oths internal
diameter, and the bulbs of the thermometers are of the same dimensions.
Price, Fig. 7. £21 0 0
5. Observatory Standard Barometers with extra large tube and
cistern, arranged for observations being taken by the Cathetometer for extreme
precision, as used at the Greenwich and Kew Observatories.
Price, Barometer, Fig. 8, , £25 0 0 £30 0 0
Cathetometer, Fig. 9 ... £35 0 0
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, BEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
FIG. 10.
FIG. 11.
6. Cathetometer,^ (fig. 10.) Improved arrangement, suited for
Observing Stations of the First Class. Price £50 to £80 ; varying with the
fineness and accuracy of the divisions and the number of adjustments attached
to the instrument.
10 NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
7. Observatory Standard Barometer, fig. 11, of the highest class
suitably mounted, for being read off with the Cathetometer, with a tube
of exceedingly large internal diameter, the cistern also being of very large
area — especially arranged for taking observations with the most extreme
precision. Our woodcut shows the Barometer to be without any scale, the
readings being obtained by observing the level of the mercury in the tubes
and the upper point of the cistern index, (or zero screw) through the telescope
of the Cathetometer. Price, as fig. 11, £50 0 0 to 70 0 0
8. The Cathetometer, shown in fig. 9, is used for ascertaining with
the utmost accuracy the space or distance between any two points. A brass rod
or cylinder is firmly supported on a heavy base having three arms, each arm
furnished with adjusting screws for setting the upright rod truly vertical.
This rod is accurately divided throughout its length, and so arranged that it
will revolve horizontally.
Exactly at right angles to this scale and attached to it is a framework
carrying a small Achromatic Telescope furnished with fine wire or spider lines
in the eye-piece. This telescope is mounted with levels, having coarse and fine
adjustments with clamps, &c., much' in the same manner as a Theodolite
Telescope. The distance between the points to be ascertained is observed
through the telescope, which can be moved with its adjustments vertically
up or down upon the divided scale — and its indications read off by means
of verniers, which sub-divide the scale to the five-hundredth or one-thousandth
part of an inch.
The Cathetometer scale may be divided either in English inches or
Centimetres and Millimetres as desired.
Price of Cathetometer, as fig. 9, £35 0 0
9. Glass Cases for Standard Barometers of polished ebonized wood
with plate glass sides and door with secure fastenings for the exclusion of
dust and preserving the instrument from injury. .Price £5 5 0 to £10 10 0
10. Testing Chamber with double-action Air Pump for testing Standard
Barometers, as used at the Kew Observatory. £70 0 0
11. Negretti and Zambra's Mountain Barometer (fig. 12), on Fortin's
principle, is more portable, and less liable to derangement than ordinary
mountain barometers. The arrangement of the flexible leather cistern is so
simple that should the mercury become oxidized, it can be quickly removed,
cleaned, and returned to the cistern without fear of affecting the correctness
of the indications. The vernier reads to '002 of an inch, and the whole
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STEEET, W., LONDON.
11
FIG.
FIG. 14.
instrument is arranged in the most compact and convenient form
for safety in travelling, and obtaining very accurate altitude
measurements.
Price, Including Brass Tripod Stand (as fig. 12) and Travelling
Case for the Barometer, with English or Millimetre Scale £10 10 0
12. Standard Mountain Barometer of simpler form and
smaller tube. Price £8 8 0
13. Standard Syphon Barometer (Gay Lussac's), divided
on the glass tube, suited for Laboratory use (fig. 13), mounted on
mahogany board, with thermometer and two verniers. Price £550
14. Standard Syphon Tube Mountain Barometer (Gay
Lussac's), with attached thermometer, and improvement in the
tube for excluding air. This is shown in fig. 14, and known as
Gay Lussao's Air Trap : its use being to arrest any air that may
pass up between the glass and the mercury. The bubbles of air
are stopped and collected at the shoulder of the trap at K, and
cannot possibly get up into the tube. This barometer is light and
convenient for travelling. The graduations are upon the brass
tube with verniers at each extremity reading from the centre. By
adding the two readings together the correct height of column is
obtained to -g^th °f an inch.
Price of Barometer, in leather travelling case, with Brass
Tripod Stand (fig. 15) £880
This Syphon Barometer does not require correction for either
capillarity or capacity, as each surface of the mercury is equally
depressed by capillary attraction, and the quantity of mercury
which falls from the long limb of the tube occupies the same length
in the short one. The barometric height must, however, be cor-
rected for temperature, as in the cistern barometer.
15. Board of Trade Standard or Kew Marine Barometer,
bronzed brass frame, with iron cistern, and mounted on mahogany
board, as in fig. 16. The graduations on the scale are so arranged
that the exact reading can be obtained at once, without any previous
adjustment of the level of the mercury in the cistern, as in the Fortin
barometer. Price £550
16. Meteorological Offi.ee Station Barometer, Bronzed
metal frame, with iron cistern and glass scales mounted on mahogany
board. Exact readings can be taken without any previous adjust-
ment of the mercury, fig. 17. Price, £770
17. Board of Trade Marine Barometer, similar to
No. 16, but mounted on arm, with gymbal ring, instead of a
mahogany board. Price, Packed in travelling case .£440
12 NEGEETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
18. FitzRoy's Marine Gun Barometer, constructed by Messrs.
Negretti & Zambra under the immediate superintendence, and named by permission
of, the Admiral for the special use of Her Majesty's navy, mounted with
vulcanised India-rubber packing to prevent concussion and breakage caused
by gun-firing.
Packed in case £5 10 0
Extra tube for ditto 1150
See also Section Marine Barometers.
Trials of the FitzRoy Marine Barometer under Fire of Guns.— Some of the first baro-
meters made by Messrs. Negretti and Zanibra on Admiral FitzRoy's principle were severely tried under the
heaviest naval gun firing, on board H. M.S. Excellent', and under all the circumstances they withstood the
concussion. The purpose of the trials was " to ascertain whether the vulcanised India-rubber packing round
the glass tube of a new marine "barometer did check the vibration caused by firing, and whether guns
might be fired close to these instruments without causing injury to them." In the first and second series
of experiments, a marine barometer on Admiral FitzRoy's plan was tried against a marine barometer
on the Kew principle, both instruments being new, ani treated in all respects similarly. They were
" hung over the gun, under the gun, and by the side of the gun, — the latter both inside and outside a
bulkhead ; in fact, in all ways that they would be tried in action with the bulkheads cleared away." The
result was that the Kew barometer was broken and rendered useless, while the new pattern barometer
was not injured in the least. In a third series of experiments, Mr. Negretti being present, five of the
new pattern barometers were subjected to the concussion produced by firing a 63-pounder gun with shot,
and IGlbs. charge of powder. They were suspended from a beam immediately under the gun, then from a
beam immediately over the gun, and finally they were suspended by the arm to the bulkhead, at the
distance of only 3ft. 6in from the axis of the gun ; and the result was, according to the official report,
"that all these barometers, however suspended, would stand, without the slightest injury, the most
severe concussion that they would ever be likely to experience in any sea-going man-of-war." These trials
were conducted under the superintendence of Captain Hewlett, C.B., and the guns were fired in the
course of his usual instructions. His reports to Admiral FitzRoy, giving all the particulars of the trials*
are published in the " Ninth number of Meteorological Papers," issued by the Board of Trade.*
* With reference to these barometers, we have received the subjoined testimonial, with permission to
use as we please.
" Meteorologic Office, June 12th, 1863.
" MESSRS. NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA,
" The barometers which you have lately supplied to Her Majesty's ships through this Office are
much approved, being good for general service, afloat or on land.
"(Signed) R. FITZROY."
Admiral FitzRoy writes : —
" This marine barometer, for Her Majesty's service, is adapted to general purposes.
" It differs from barometers hitherto made in points of details, rather than principle : —
1. The glass tube is packed with vulcanised India-rubber, which checks vibration from con-
cussion, but does not hold it rigidly, or prevent expansion. 2. It does not oscillate (or
pump), though extremely sensitive. 3. The scale is porcelain, very legible, and not liable
to change. 4. There is no iron anywhere (to rust*). 5. Every part can be unscrewed,
examined, or cleaned, by any careful person.
" These barometers are graduated to hundredths, and they will be found accurate to that
degree, namely, the second decimal of an inch."
19. Negretti & Zambra's Short Tube Barometer, specially constructed
by N". & Z. for Balloon experiments, Altitude Measurements, or for use at
elevated mountain stations. price £770
45, COENHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
13
FIG. 15.
FIG. 16.
FIG. 12.
20. Negretti and Zambra's Students' Standard Barometer. In
laying off and dividing the scale of this instrument, allowances have been
made to compensate for the ordinary rise and fall of the mercury, making it
sufficiently accurate for observers who do not wish to incur the expense of
Fortin's arrangement for adjusting to a Zero Point. Fig. 16. Price £550
14
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.C.
21. Magnifying the Barometer Eange. — The limit
within which the barometric column oscillates, does not
exceed four inches for extreme raDge, while the ordinary
range is confined to about two inches ; and it has often been
felt that the utility of the instrument would be much enhanced
if by any means the scale indications could be increased in
length. This object has been sought to be obtained by bend-
ing the upper part of the tube from the vertical, so that the
inches on the scale could be increased in length. Such an
instrument was invented by Sir S. Moreland, in 1772, and
named by him " the Diagonal Barometer." Another variation
of Barometer, invented by M. Cassini, and improved by M.
J. Benoulli, about the same date, was constructed with the
upper part of the tube expanded into a large Bulb, and the
lower part of the tube giving the scale is very much contracted
in the bore, and bent at a right angle. From this the instru-
ment was termed the Horizontal Rectangular Barometer.
The upper part of the Barometer tube has also been forme d
into a Spiral, with the scale placed along it, which is thus
greatly enlarged.
Another form of Extended Range Barometer was in-
vented and made by M. Amontons in 1695, and named by
him the Pendent Barometer. It is a Mercurial Barometer,
the upper half of the tube (the indicating portion) being of
smaller internal diameter than the lower half. By this
arrangement, an extended range of scale is obtained. The
lower end of this tube is open, and the mercury supported in it at
varying distances by the upward pressure of the atmosphere,
very similar in action to that of Howson's Barometer.
Like the previously described instruments, this Barometer
can only be regarded as a scientific curiosity, and is very
subject to become out of adjustment in transit. This is
unfortunate, as these Barometers are curiously sensitive, or
perhaps we should more properly say, the movements of the
mercury are rendered more visible.
These methods of enlargement Barometer indications are
not so convenient as Dr. Hook's elegant arrangement em-
ployed in the ordinary Dial or Wheel Barometer. Therefore
they are now very little used, and are of very little practical
utility.
FIG. 18.
45, COENHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STEEET, W., LONDON.
15
FIG. 18*.
22. Negretti and Zambra's Howson's Patent Long
Range Barometer.
" The object of this instrument is to add to the sensitive-
ness of the ordinary mercurial column, by giving it an increased
range, a desideratum which it appears to accomplish with
simplicity and efficiency.
" The principle of construction -will be understood on refer-
ence to the diagram, fig. 18, which represents a section of the
working parts of the barometer divested of its case.
" A is the barometer tube, which is of large dimensions,
and of greater length than usual in proportion to the additional
length of range which it is intended to apply to it. The cistern,
B, is of a tubular shape, so as to contain a fixed depth of
mercury, also determinable by the range. To the bottom of
this cistern is attached, concentrically, a light glass stem or
long hollow tube, S, hermetically sealed, springing to a height
of about 28 inches above the fixed level of the mercury in the
cistern.
" When all the parts are in situ, as in the diagram, fig 18*,
the tube A being freely suspended, and the whole filled with the
requisite quantity of mercury, the immediate result of the arrange-
ment is that the cistern hangs in suspension without any fixed
support. The stem C, it will be observed, passes up the tube
A, and terminates a little below the upper level of the mercury
M : its upper end is therefore exposed to no more downward
pressure than that caused by the weight of the mercury above
it, and consequently there is an excess of upward pressure from
the atmosphere exteriorly which tends to raise the cistern.
" If we suppose, for instance, the area of the stem to be half
a square inch, and its top to be covered with 1 inch in depth of
mercury (the space above being of course a vacuum), there will
be a pressure tending to push the cistern downwards of only
J Ib. or thereabouts, while the atmosphere will be pressing
upwards on an equal area with a force of 7 Ibs. or more. Thus
it will be seen that when the excess of upward pressure is
exactly balanced by the weight of the cistern with its stem,
and contained mercury up to the level &, an equilibrium will
be established which will keep the cistern stationary. If from
any cause the cistern should become lighter, it will ascend : if
it should become heavier, it will descend, and the extent to
which it will move in either case will be limited by the immer-
16 NEGEETTC AND ZAMBEA, HOLEOBN VIADUCT, B.C.,
sion or emersion of the tube A, or rather of the glass which bounds it. This
is precisely the action which takes place under the influence of the fluctuations
of atmospheric pressure. For, let the internal area of the tube A be supposed
to be 1 square inch, and let a barometric rise take place equal to 1 inch by the
ordinary standard, it is evident that a cubic inch of mercury will under these
conditions leave the cistern, pass into the tube, and accumulate above the top
of the stem : consequently the cistern, being relieved of a portion of its weight,
will be pushed upwards until the cubic inch is replaced by the immersion of
the glass of the tube A. As soon as this point has been reached it will become
stationary ; but in the meantime, in the act of rising, it will have pushed up
the entire column before it ; so that the total rise of the top of the column will
be compounded of two motions, viz., of the ordinary barometric rise, and the
rise of the cistern. The converse of this takes place on the occurrence of a
diminution of atmospheric pressure. When the column moves, the cistern
follows it, and when the cistern moves, it drags the entire column with it.
" The instrument has been in use for many years, and its movements have
been found to follow with accuracy those of the best standard Barometers. Its
sensitiveness and activity during storms is conspicuous. There is also another
advantage which this construction confers, viz., that the cistern is self-adjusting
with regard to its level. Readings may be taken to three places of decimals
without a vernier, and without any adjustment for variation of level in the
cistern. At the same time, the error due to temperature is of an almost in-
appreciable amount." * Price, in Ornamental carved Oak Case as fig. 18*. £14 14 0
23. McNield's Long Range Barometer. — A barometer designed on a
directly opposite principle to the one just described. The tube is made to float on
the mercury in the cistern. It is filled with mercury, inverted in the usual
manner, then allowed to float, being held vertically by glass points or guides. By
this contrivance, the ordinary range of the barometer is greatly increased. As
the mercury falls in the tube with a decrease of pressure, the surface of the mer-
cury in the cistern rises, and the floating tube rises also, which causes an
additional descent in the column, as shown by graduations on the tube. With
an increase of pressure, mercury will leave the cistern and rise in the tube, while
the tube itself will fall, and so cause an additional ascent of mercury.
Price, £12 12 0
Both Howson's and McNield's Barometers are constructed by Negretti and
Zambra with scales of from five to eight times that of the ordinary standard.
Their sensitiveness is consequently increased in an equal proportion, and they
have the additional advantage of not being affected by differences of level in
the cistern.
* Extract from the Proceedings of the .British Meteorological Society, Nov. 20th, 1861. Vol. i. p. 81.
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G. 16 A
Negretti and Zambra's Self -compensating Standard Barometer
consists of the usual form of standard instrument, but attached to the vernier
is a double rack moved by one pinion, so that when adjusting the vernier in
one position, the second rack moves in the opposite direction, carrying along
with it a plunger (the exact size of the internal diameter of the tube) dipping
in the cistern, so that whatever displacement has taken place in the cistern,
owing to the rise or fall of the mercury, it is exactly compensated by the
plunger being more or less immersed in the mercury, consequently no capacity
correction is required. Price, £18 18 0
Standard Barometer, with Electrical Adjustment. — This barometer
consists of an upright glass tube dipping into a glass cistern of mercury, so
contrived, that an up-and-down movement, by means of a screw, can be imparted
to it. Through the top of the tube a piece of platinum wire is passed and her.
metically sealed. The cistern also has a metallic connection, so that by means
of copper wires (in the back of the frame) a galvanic circuit is established ;
another connection also exists by means of a metallic point dipping into the
cistern. The circuit, however, can be cut off from this by means of a switch
placed about midway up the frame. On one side of the tube is placed a scale
of inches ; with a small circular vernier, divided into 100 parts, connected with
the dipping point, and working at right angles with this scale.
Eor taking an observation, a galvanic battery is connected by two binding
screws at the bottom of the frame. The switch is turned upwards, thereby
disconnecting the dipping point ; the cistern is then screwed up, so that the
mercury in the tube is brought into contact with the platinum wire at the top ;
the instant this is effected a magnetic needle arranged as a galvanometer on the
barometer board will be deflected. The switch is now turned down ; by so
doing the connection with the upper platinum wire is cut off, and established
between the dipping point carrying the circular vernier and the bottom of the
cistern ; the point is now screwed by means of the milled head until the needle
is again deflected, and the line on the vernier cutting the division on the scale
is the exact reading of the barometer. Price, £18 18 0
The two Barometers above-mentioned were exhibited 1y Negretti and Zambra at the
Meeting of the Royal Meteorological Society, March, 1886.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, BEQENT STREET, W., LONDON. 17
24. The Water Barometer first constructed by Professor Daniell of King's
College for the Royal Society in 1830 was fitted up under his superintendence
at their rooms in Somerset House. It consisted of a glass tube 40 feet in
length and about one inch in diameter. This barometer was in action at
Somerset House for some two years, and a series of observations made with it
showed " that the Water Barometer preceded by one hour the indications of a
mercurial instrument having a column of mercury of f inch diameter."
On the removal of the Royal Society from Somerset House this Water
Barometer was taken down by Messrs. Negretti and Zambra, refilled, and
mounted by them at the Crystal Palace, Sydenham, where for a short time it
excited considerable interest, but owing to various causes the indications were
found to be incorrect scientifically. Eventually the instrument was destroyed
by fire during the winter of 1866. At the suggestion of Dr. D. Price another
Water Barometer was erected by Mr. Jordan for the Crystal Palace Company ;
but although the Water Barometer is of great interest as a weather glass, its
indications were again found to be of but little scientific value, owing to the
effect of varying temperature on the aqueous vapour above the column of
water. This difficulty led to the substitution by Mr. Jordan of glycerine for
water, and the construction of the now well-known Jordan Glycerine Barometer,
one of which is erected at the Times office and one also at the Kew Observatory
by a grant from the Royal Society. Mr*. Whipple, the director at Kew, states
the records obtained by it are fairly satisfactory.
The tube of the Glycerine Barometer is composed chiefly of ordinary com-
position gas tubing of f inch internal diameter : to this is very carefully joined
and cemented about four feet of glass tube one inch internal diameter. The
upper end of this tube is formed into a funnel-shaped cup, having a conical
shaped stopper of India-rubber arranged for conveniently filling and adjusting
the instrument. The glass portion of the tube is the indicating part of the
barometer. Suitable divided scales are placed at the sides of the glass portion
of the tube, one showing inches and tenths of absolute measure, and on the
opposite side another scale of equivalent values of a column of mercury at a
temperature of 60° Fahrenheit.
R. H. Scott, Esq., of the Royal Meteorological Society, writes that during
the continuance of a violent gale and storm, " a fall of more than 16 inches
of glycerine has been noted." "The movements of the glycerine column are
10' 76 times greater than those of the mercurial column at the standard tem-
perature, 333*57 inches of glycerine being equivalent to 31 inches of the
mercurial barometer." We are chiefly indebted for these details of the Glycerine
Barometer to Mr. Jordan's Pamphlet,* to which we refer our readers for further-
particulars as to the construction and use of the instrument.
* The Glycerine Barometer with Plate and Table of Corrections for Temperature, by James B. Jordan^
Mining Record Office Museum of Practical Geology. Price, One Shilling.
C
18
KEGRETTI AND ZAMJ'.KA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
It will be seen that owing to the great length of the tube, viz., 27 feet,
Jordan's Barometer can only be fitted up in very few buildings. To gain the
advantage of so extended a range of scale in a convenient sized instrument,
Messrs. Negretti and Zambra have constructed their
NEW LONG RANGE MERCURIAL AND GLYCERINE
BAROMETER,
.28
B
-31
24*. The Long Range or Open Scale Barometer
is shown in section in fig. 19. It consists of a
glass tube of the syphon form ; one side of the
syphon, A, or closed end, being about 33|
inches long, and the other only a few inches in
length. To this short end is joined a length of
glass tubing, B, of a much smaller (internal)
diameter ; both tubes are of equal length, the
smaller one being open at the top. The large ||_£2||
tube, A, is filled with Mercury, and the small
tube, B, partly filled with Glycerine, a fluid
many times lighter in specific gravity than
Mercury ; the rising and falling of the mer-
curial column in the large tube having a lighter
fluid to balance, and that dispersed over a
larger space by reason of the difference in the
diameter of the two tubes, a longer range is
obtained, due loth to the unequal capacity of the
tivo tubes and the difference in the specific gravity
of Mercury and Glycerine.
The range of these barometers is from six to
ten inches to the inch of the ordinary Mercurial
Barometer, yi^ of an inch can easily be
observed without the use of a vernier. It is a
most interesting instrument, as from the extremely extended
scale the slightest variation is plainly visible. The actual
size and form is about that of an ordinary Barometer, as
seen in fig. 20 ; extreme length about 40 inches.
FAIR
FIG. 20.
FIG. 19.
Price, as fig. 20 ...
Do., with Portable Stop Cock
£5 5
5 10
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, KEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
19
SELF-REGISTERING BAROMETERS.
For many years a good and accurate self-recording barometer was much
desired. This want is now satisfactorily supplied, not by one, but by several
descriptions of apparatus. The first was the design of Admiral Sir A. Milne,
who himself constructed, in 1857, we believe, the original instrument, which
he used with much success.
25. Negretti and Zamtora's improved Self-
Registering Mercurial Barometer or Baro-
graph.— In this instrument the various parts of
the mechanism have been so modified and arranged
that the record on the papers is obtained with the
greatest precision and delicacy. The engraving
(fig. 21) will give the general details. It should,
however, be mentioned, that it is not a picture of
the outward appearance of the instrument. The
position of the barometer should be behind the
clock ; it is represented on one side merely for the
purpose of clearly illustrating the arrangement.
The instrument has a large syphon barometer tube,
in which the mercurial column is represented.
On the mercury at A, floats a glass weight,
attached to a silk cord, the other end of which is
connected to the top of the arched head on the
short arm of a lever-beam. The long arm of this
beam is twice the length of the short arm, for the
following reason. As the mercury falls in the long
limb, it rises through an equal space in the short
limb of .the tube, and vice versa. But the barometric
column is the difference of height of the mercury
in the two limbs ; hence the rise or fall of the float
through half-an-inch will correspond to a decrease
FIG. 21. or an increase of the barometric column of one
inch. In order, then, to record truly the movements of the mercurial column,
and not those of the float, the arm of the beam connected with the float is only
half the radius of the other arm. From the top of the large arched head a piece
of watch-chain descends, and is attached to the marker, B, which properly
counterpoises the float, A, and is capable of easy movement along a groove in
a brass bar, so as to indicate the barometric height on an ivory scale, C,
fixed on the same vertical framing. On the opposite side of the marker, J?,
is a metallic point, which faces the registration sheet and is nearly in
20
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOBN VIADUCT, E.G.,
contact with it. The framing, which carries the scale and marker, is an
arrangement of brass bars, delicately adjusted and controlled by springs, so
as to permit of a quick horizontal motion being communicated to it by the
action of the hammer, E, of the clock, whereby the point of the marker is
caused to impress a dot upon the paper. The same clock gives rotation to the
cylinder, D, upon which is mounted the registering paper. The clock must be
re- wound when a fresh paper is attached to the cylinder, which may be daily,
weekly, or monthly, according to construction ; and the series of dots impressed
upon the paper shows the height of the barometric column every hour by day
and night. The space traversed by the marker is precisely equal to the range
of the barometric column.
Price, in an Ornamental Oak Case, fig. 21 £18 18 0 and 22 0 0
26. King's Self - Registering
Barometer. Mr. Alfred King, Engineer
of the Liverpool Gas-Light Company,
designed, in 1854, a barometer to register,
by a continuous pencil- tracing, the varia-
tions in the weight of the atmosphere ;
and a highly-satisfactory instrument, on
his principle, and constructed under his
immediate superintendence, was erected
at the Liverpool Observatory.
Fig. 22 is a front elevation of this
Barometer. A, the barometer tube, is
three inches internal diameter, and it
floats freely (not being fixed as usual) in
the fixed cistern, B, guided by friction-
wheels, W. The top end of the tube is
fastened to a chain, which passes over a
grooved wheel, turning on friction rollers.
The other end of the chain supports the
frame, D, which carries the tracing
pencil. The frame is suitably weighted
and guided, and faces the cylinder, C,
around which the tracing paper is
wrapped, and which rotates, once in
twenty-four hours by a clock movement.
For one inch change in the mercurial
column the pencil is moved through five
inches, so that the horizontal lines on the
FIG. 22.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 2T
tracing, which are half an inch apart, represent one-tenth of an inch change in
the barometer. The vertical lines are hour lines, and being nearly three-
quarters of an inch apart, it will be seen that the smallest appreciable change
in the barometer, and the time of its occurrence, are recorded. The barometer
in this instrument is similar to Mr. McNeild's " Long-Range Barometer,"
described page 16. Constructed to order £280 to £300
THE ANEROID BAROMETER.
27. The Aneroid Barometer. The extremely ingenious instrument
called the Aneroid, is no less remarkable for the scientific principles of its con-
struction and action, than for the nicety of its mechanism. As its name implies,
it is constructed " without fluid." It was invented by M. Vidi, of Paris. In
the general form in which it is made it consists of a brass cylindrical case
about five inches in diameter and two inches deep, faced with a dial
graduated and marked similarly to the dial-plate of a " wheel-barometer," upon
which the index or pointer shows the atmospheric pressure in inches and
decimals in accordance with the mercurial barometer. Within the case, is
placed a flat metal box made of German Silver, generally not more than half an
inch deep and about two inches or a little more in diameter, from which nearly
all the air is exhausted. The top and bottom of this box is corrugated in con-
centric circles, so as to yield inwardly to external pressure, and return when it
is removed. The pressure of the atmosphere continually changes, and with this
varying pressure, the top and bottom of the box approach to and recede from
each other by a small quantity ; but the bottom being fixed to the base, nearly
all this motion takes place on the top. The top of the box is elastic, and rises
and falls according as the compressing force lessens or increases. To the eye
these expansions and contractions are not perceptible, so small is the motion.
But they are rendered very evident by a delicate mechanical arrangement,
communicating with a system of levers ; and, by the intervention of a piece of
watch-chain and a fine spring passing round the arbour, turning the index to
the right or left, according as the external pressure increases or decreases.
Thus, when by increase of pressure the vacuum box is compressed, the
mechanism transfers the movement to the index, and it moves to the right ;
when the vacuum box expands under diminished pressure, the motion is
reversed, and the index moves to the left. As the index traverses the dial,
it shows upon the scale the pressure corresponding with a good mercurial
barometer.
The Aneroid being placed under the receiver of an air pump the scale is laid
off to correspond with a Mercurial Barometer Gauge, and afterwards compared
and corrected by a Standard instrument.
22 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
The engraving ("fig. 23) represents the latest improved mechanism of an
aneroid. The outer casing and face of the instrument are removed, but the
index hand is left attached to the arbour. A is the corrugated vacuum box
which has been exhausted of air through
the tube J, and hermetically sealed by
soldering. B is a powerful curved
spring, resting in gudgeons fixed on the
base-plate, and attached to a socket be-
hind, Fj in the top of the vacuum box.
A lever, (7, joined to the stoub edge of
the spring, is connected, by the bent
lever at I), with the chain, .E7, the other
end of which is coiled round, and fastened
FIG 23. to the arbour, F. As the box, A, is com-
pressed by the weight of the atmosphere increasing, the spring, J9, is tightened,
the lever, (7, depressed, and the chain, E, uncoiled from F, which is thereby
turned so that the hand, H, moves to the right. In the meanwhile the spiraj
spring, G, coiled round F, and fixed at one extremity to the frame- work, and by
the other to F, is compressed. When, therefore, the pressure decreases, A
and B relax, by virtue of their elasticity ; E slackens, G unwinds, turning F,
which carries the index hand, H, to the left. Near / is shown an iron pillar,
cast as part of the stock of the spring, B. A screw works in this pillar through
the bottom of the plate, by means of which the spring, J?, may be so adjusted
to the box, A, as to set the index, H, to read on the scale in accordance with
the indications of a Mercurial Barometer. In the higher class of aneroid baro-
meters, the lever, C, is formed of a compound bar of brass and steel, so skilfully
arranged as to perfectly compensate for the effects of extreme variations of
temperature.
The greatest perfection in Aneroids is now attained by having as perfect
and dry a Vacuum as possible. Compensation being obtained by the compound
metal bar previously mentioned.
A Thermometer is sometimes attached to the Aneroid, as it is convenient
for indicating the present temperature of the air, but for accuracy and safety
from breakage, N. and Z. recommend the use of a separate Thermometer.
Admiral FitzRoy, in his Barometer Manual, writes : " The Aneroid is quick
in showing the variation of atmospheric pressure ; and to the navigator who
knows the difficulty, at times, of using barometers, this instrument is a great
boon, for it can be placed anywhere, quite out of harm's way, and is not affected
by the ship's motion, although faithfully giving indication of increased or
diminished pressure of air. In ascending or descending elevations, the hand
or the Aneroid may be seen to move (like the hand of a watch), showing the
45, CORNHILL, E.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
23
height above the level of the sea, or the difference of level between places of
comparison."
Aneroid barometers, if occasionally compared with a mercurial standard,
are similar in their indications, and valuable ; but it must be remembered that
for exact scientific observation, the Aneroid barometer cannot be put into
comparison with the mercurial column for strict accuracy, although its con-
venient size and great sensibility render it most useful for obtaining observations
where a mercurial instrument is inconvenient to carry.
Col. Sir H. James, R.E., in his Instructions for taking Meteorological Obser-
vations, says of the Aneroid : " This is a most valuable instrument, it is ex-
tremely portable. I have had one in use for upwards of ten years."
One of the objects of Mr. Glaisher's experiments in balloons was "to
compare the readings of an Aneroid barometer with those of a mercurial baro-
meter." In the comparisons the readings of the mercurial barometer were
corrected for index-error and temperature. Speaking of Aneroid indications,*
Mr. Glaisher remarks : —
" A third (Aneroid) graduated down to five inches, and most carefully made
and tested under the air-
pump before use, read the
same as the Mercurial
Barometer throughout the
high ascent to seven miles,
September 5th, 1862.f I
have taken this instrument
up with me in every sub-
sequent high ascent, and
it has always read the same
as the Mercurial Baro-
meter. These experiments
prove that an Aneroid can
be made to read correctly
at low pressures.
" I may mention that on
several occasions, Aneroid
Barometers have been
taken whose graduations
have been too limited for
the heights reached : these
-p 24 have not broken or become
* Travels in the Air. By F. Glaisher. Page 89. The Aneroid Barometer,
f Wolverhampton to Cold Weston, near Ludlow, September 5th, 18G2.
24
NEGBETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBORN VIADTJCT, E.G.,
FIG. 25. FIG. 26.
deranged by being subjected to a much less pressure than they were prepared
for, but have resumed their readings on the pressure again coming within
their graduations." The Aneroids used by Mr. Glaisher were made for him
by Messrs. Negretti and Zambra.
Directions for using the Aneroid. — Aneroids are generally suspended with
the dial vertical ; but if they be placed with the dial horizontal, the indications
differ a few hundredths of an inch in the two positions. Therefore, if their
indications are to be recorded, the instrument should be read off alivays in the same
position.
As before observed, the Aneroid will not answer for exact scientific pur-
poses, as its error of indication changes slowly, and hence the necessity of its
being set from time to time with the reading of a Standard Barometer. To
allow of this being done, at the base of the outer case is a screw in connection
with the spring attached to the vacuum box. By applying a small screw-driver
to this screw, the spring of the vacuum box may be tightened or relaxed, and
the index hand adjusted to the right or left on the dial, as in correcting a watch.
28. Pocket Aneroid Barometers. — The patent for the Aneroid having
expired, Admiral FitzRoy urged upon Messrs. Negretti and Zambra the
desirability of reducing the size of the instrument as then made, as well as of
improving its mechanical arrangement, and compensation for temperature.
They accordingly at great expense, labour, and experiment, succeeded in
reducing its dimensions to two inches in diameter, and an inch and a quarter
thick. The exact size and appearance of these Aneroids is shown by fig. 24.
For prices of Aneroid Barometers see page 29.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 25
29. Watch Aneroid. — Negretti and Zambra have still further reduced
the size of the Aneroid to that of an ordinary watch, our engravings, figs. 25,
26 showing their exact size. By a beautifully simple contrivance, a milled rim
is constructed to move round, and carry with it the index or pointer over the
scale engraved on the dial, for the purpose of marking the reading, so that any
increase or decrease of pressure may be readily seen. These very small instru-
ments are found to act quite as correctly as the largest, and are much more
convenient. Besides serving the purpose of a weather-glass in the house or
away from home, if carried in the pocket, they are admirably suited to the
exigencies of tourists and travellers. They may be had with scale sufficient
to measure heights of 20,000 feet ; with a scale of elevation in feet, as well as of
pressure in inches, engraved on the dial. The scale of elevation, which is for
the temperature of 50°, was computed by Professor Airy, late Astronomer
Royal, who kindly presented it to Messrs. Negretti and Zambra, for publication.*
Moderate- sized Aneroids, fitted in leather sling cases, are found very serviceable
to pilots, fishermen, and for use in coasting and small vessels, where a mercurial
barometer cannot be employed, because requiring too much space."
Negretti and Zambra' s Watch-sized Aneroid Barometers, figs. 25 and 26,
have now for many years been fully tried and tested, as ordinary Weather
Indicators, for obtaining Altitude Measurements, and also for Mining purposes.
From the very extensive patronage afforded to them by Government authorities
(for Military and Naval service), Engineers, Surveyors, and Scientific Observers,
&c., N. and Z. feel justified in giving their unqualified recommendation to
these instruments, for Travellers' use, as being both accurate and convenient.
30. Our woodcuts, figs. 24, 25, 26, show form and actual size of the most
useful Aneroid Barometers. Fig. 24 being our Pocket size. Fig. 25 our Watch
size, with the simple Barometer Scale of inches and20ths of an inch. This same
size instrument is manufactured with Altitude Scales ranging from 10 to 20
thousand feet. Fig. 26 is of similar size to the preceding, but has the Altitude
Scale arranged to revolve, so that the zero or 0 of this scale being set to the
point occupied by the Index at the commencement of the ascent, the elevation
attained above the starting point may be at once seen in a rough way on the
scale. The divisions of this scale not being absolutely similar all round, causes
an error in the reading, therefore, where exact observations are desired, the zero
of the scale should be placed opposite to the 31 point, and the indications read
off in the usual manner by inches and fractions, their value being known by
reference to the Altitude Tables sent with the instrument, so that this form of
Aneroid combines both methods of observing in one instrument.
* See List of Books on Meteorology at end of this seotiou.
26
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOKN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 27.
Our fig. 27 shows one of the most convenient arrangements yet introduced,
viz., a Watch-sized Aneroid, with a reliable Thermometer and Compass. The
hinged leather case containing the three instruments, being but little larger
than an ordinary portemonnaie. Price, see page 29.
31. Measurement of Heights by the Aneroid. — The dial of the Watch
Aneroid for determining altitudes is engraved with two scales in concentric
circles, the inner circle being divided into inches and tenths of an inch, corre-
sponding with the scale of the Mercurial column of a Standard Barometer.
The outer circle is divided into spaces representing 100 feet, each tenth division
being numbered as 1,000, 2,000, &c. The zero point of this circle corresponds
with 31 inches of the Barometer scale, for this reason, that the Barometer never
rises so high as 31 inches, consequently, our scale of feet is always outside the
weather range. The zero of the feet scale has nothing whatever to do with the
sea-level, that is a variable point and must be determined at the time of
observation either by actual measurement at half tide level, or by computation
from a known height.
32. Measurement of Altitudes above Sea Level. — In order to deter-
mine the height of any station above the sea-level with this instrument, we must
notice at what point it stands at the shore ; we then ascend, and on reaching
the desired point, observe the position of the index on the dial. We then
deduct the number of feet opposite the reading on starting from that against
the reading at the elevated station, this gives the height above the level of the
sea. Thus, if at sea-level, the barometer stands at 30 inches, and at the elevation
it stands at 26 inches we get 900 feet, deducted from 4,800 feet, giving us a
height of 3,900 feet, and so on for the other points of the scale.
When great accuracy is required, simultaneous observations must be taken
at the two stations to obviate any error that might arise from a change of
weather between the times of observation.
Further instructions for altitude measurement will be found in Negretti
and Zambra's Treatise on Meteorological Instruments.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 27
33. " Great storms are invariably preceded by a fall in the barometer of
from '05 to '10 of an inch per hour. Storms from the eastward sometimes give
loss local warning, but they are well foretold by the increase of statical force.
Storms of a cyclonic character travel, it has been found, on an average about
20 miles an hour towards some point between NE. and SE., generally towards
the former. They, therefore, take about twenty-four hours to traverse the
British Isles, from the time of their commencement in the west of Ireland.
The east coasts may thus be warned one day in advance by the telegraph ; and
as the approach of a storm can be foreseen at the place threatened hours before
its advent, noticev of gales may usually be given from one to two days in
advance. As regards the exact time and locality, the prognostication of storms
must necessarily present much difficulty. The forecaster must be guided in
these respects rather by experience, to be gained by practice, than by princi-
ples ; little information can be given without going into a complete examination
of particular storms, each of which would present points of difference."
Strachan'Si Weather Forecasts.
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA'S
SELF-RECORDING ANEROID BAROMETERS.
FIG. 28.
34. This instrument registers automatically with ink upon a ruled paper
chart attached to a vertical cylinder revolved for seven days by means of a Clock
movement inside it. The fluctuations of atmospheric pressure act upon seven
Aneroid vacuum chambers, connected by an exceedingly simple mechanical con-
trivance to a long lever arm carrying the Pen, by which a magnified diagram is
produced upon the paper on the cylinder of the rise or fall or present height of
the Barometric column. These papers are ruled to represent inches and tenths
of the Mercurial Barometer Scale. A small Thermometer is mounted upon the
base of the instrument.
Price, in a Glazed Cabinet, as shown in fig. 28 .'.£7100
Kuled Papers, per Hundred, for above ... 18 0
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA'S
SELF-RECORDING ANEROID BAROMETER.
FIG. 29.
35. These Instruments are arranged to show the various fluctuations
that have taken place in the Barometer during the absence of the observer.
They consist of a carefully finished Aneroid, and an eight-day Clock ; between
these is placed in a vertical position, a revolving cylinder having a metallic
paper attached to it ruled to coincide with the inches and tenths of the
barometer scale. Close to this paper, is a pencil mounted on a metallic rod
and is moved up 'and down as the variation of atmospheric pressure acts upon
the vacuum chamber of the Aneroid ; at every hour this pencil is made to mark
the paper by simple mechanism in connection with the clock.
By this means a black dotted curved line is produced on the paper, show-
ing at a glance the present height of the barometer — whether it is falling or
rising — for how long it has been doing so, and at what rate the change has
taken place — if falling or rising at the rate of one-tenth of an inch per hour, or
one-tenth in twenty-four hours ; all of which are particulars most essential to
know when foretelling the weather, and which can only be obtained from an
ordinary barometer by very frequent and regular observations.
Our engraving (fig. 29.) shows the full mounting of the Registering
Aneroid, combining a reliable Timepiece with an exceeedingly interesting
Meteorological Instrument, of a suitable and convenient size for a library or
dining room mantel-shelf.
Recording Aneroid Barometer with Thermometer, ag shown fig. 29
Price, £22 0 0
Large size ditto ditto with more Ornamental Mounting . 27 10 0
Haled charts for the above, per Hundred ...',. 110
PRICES OF NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA'S 29
STANDARD ANEROID BAROMETERS.
Compared and Corrected Scale Aneroid, Compensated for
temperature, as supplied to the Royal Navy and Meteorological
Department . . . . .-. . . . .550
Surveyors' or Engineers' Aneroid Barometer for Altitude
Measurements, Compensated for temperature, with Revolving
Ring, carrying Index, range of Scale, 10,000 feet, 4J inches
diameter ...........770
Pull Range Engineers' Altitude and Surveying or Balloon
Aneroid, corrected and Compensated for temperature, with
20,000 feet, Altitude scale (See engraving in Surveying Instru-
ment Section) 880
Mining Surveyors' Aneroid Barometer, with a Scale reading
to 7,000 feet above the Sea Level to 2,000 feet below . 5 10 0
Leather Case with Sling Strap, for any of the above . . 0126
Pocket-Sized Aneroid, with Revolving Ring carrying Index
(size shown in fig. 24) . . . . . • . . .440
Mountain Aneroid Barometer, Pocket-Size, for measuring
Altitudes to 10,000 feet, Compensated for temperature 550
Ditto ditto ditto to 20,000 feet, fig. 24 . . .060
Watch-Sized Aneroid Barometer, of best Construction,
Compensated for temperature, for Meteorological
Observations or Altitude Measurements to 10,000 feet,
(size shown in fig. 26) . . . . . . . .550
Watch-Sized Aneroid Barometer, to 20,000 feet . . .660
Watch-Sized Aneroid Barometer, with Devolving Altitude Scale
for 10,000 or 20,000 feet (Seepage 25) . . £5 10 0 6 10- 0
Watch-Sized Aneroid Barometers, with Thermometer and
Compass, in Morocco Pocket Case (fig. 27.) . £7 70 and 880
Watch-Sized Aneroid Barometers in Solid Gold Cases £15 15 0 to 21 0 0
Ditto ditto in Stout Silver Cases . . £6 6 0 and 770
Aneroid Barometers may be had with the French Metrical Scale, or with the
English and corresponding French Scale engraved on the same instrument.
In the Section of our Catalogue " Household Barometers" — will be found
an illustrated price list of Aneroid Barometers in Ornamental Mountings,
suited for the Drawing Room, Library or Hall, Ships or Yachts, &c.
80
NEGUETTI AND ZAMBBA, HOLBOKN VIADUCT, E.C.,
FIG. 30.
36. Recording Mercurial Barometer or Barograph — for automatically
recording the variations of atmospheric pressure by Photography. Recom-
mended by the Meteorological Committee of the Royal Society, and used by
many of the principal Meteorological Observatories.
Fig. 30. exhibits the general arrangement of this Barograph. B is a
Standard Mercurial Barometer mounted upon a mahogany board and table,
lacing it is a Drum D, to which is attached the sensitised Photographic Paper.
This cylinder is revolved once in 24 or 48 hours by the clock C. A Condensing
Lens, E, projects the light from the Gas Burner G through the space F over the
edge of the mercurial column, and thence to the photographic combination lens P,
by which an image of the mercurial column is formed upon the sensitive paper
on the drum for a regulated space of time. A screen or shutter L acted
upon by the clock cuts off this image for the space of four minutes every two
hours, leaving white lines upon the photographic paper representing intervals
of two hours. At the side of the barometer tube are placed two zinc rods
attached to the barometer board at the lower ends at A. These rods are con-
nected at their upper ends with a delicate mechanical arrangement H and K,
so contrived as to compensate for varying Thermometric changes in the
mercurial column, these variations of temperature being also recorded upon
the sensitive paper.
Attached to the apparatus is, a glass cylinder, M, (of the same internal
diameter as the Barometer tube), partly filled with mercury, into which is placed
a sensitive Standard Thermometer for giving the temperature of the surround-
ing air. B is an adjusting screw for regulating the height of the barometer
upon its support. The apparatus when in action is enclosed in a light tight box.
The Barograph is constructed to special older, the cost varying from
Sixty to Seventy Guineas.
45, COEKHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STEEET, W., LONDON.
31
INSTRUMENTS FOR ASCERTAINING THE TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR.
THEEMOMETBES.
FIG. 31.
37. Undoubtedly there is no instrument the use of which has so greatly
increased in the past few years as the Thermometer : not only is it now
essential to the scientific observer, the meteorologist, the physician, and the
chemist; but both for domestic uses and manufacturing processes a really
accurate thermometer is indispensable. The following is a list of the various
forms of Standard Thermometers manufactured by Negretti and Zambra ; all of
these, to ensure extreme accuracy, have their scales divided by the Prize
Dividing Engine (fig. 31) to which was awarded a Prize Medal at the Great
Exhibition of 1851, and is described in the Report of the Jurors as follows : —
" This is a beautifully contrived Divider on Ramsden's principle, with a long fine steel
screw. The novelties are — first, the wheel at the screw head, which is divided into 400 parts,
and has cut upon its circumference (which is made broad) a helix screw, in the thread of
which runs a detent, carried along by the run of the thread till it meets a stop clamped on
the helix at a definite point. This arrests the screw at this point of the motion.
A Prize Medal was awarded."
Messrs. Negretti and Zambra supply Dividing Engines made on the above
principle both for circular and straight line divisions.
Price . . £35 to £150
NOTE.— From Report of the Juries of the Exhibition of 1851. " Negretti and Zambra
are the only exhibitors in the British portion who have sent Thermometers with their stem*
graduated — the only safe instruments for delicate experiments."
32
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBKA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
STANDARD THERMOMETERS.
Two important improvements in the Tubes and Scales of Thermometers
and Barometers, first introduced by Negretti and Zambra, have become so
extensively used that N. and Z. deem a short notice necessary to secure to
themselves the credit of the inventions.
The first improvement is the introduction of a white Enamel at the back of
Thermometer Tabes, which renders the mercury much more plainly visible
both in large and small-bore tubes. Most of the extremely delicate Ther-
mometers now in use would have been almost useless but for this enamelling.
This invention has also been applied to the back of Barometer Tubes.
The second invention is the use of Porcelain for Scales and Dials of
Thermometers, Barometers, &c., in place of metal, ivory, or wood, all of which
so soon become soiled and tarnished, and eventually the divisions and figures are
obliterated by the action of the atmosphere, sea-water, or damp. The divisions
and figures on these porcelain plates are etched in with fluoric acid,
and the colour permanently burnt or melted in by fire.
That these are important inventions may be inferred from
their use in all thermometers and barometers supplied to
the Board of Trade and other Government departments.
38. Independent Standard Thermometer (fig 32),
with Negretti and Zambra's Enamelled tube, and Engine,
divided into either Fahrenheit or Centigrade scales, the
divisions engraved on its own stem and mounted on
silvered brass, boxwood, or Negretti and Zambra's
Patent Porcelain Scales.
Price, £550
Kew Certificate for above Thermometer 050
39. Comparative Standard Thermometers (fig. 33).
These Thermometers are made by comparison with great
care, from an accurate standard, correct to TV °f a degree.
Engine-divided EnamelledTubes mounted on Silvered Brass
or Negretti and Zambra's Patent Porcelain Scales, with
Mahogany or Oak framing. Price, £220 and £2 10 0
FIG. 32.
N. & Z's Standard Thermometers are made from selected tubes, the internal
diameter of which is ascertained by very carefully conducted experiments. They rrT(-, oo
'J are also strictly tested for index error, and a copy of the corrections, if any,
furnished with each instrument, if required.
We recommend the Standard Thermometers not to be mounted in any way,
but the tube to be enclosed in a strong outer glass jacket; the bulb dipping
45, COKNHILL, E.G., AND 122, BEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
33
FIG. 34.
30-
70-
30-
•40
FIG. 35.
into a reservoir of mercury, and the whole hermetically sealed, as in our
Standard Deep-sea Thermometers ; by these means the bulb is effectually
protected from the pressure of the atmosphere, either from barometrical
changes or difference in altitude, and the divisions on the stem are so covered
by the outer glass tube that they cannot be effaced or become invisible. [
40. Board of Trade Thermometer. — It consists of a carefully compared
thermometer with ISTegretti and Zambra's enamelled tube divided on its stem to
degrees, which are sufficiently large to admit of sub-division into tenths of degrees
and ranging from 0? to 130°. The scale is of Negretti and Zambra's Patent
Porcelain, having the figures etched upon it, and burnt in a permanent black.
It is a reliable comparative or reference thermometer, adapted for almost any
ordinary purpose, and cannot be injuriously affected by any chemical action
arising from air or sea- water. (Fig. 34). This thermometer is employed in
D
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
the Royal Navy and for the observations made at sea for the Board of Trade
and Meteorological Department.
Price, in Neat Japanned Case 0 10 6
Ditto Copper Case 0 12 6
A set of 6 Ditto ditto, in Copper Cases, fitted in a Mahogany Box . £2 10 0
41. Thermometers of Extreme Sensitiveness. — Negretti and Zambra's
Instantaneous Thermometer, with Gridiron form of bulb, and divided upon the
stem, as shown in the International Exhibition of 1862, used by Mr. Glaisher in
his Balloon ascents to obtain very rapid thermometric readings.
(Fig. 35) Price, £3 3 0 to £6 60
42. Thermometers, very delicate, with Spiral or
Coiled bulbs, engine-divided upon the stem, mounted on
boxwood, metal, or opal glass scales. Fig. 36.
Price, £220 and £330
43. Earth Thermometer — for ascertaining the tem-
perature of the soil at various depths. The tube is about
five feet long, enclosed in stout wood, protected and
strengthened by metal mountings and a pointed cap.
The scale is of Negretti and Zambra's Patent Porcelain
with enamelled and burnt-in divisions and figures.
Figs. 37 and 38. Price, £1 15 0 and £220
44. Earth Thermometers in series for inserting into
the ground at depths of 6 inches, 12 inches, 24 inches, 48
inches and 120 inches. These thermometers are arranged
with a scale about 6 inches above the earth.
Price for the series £7 7 0
45. The temperature of the soil is a very important
element in the consideration of climate especially in
connection with the growth of vegetation. — " It has been
calculated by Mr. Raikes, from experiments made at Chat
Moss, that the temperature of the soil when drained
averages 10° higher than it does when undrained ; and this
is not surprising when we find that lib. of water evaporated
from 1,000 Ibs. of soil will depress the whole by 10°,
owing to the latent heat which it absorbs in its conversion
into vapour."
Faraday has calculated that the average amount of heat
radiated in a day from the sun on each acre of earth in the latitude
of London, is equivalent to that which would be produced from
the combustion of thirteen thousand four hundred and forty
pounds of coal.
FIG. 38. " The extremes of temperature in the different climates of the
FIG. 37.
45, COENHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
35
earth are widely separated from each other, and the range of the thermometer
is always greatest in the interior of the continents within the tropics. Mr
Campbell, in the country of the Botchuanas, saw the thermometer at 8 a.m. at
28°, and at 84° at noon. Mr. Bruce records a temperature at Gondar of 113°.
The thermometer at Benares rises to 118° ; at Sierra Leone the thermometer on
the ground has been seen to rise to 138P, and Humboldt gives many instances of
the temperature of the torrid zone rising to 118°, 120°, and 129°. At one time
he found the temperature of a loose, coarse-grained granite, in the sun, 140'5.
In the Dukhun at a height of 3,090 feet above the sea, Col. Sykes once saw the
thermometer in the shade at 105°, the range of the thermometer generally being
from 93°.9 to 40^.5."
Slightly beneath the surface of the earth in the tropics, Humboldt states
temperatures of 162° and 134° are frequently noted, and in white sand at
Orinoco 140°, whilst at the Cape of Good Hope under the soil of a bulb garden
a temperature of 150° is recorded by Herschell. In China, the temperature of
water of the fields was found to be by Meyer 113° and adjacent sand much
hotter. These extremes of temperature, which would cause the specific gravity
of the air to vary from 1167 to 863, may serve as a kind of measure of the dis-
turbing causes which interfere with the velocity and local direction of atmos-
pheric currents and other phenomena, the calculation of which has been founded
upon mean results. — DanielVs Meteorology.
It is stated that below the layer of constant temperature (estimated at about
80 to 90 feet from the earth's surface), the temperature is found to increase one
degree Centigrade for every 100 feet.
46. Earth Thermometer, Symons' Arrange-
ment, with NEGUETTI & ZAMBBA'S Slow Action
Thermometer. An iron tube closed at the lower end
is forced down into the earth, and secured at the
desired depth, and the thermometer lowered down
into it by a cord or chain to the bottom, and allowed
to remain a sufficient time ; when the temperature is
to be noted, it is quickly drawn up and its indication
observed. The great advantage of this method of
obtaining Earth Temperatures is that the ther-
mometer can at any time be compared with a Standard,
which is a difficult if not almost impossible operation
to be carried out with Thermometers of great length
(fig 39). Also see fig. 49, page 42.
Price, according to length, £110 £150
£1 10 0, £2 2 0.
By means of these instruments it has been found
that variations depending on the hour of the day are
D2
FIG. 39.
36 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBKA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
scarcely sensible at a depth of 2 or 3 feet, and that those which depend on the
time of year decrease gradually as the depth increases, but still remain sensible
at the depth of 25 feet, the range of temperature during a year at this depth
being usually about 2 or 3 degrees Fahr.
The mean rate of increase of temperature downwards is about 1 degree
Fahr. for each 55 feet.
SELF-REGISTERING THERMOMETERS FOR HEAT.
Negretti and Zambra' s
Patent Self-registering Maximum Thermometer.
The only Instrument of the kind adapted for transmission to India and the Colonies.
47. Previous to the Great Exhibition of 1851, all persons interested in meteo-
rological observations were constantly annoyed by the inconvenience arising from,
the imperfect construction of Maximum Thermometers ; and although Messrs.
Negretti and Zambra at that time exhibited one or two new forms of instru-
ments, nothing new in principle was brought forward. A thermometer, old in
principle, greatly improved by Negretti and Zambra, wherein a bubble of air
caused a separation in the mercurial column to form an index, was exhibited by
them ; but as the air bubble at different temperatures assumed different lengths
it was not approved by the Jury appointed to examine Meteorological Instru-
ments. The instruments invented by Dr. Rutherford and Six, as Maximum
Thermometers, had both proved inefficient for the purposes required ; and
although the best and most correct forms of these were also exhibited by
Negretti and Zambra, they still saw that a great want would be met if a perfect
instrument could be invented to indicate Maximum temperatures, all the above
being imperfect — Rutherford's from the tendency of the index to plunge in the
mercury, Six's from the different expansive properties of the alcohol, mercury,
&c., of which it is composed, and the one already alluded to, not only from the
defects before noticed, but also from its liability to resolve itself into an ordinary
thermometer when used, unless in the hands of a skilful manipulator. How far
the New Patent Maximum Thermometer of Negretti and Zambra has supplied
all these deficiencies may be judged from the fact that in all the principal
Observatories throughout the world it is used, to the exclusion of all others,
unless for the purposes of comparison. They are now in the hands of all our most
scientific men, and have given universal satisfaction. The simplicity of their
construction enables the most uninitiated in thermometers to use them with
confidence and safety ; and another important feature in them is the impossibility
of putting them out of order, for nothing short of actual breakage can in any
way cause them to fail.
45, COBNHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 37
FIG 40.
48. Negretti and Zambra's Patent Self-registering Standard
Maximum Thermometer, consists of a tube of mercury mounted on an
engraved scale, as shown in fig 40. The thermometer tube above the mercury
is entirely free from air ; and at the point (A) in the bend above the ball, is
inserted and fixed with the blow-pipe a small piece of solid glass, or enamel,
which acts as a valve, allowing mercury to pass on one side of it when heat is
applied ; but not allowing it to return when the thermometer cools. When
mercury has been once made to pass the valve, which nothing but heat can effect'
and has risen in the tube, the upper end of the column registers the maximum
temperature. To return the mercury to the btflb, we must apply a force
equal to that which raised it in the tube ; the force employed is gravity, and is
applied by simply lowering the bulb end of the thermometer, when the gravity
of the mercury in the tube will be sufficient to unite it with that in the bulb, and
thus prepare the instrument for future observation.
Price, mounted with Negretti and Zambra's enamelled tube and Patent
Porcelain or Opal glass Scale, fig. 40 £110
The following is an extract from the Report of the Astronomer Royal, pub-
lished shortly after the invention of the instrument — it, however, applies more
strongly now, inasmuch as the intervening years have fully proved the efficiency
and value of this invention : — -
Report of the Astronomer Royal, May, 1852.
" We have for several years baen very much troubled by the failures of the Maximum Self-Eegistermg
Thermometers, especially those exposed to the sun: the part of the tube in which the index ought to
slide becomes foul, apparently lined with* a coat of metal, and the index is immovable. A construction
invented by Messrs. Negretti and Zambra appears likely to evade this difficulty. The mercury in its
expansion is forced past an obstruction in the tube and does not return past in its contraction. No index
is required in this construction. The specimens of this instrument which we have tried answer well."
In the Quarterly Report of the Registrar General, about the same time, there
is the following annotation : —
l* The form of instrument adopted during the past quarter for maximum temperature is that of
Negretti and Zambra, which is found to act admirably."
J. GLAISHEE, Esq., F.R.S., in his Lectures on the Results of the Great
Exhibition, delivered at the Society of Arts, at the suggestion of his late
Royal Highness the Prince Consort, when speaking of Meteorological
Instruments (page 363) says : —
" In. maximum and minimum thermometers there was nothing new exhibited, although great need had
long existed for an effective Maximum Thermometer. Thanks to the exhibition, however, this want has
* The whole of Negretti and Zambra's Standard Thermometers have their improved enamelled back
tabes and are Engine-divided on the stem.
38 NEGBETTI AND ZAMBHA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
since been supplied. Messrs. Negretti and Zambra have invented a thermometer, the construction of
which is as follows : a small piece of glass is inserted in the bend, near the bulb and within the tube, which
it nearly fills : at an increase of temperature, the mercury passes this piece of glass ; but on a decrease of
heat, not being able to recede, it remains in the tube, and thus indicates the maximum temperature. After
reading, it is easily adjusted. Pour of these instruments I have had at work for upwards of a month, two
in ordinary observations, and two subject to severe tests, and all have answered admirably. Hitherto every
series of meteorological observations has been more or less broken by the frequent plunging of the steel
index into the mercury, or becoming otherwise deranged. Messrs. Negretti and Zambra have, in their
Maximum Thermometer, supplied a want long felt." *
Extract from the Report of the Council of the British Meteorological Society,
read at a General Annual Meeting of its Members, 1852 : —
" Negretti and Zambra's Thermometer, for the determination of maximum temperature, is "one of the
good results of the Great National Exhibition, which proved itself, as regarded meteorological instruments,
a most useful exponent of the insufficiency of those sold to the general public ; this Thermometer is the best
which has yet been constructed for maximum temperatures, and particularly for sun observations ; for as the
reading is determined by the entire mercurial column being detained at its highest point by a simple con-
trivance within the tube, the necessity for an index is avoided, and with it the constant and distressing
recurrence of derangement attendant upon the employment of those generally in use. This thermometer,
constructed and brought into operation since the close of the Exhibition, has been for some time in the
hands of Members of the Council, but only recently among its meteorological contributors, from its
having been esteemed desirable that the Council should be well informed, by actual experiment, ot' the
well-working of the instrument before sanctioning its general circulation. Accordingly, in the early part
of the year, for some months several of Negretti and Zambra's Maximum Thermometers were subjected
by our Secretary to severe tests, and as the results were highly satisfactory, the Council have not only
viewed this instrument as an addition to the practical meteorologist, but strongly recommended its adoption and
general use."
Copj from the Report of the Kew Committee of the British Association
1853-4:-
" The very ingenious instrument of Messrs. Negretti and Zambra has one quality, which, as regards
durability, places it above every other form, of Maximum Thermometer, for when once well-constructed, it can
never get out of order, — the observer having first satisfied himself as to its correctness, may ever after-
wards use it with confidence, relying that his register will not be interrupted by any of those annoyances
to which he may have been accustomed in other forms of this instrument."
From E. J. LOWE, Esq., F.R.A.S., F.G.S., &c., &c., to Messrs. NEGRETTI
AND ZAMBRA.
" GENTLEMEN, — It affords me the greatest pleasure in being enabled to speak with praise regarding
your Patent Maximum Thermometer. I have used a dozen of them for some time at both my observatories,
and of these several since the date of their invention. In no single instance has there been any cause
of complaint. Within the last few months I have carefully tested them in various ways, yet always
with the most satisfactory results. I can therefore say with truth that your patent instrument is the best
Self- Registering Maximum Thermometer which has ever passed through my hands; indeed, no observer
can do without it."
HlGHFIELD HOUSE OBSERVATORY, NEAR NOTTINGHAM.
FIG. 41.
49. Negretti and Zambra's Patent Solar Radiation Thermometer
(fig. 41). — Consists of a mercurial thermometer with a blackened bulb, the
* The thermometers have now been used with equal satisfaction for thirty-five years.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
FIG. 42.
scale is engine-divided on the stem, and the divisions protected by a glass
shield. In use, it should be placed horizontally, with its bulb in the full
rays of the sun, resting on grass, and, if possible, so that lateral winds should
not strike the bulb. The directions for use are identical with those for the
determining of the temperature of the air. Fig. No. 41. Price, £1 10
50. Vacuum Solar Radiation Thermometer (fig. 42). — This instrument
consists of Negretti and Zambra's blackened bulb Radiation Thermometer,
enclosed in a glass tube and globe, from which all air is exhausted, as suggested
by Sir John Herschel in the Admiralty Manual of Scientific Enquiry, in 1849.
Thus protected from the loss of heat which would ensue if the bulb were
exposed, its indications are from 20° to 30° higher than when placed side by
side with a similar instrument with the bulb exposed to the passing air. At
times when the air has been in rapid motion, the difference between the reading
of a thermometer giving the true temperature of the air in the shade, and an
ordinary solar radiation thermometer, has been 20° only, whilst the difference
between the air temperature and the reading of a radiation thermometer in
vacuo has been as large as 50°. It is also found that the readings are almost
identical at distances from the earth varying from six inches to eighteen inches.
By the use of this improved Solar Radiator the amounts of solar radiation at
different places are rendered comparable ; with the exposed bulb Thermometer,
(fig. 41) the results could not be compared, as the bulbs of the thermometers
would be under very different conditions as to exposure and currents of air.
This new arrangement gives the readings very much more uniform, and is
found to be a decided improvement. Price, £150
Instructions for use same as No. 48.
FIG. 43,
40
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOEN YIADUCT. E.G.,
51. Negretti and Zambra's Patent Registering Maximum
Thermometer with either black or bright bulbs for experiments on radiant or
reflected heat, the scale divided on the stem, mounted on a brass stand.
Fig. 43. Price, £1 10 0
52. Negretti and Zambra's Improved Solar Radiation Vacuum
Thermometer, with Mercurial Test Gauge. (Fig. 44.)
For some many years most important investigations have been in progress
in connection with Solar Heat, and as it is evident that all such inquiry should
be carried out with the utmost precision, a
question arose as to the perfection of the
vacuum in different Solar Radiation Ther-
mometers, and hence a ready means of testing
these instruments became desirable for the
purposes of comparison.
Although this want had been repeatedly
pointed out, no attempt had been made to
remedy the defect. At last, we produced a
Solar Radiation Thermometer with a small
mercurial vacuum gauge inside the outer
covering, which gives the exact amount of
vacuum, or, it might more properly be called,
the exact amount of air left in the space around
the thermometer. The insertion of this small
test gauge in the manner that it has been
effected, is one of the most beautiful arrange-
ments ever effected by the skill of the glass-
blower. As a matter of course, having pointed
out the road, other tests were devised. Among
others, an electrical test, by inserting metal
wires and connections in the two ends of the
glass shield, by which a current of electricity
from a Rhumkorf 's Induction Coil can be passed
through the tube, and the colour, &c., &c., of the electric discharge be observed.
This test has two defects, viz., that coils and batteries are not always available,
and also that the metal connections in the glass tube are very liable to fracture,
and consequent leakage of air into the tubes from the cracking of the glass
around the wires.
We need hardly observe that this is a most important invention and
improvement, for, without satisfactory evidence of the perfection of the
vacuum, strict experiment cannot be carried out. Price, £1 16 0
53. Wood Stand for Negretti and Zambra's Patent Vacuum
Solar Radiation Thermometer, for experiments at four feet from the
FIG. 44.
45, COBNH1LL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
41
FIG. 47.
FIG. 46.
FIG. 45.
ground. Suggested and recommended by the Rev. F. W. Stow, who advises
that the bulb end of the thermometer should be placed facing the S.E., and in
such a manner that the air may circulate freely round it. Strict shade
temperature should also be noted by a good Thermometer, so as to obtain
the Maximum in sun and shade, and from these the amount of Solar Radiation
may be deduced. Fig. 45. Price, £110
54. Fig. 46 shows a new arrangement of Negretti and Zambra's Patent
Solar Radiation Maximum Thermometer in vacuo. It will be seen in the
woodcut that the bulb of the Thermometer is exposed to the sky in a vertical
position, with its stem enclosed by a light case or box. The scale is on the
stem of the Thermometer, but, as in No. 57 the scale is figured the reverse
of an ordinary instrument, the reading commencing from the end of the tube
and not at the bulb. This arrangement has been introduced by N. and Z. to
meet some requirements in connection with observations on solar temperatures
where it has been supposed that a perfect sphere presented to the solar rays
would give far more accurate indications than a projecting bulb such 'as
seen in figs. 41 and 43. Fig. 46. Price, £1 15 0
55. Negretti and Zambra's Patent Registering Clinical
Thermometers of various sizes and forms will be described in future sections
with prices and illustrations.
56. Babinet's Apparatus, Sling Thermometer or Thermometer Fronde,
for ascertaining the temperature of the Air by the rapid rotation of two sensitive
Thermometers, Price with Thermometers. (Fig. 47.) £2 10s.
42
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, B.C..
57. Negretti and Zambra's Patent Self-Registering
Maximum Thermometer, for recording the Temperature
of Mines, Thermal or Boiling Springs, Atmospheric or Earth
Temperature, &c., &c.
This Thermometer has its scale divided and figured
upon the stem, the REVERSE of an ordinary Thermometer —
the reading commencing from the end of the tube and not at
the bulb. The stem or tube is mounted in and protected by
a stout glass shield, the bulb of the Thermometer being
uppermost, and all mercury passing the bend or contraction
in the tube will by gravity fall to the opposite end, and
be detained and measured. The whole instrument is
conveniently mounted in a round copper or brass case, with
a handle or ring attached to the top for suspending the
Thermometer. Fig. 48.
FIG. 48.
FIG. 49.
In use, the Instrument is suspended by the ring
attached to the top of the metal mounting, and as it enters a
heated atmosphere the mercury in the bulb expands into the
tube, passing the bend or contraction* near the bulb ;
whatever quantity of mercury passes the bend will remain in the tube, and
not recede when the temperature cools ; should thirty or forty degrees of mercury
pass, it will of its own weight, fall to the end of the tube ; should it not do so,
hold the Thermometer in an oblique position, the bulb end being lowest so that
the mercury in the tube may very gradually descend until it touches any
mercury at the bend,f if now the bulb end be raised the mercury will again
descend carrying with it any small particles that have passed the bend-
When the mercury has all been collected at the end of tube, read off in degrees
on the thermometer scale its indication, and that will be the Maximum
Temperature.
To re-set the Thermometer hold it bulb downwards, and swing it back-
wards and forwards, to force back the excess of mercury, beyond the present
temperature, into the bulb. This precaution should always be observed
before commencing to take an observation.
Price, in Strong Metal Mountings. £1 10 0
57*. In our Section, " Thermometers for Special Purposes," will be found
woodcuts of several other forms of these Instruments, with details as to
their construction and use, and of fig. 49, for obtaining the temperature of
Springs or Wells or Earth Temperatures, see also No. 46.
* Sometimes a bend and sometimes a contraction is used to separate the indicating mercurial column,
t The tube should not be held upright, or portions of the mercury may pass by the bend into the bulb.
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STEEET, W., LONDON.
The following extract from the Fourth Report of the Committee on Under-
ground Temperature, British Association for Advancement of Science, 1871,
will sufficiently prove the advantages of Negretti and Zambra's Patent
Maximum Thermometer without further comment : — -
" The Thermometer which the Committee have been employing for the last three years
is a Phillips's Maximum, having so fine a bore that the detached column of mercury which
serves as the index is sustained in the vertical position by capillary action, and will bear
a moderate amount of shaking without slipping down. Numerous instances, however, have
occurred in which the index has slipped in consequence of jerks or concussions sustained by
the thermometer in hauling it up from a depth. During the past six months the Secretary
has been in correspondence with Messrs. Negretti and Zambra respecting a proposed modifi-
cation of the Maximum Thermometer known by their name, which occurred to him more
than a year ago, and was described by him privately to some meteorological friends at the
last Meeting of the Association. It was then supposed to be new, but it now appears that
Messrs. Negretti and Zambra have made something of the kind for the last fifteen years.
Several changes, however, were necessary before the thermometer was adapted to the uses
of the Committee, and the first complete instruments were received in June last. They are
enclosed, like the thermometers previously used, in hermetically sealed tubes, for protection
against pressure, and they have the advantages (1) of Icing able to bear severe jolts without
derangement of their indications, and (2) of presenting to view a mucli broader column of
mercury, so as to be more easily read in a dim light.
58. Mercurial Thermometer, with large Cup
shaped Bulb, (fig. 50), convex on the one side and concave
on the other, exposing a very large surface, suited for
experiment on Radiant or Accumulated heat.
Price, Engine-divided on the Stem £150
59. Negretti and Zambra's Patent Marine
Maximum Thermometer, (fig. 48.) As all other marine
thermometers are liable to give false indications from the
movements of the vessel in rough weather, this instrument
becomes a most important improvement. It is constructed and
used in a similar manner to No 57, the bulb of the thermometer
being uppermost; and no oscillation, however violent, can
disturb the indications. It is mounted in a strong wood or
metal frame, suitable for sea service. Price, £110
60. Helio-Pyrometer. Mr. T. Southall, of Birmingham,
has published some very remarkable results obtained with
a Standard Maximum Registering Thermometer, having a
Blackened Bulb placed within a shallow box lined through-
out with black velvet, and having a soft cushion of the same
material in the bottom. Upon this cushion the Thermometer
is to be placed, and covered over as closely as possible by a piece of plate
glass. Thus arranged, Accumulated Sun Temperatures have been noted by
FIG. 50.
NEGEETTI AND ZAMERA, HOLBOEN YIADUCT, F.C.,
Mr. Southall varying from 216 to nearly 232 degrees of temperature. In
fact Mr. S. states he has, with this apparatus, caused Water to loil rapidly by
Solar Heat.
Negretti and Zambra's Patent Maximum Thermometer will be found
eminently suited for experiment with the Helio-Pyrometer, as there is no fear
of the thermometer being spoilt by derangement of the index, as is the case
with both Rutherford's and Phillips's instruments.
Price of complete Apparatus with N. and Z.'s Patent Maximum Thermometer £220
Extract from the Report of the Council of the British Meteorological Society,
read at a General Annual Meeting of its Members, 1852 : —
" Negretti and Zambra's Thermometer, for the determination of maximum temperature, is one of
the good results of the great National Exhibition, which proved itself, as regarded meteorological
instruments, a most useful exponent of the insufficiency of those sold to the general public ; this
Thermometer is the best which has yet been constructed for Maximum temperature,
and particularly for Sun observations.
FIG. 51.
FIG. 52.
61. Pyrheliometer (Pouillett's) (fig. 51), for ascertaining the effect of
the sun's heat upon a given area by the number of degrees of heat imparted
to mercury in five minutes. Price, £550
This instrument is composed of a shallow cylinder of steel, A, fig. 51,
which is filled with mercury. Into the cylinder a thermometer, D, is introduced,
the stem of which is protected by a piece of brass tubing. We thus obtain
the temperature of the mercury. The flat end of the cylinder is to be turned
towards the sun, and the surface, B, thus presented is coated with lamp black.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, BEGENT STEEET, W., LONDON. 45
There is a collar and screw, C, by means of which the instrument may be
attached to a stake driven into the ground, or into the snow, if the observations
are made at considerable heights. It is necessary that the surface which
receives the sun's rays should be perpendicular to the rays ; and this is secured
by appending to the brass tube, which shields the stem of the thermometer, a
disk, ^7, of the same diameter as the steel cylinder. When the shadow of the
cylinder accurately covers the disc, we are sure that the rays fall, perpendicular,
on the blackened surface of the cylinder.
" The surface on which the sun's rays here fall is known ; the quantity of
mercury within the cylinder is also known ; hence we can express the effect
of the sun's heat upon a given area, by stating that it is competent, in five
minutes, to raise so much mercury so many degrees in temperature." — Dr.
TyndaWs il Seat considered as a Mode of Motion"
62. JSthrioscope (Leslie's) (fig. 52.) The celebrated philosopher, Sir
John Leslie, was the inventor of this instrument, the purpose of which is to
give a comparative idea of the radiation proceeding from the surface of the
earth towards the sky. It consists, as represented in fig. 52, of two glass bulbs
united by a vertical glass tube, of so fine a bore that a little coloured liquid
is supported in it by its own adhesion, there being air confined in each of the
bulbs. The bulb, J., is enclosed in a highly polished brass sphere, D. The
bulb, B, is blackened and placed in the centre of a metallic cup, C, which is
well gilt on the inside, and which may be covered by a top, F. The brass
coverings defend both bulbs from solar radiation, or any adventitious source
of heat. When the top is on, the liquid remains at zero of the scale. On
removing the top and presenting the instrument to a clear sky, either by night
or by day, the bulb, B, is cooled by terrestrial radiation, while the bulb, A,
retains the temperature of the air. The air confined in B, therefore, contracts ;
and the elasticity of that within A forces the liquid up the tube, to a height
proportionate to the intensity of the radiation. Such is the sensitiveness of
the instrument, that the smallest cloud passing over it checks the rise of the
liquid. Fig. 52. Price, £1 10 0
SELF-REGISTERING THERMOMETERS FOR COLD.
FIG. 53.
63. Negretti and Zambra's Standard Minimum Thermometer. (Fig.
53.) consists of an enamelled glass tube, the bulb and parts of the bore of which
is filled with perfectly pure colourless Spirits of Wine, in which floats freely a
46
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, B.C.,
black glass index. The tube is engine divided and mounted as shown in fig. 53.
on either N. and Z.'s patent Porcelain or Opal Glass Scales.
Directions for using Minimum Thermometers, for the Determination of the
Minimum Temperature of the Air. — Having caused the black index to flow to
the end of the column of spirit, by slightly tilting the Thermometer, bulb
uppermost, suspend the instrument, (in the shade with the air passing freely to
it on all sides) by the two plates attached for that purpose, — in such manner
that the bulb is about half an inch lower than the end of the Thermometer
furthest from the bulb, — then on a decrease of temperature, the spirit will
descend, carrying with it the index towards the bulb ; on an increase of
temperature, the spirit will ascend in the tube beyond the index, leaving that
end of the index furthest from the bulb indicating the extreme of cold or
Minimum temperature. To re-set the instrument, simply raise the bulb end of
the Thermometer a little, as before observed, and the index will again descend
to the end of the spirit, ready for future observation.
Price, in mounting as fig, 53 £1 1 0
FIG. 54.
64. Negretti and Zambra's Standard Terrestrial Radiation
Thermometer, (fig. 54).— The bulb of this instrument is transparent, with the
divisions engraved on its stem similar to that for solar radiation. In use, to be
placed with its bulb fully exposed to the sky, resting on grass, with its stem
supported by little forks of wood. Price, £110
FIG. 55.
65. Negretti and Zambra's Link shaped Bulb Minimum
Thermometer, mounted either as a Terrestrial Radiation irstrument, fig. 55, or
on a Porcelain scale as fig. 53. This peculiar form of bulb was devised by Negretti
and Zambra to obtain extreme sensitiveness by the large surface exposed to air.
Price, £150
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
47
FIG. 57.
FIG. 56.
Brass Stand for use with
Price, 5s. 6d.
66. Negretti and Zambra's Minimum or Terrestrial Radiation
Thermometer with Brass Stand, (fig. 56). Price, £150
67. Concave Metallic Reflector on a
Terrestrial Radiation Thermometer (fig. 57).
N.B. — As Alcohol Thermometers have a tendency to read lower by age,
owing to the volatile nature of the alcohol allowing particles in the form of
vapour to rise and lodge in the tube, it becomes necessary to compare them
occasionally with a Mercurial thermometer whose index error is known ; and
if the difference be more than a few tenths of a
degree, examine well the upper part of the tube to see
if any alcohol is in the bore, if so, detached por-
tions can be joined to the main column by swinging
the thermometer sharply backwards and forwards
with a pendulous motion, keeping the bulb down-
wards. When all the detached portions are joined,
allow it to stand upright for an hour before again
suspending it for observations.
68. Negretti and Zambra's Patent
Mercurial Minimum Thermometer, represented
by fig. 58, has a cylindrical bulb of large size. The
reason for having the bulb large is to allow the
internal diameter of the thermometer tube to be
greater than that generally used for thermometrical
purposes, so that a steel index, pointed at both
ends, may move freely within when required.
FIG. 58*.'
In use, the Thermometer is suspended perpendicularly with
the steel index resting on the surface of the mercurial column.
As the mercury in the cylinder contracts from the effect of
cold, that in the tube descends, and the index, of its own gravity,
follows it ; on the contrary, as the mercury expands and rises
in the tube, it passes the index on one side, and in rising,
exerts a lateral pressure on the needle, and jambs it to one side
of the tube, where it* remains firmly fixed, leaving the upper
FIG. 58.
48 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, B.C.,
point of the needle indicating the minimum temperature. In this thermometer
the reading is always from the upper point of the needle, and not from the
mercury itself.
To extricate the needle from the mercury, a magnet is used, when, if the
needle is embedded only a few degrees, it can readily be withdrawn without
altering the position of the instrument. Should the magnet not be sufficient
for the purpose, we simply turn the thermometer from the upright position,
slightly elevating the bulb (58*2). The mercury and index will then flow
into the small reservoir (58®). Should the index not freely leave the tube with
the mercury, assist it with a magnet and when the mercury and index are
in the upper bulb (58*2), apply a magnet outside, which will attract and hold
fast the index ; and whilst thus holding it, again bring the thermometer to the
upright position, when the mercury will immediately fall back into the tube,
leaving the index attached to the magnet (fig. 4), with which it is guided
down to the surface of the mercury, ready for another observation.
Price, £2 10 0
The value of these instruments may be estimated from the following letters,
received from gentlemen by whom the thermometers have been tested since
their invention. —
LEWISHAM, 1856, February 27.
" GENTLEMEN,— In reply to your note just received, I beg to say that your new Mercurial Minimum Ther-
mometer was suspended by the side of two Minimum Thermometers of the best kind of the ordinary con-
struction, on the day I received it from you, viz., 1855, November 21, and it has been examined and read
every day since, during which interval of time the temperature has varied from 15° to 60°. It has acted
equally well within this range. In the course of the experiments, it was found that at times differences
amounting to 2° and 3° existed in the minimum readings between those of the new mercurial and old
spirit thermometers. These differences were found due to two causes. The one occurred at low
temperatures, and on reference to independent registers, it was found that the readings of the mercurial
were right, the difference being attributable to the sluggishness of the alcohol; and, in the other case, it
was found that the index of the ordinary thermometer had unduly moved towards the bulb, the instru -
ment having been shaken by the wind.
"I consider the new Minimum Thermometer a very important addition— indeed a more important one
than the Maximum Thermometer of your invention, as by its means we can register all observations of
temperature by the use of one fluid, and that the recognised standard for the measurement of heat.
"With respect to your Maximum Thermometer, it acts admirably, and leaves scarcely anything to be
desired. It has never been out of order during the four years* I have had it in constant use, and it does
not seem possible to put it out of order, except by the destruction of the instrument.
" I am, Gentlemen, your obedient Servant,
"JAMES GLAISHEE, F.E.S.
" Messrs. NEGRETTI and ZAMBRA, Opticians." " Secretary to the British Meteorological Society.
The following is an extract from a letter to the inventors, Messrs. NEGRETTI
and ZAMBRA, from E. J. LOWE, Esq., dated Observatonj, Beestrm, near Nottingham :
"Your Patent Mercurial Thermometer is an admirable invention. I have worked it to my entire
satisfaction. I have tested its usefulness in many different ways, every one of which has been perfectly
satisfactory. It is certainly a meteorological triumph for which meteorologists must return you thanks."
Care must be taken not to withdraw the magnet until the index is in
contact with the mercury, for, if released before touching, it might plunge too
deeply and give a false indication. The rule for re-setting it will be to bring
* It is now more than twenty -nine years, and still the thermometer is perfect.
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
49
the needle-point in contact with the mercury, and then withdraw the magnet,
having previously ascertained that no particles of mercury are attached to
the index.
It may sometimes, though rarely, happen that, from the time a minimum
temperature is registered by the index, and the time an observation is made,
.the mercury may have risen so high in the tube as to completely pass the
index, as shown (fig. 3). Should it so happen, the space which the index
occupies will readily be observed, as it will be pressed to one side of the tube,
causing a different appearance in that part, although the point of the needle
may not be seen. If such be the case, apply a magnet to the spot where you
see the index is fixed : this will hold the needle firmly. Then, by slightly
tilting the thermometer bulb uppermost, the mercury will flow into the top
bulb, leaving the index attached to the magnet, and quite uncovered. Having
taken the reading, draw the needle into the top bulb, and hold ifc there whilst
you adjust the thermometer by again bringing it to the upright position.
So \ 70 I £31 $9
NEC PETTI & 2 AM BRA-, LONDON.
FIG. 59.
68. Negretti and Zambra's Patent Mercurial Minimum Thermo-
meter. The Patent Mercurial Minimum Thermometer is
constructed as follows : A is the thermometrical or indicating
tube, and B is a small vertical tube connected to it at right angles,
about one inch from the bulb. In the tube B, at the point C,
is inserted a platinum plug, which does not entirely fill the
bore, as may be seen by elevating either end of the instru-
ment, as the mercury will then flow in the tube A, either to or from the bulb,
depending upon which end of the thermometer is elevated or depressed.
To set for Observation, and use the Patent Mercurial Minimum Thermometer. —
Hold the thermometer with the bulb downwards until the bulb and tube B
are quite full of mercury ; then raise the bulb end of the thermometer, and
the mercury will flow from the tube B into the tube A, until it reaches the
plug C, where it will be checked by the mercury adhering to the platinum plug
— the affinity of platinum for mercury being sufficient to arrest the flow of
mercury, if not allowed to flow too rapidly. Should it overshoot the mark and
go to the end of the tube A repeat the operation more carefully.
Suspend the thermometer horizontally, and on a decrease of the tem-
perature the mercury will fall in the tube A until it attains its minimum
f>0 NEQEETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN* VIADUCT, E.G.,
temperature ; and on an increase of temperature the mercury will rise in the
tube B, leaving the indicating column in A, registering the extreme degree of
cold, or minimum temperature. To re-set the instrument for future obser-
vation, simply raise the bulb end of the thermometer until the mercury again
comes in contact, and is checked, by the platinum plug.
This form of Mercurial Minimum Thermometer has one very great
advantage over the preceding instrument, viz., it is much less liable to injury
or breakage in transit. Price, fig. 69. £220
69. Actinometer, Sir John HerschelPs (fig. 60), for
ascertaining the absolute heating effect of the solar rays, in which
time is considered one of the elements of observation. The
Actinometer consists of a large cylindrical thermometer bulb,
with a scale.considerably lengthened, so that minute changes may
be easily seen. The bulb is of transparent glass, filled with a
deep blue liquid, which is expanded when the rays of the sun
fall direct on the bulb. To take an observation, the Actinometer
is placed in the shade for one minute, and read off, it»is then
exposed for one minute to sunshine, and its indication recorded ;
it is finally restored to the shade, and its reading noted. The
mean of the two readings in the shade, subtracted from that in
the sun, gives the actual amount of expansion of the liquid pro-
duced by the sun's rays in one minute of time. For further
information see " Report of the Royal Society on Physics and
Meteorology." Price, £770
70. Negretti and Zambra' s improved Isolated Glass
Mountings for protecting Thermometer Scales from moist-
ure. Many observers having found much trouble in reading the
indications of Terrestrial Radiation and exposed Thermometers
from the condensation of moisture on the inside of the protect-
ing glass tubes or shields, Messrs. Negretti and Zambra have
succeeded in perfecting a method of mounting up such instru-
ments that quite obviates the difficulty. This improvement con-
sists in so melting an external glass cylinder round both ends
of the thermometer as to render the shield perfectly air-tight, in
fact, to hermetically seal up the instrument in it — so that no
moisture can possibly accumulate inside the tube, whilst the bulb
FIG 60 °^ *^e thermometer is perfectly exposed to the air.
Negretti and Zambra are now applying this improvement with
great advantage to Thermometers, Hygrometers, and many other instruments
required for out of door exposure. These isolating mountings will make
a slight addition to the cost -of such Thermometers.
45, COBNHILL, B.C., AND 122, KEGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 51
FIG. 61.
71. Portable Patent Maximum and Minimum Registering Thermo-
meters.— Negretti and Zambra's Small Patent Maximum and Minimum
Registering Pocket Thermometers, fitted into a secure and convenient
pocket case, special for travellers, (fig. 61.) Price . . . .£220
Larger Standard size ditto 2 10 0
The construction and use of the Portable Registering Thermometers is
identical with N. and Z.'s larger Standard instruments, Nos. 40 and 53. These
are the only Registering Thermometers that will travel without dera-ngement.
Explicit printed instructions for use accompany each set.
72. Marie Davy's Actinometer, consisting of two Thermometers
in vacuo, one with a bright and the other with a black bulb, both divided on the
stems and mounted upon a suitable stand for out-door exposure. Price, £330
RULES FOB CONVERTING THERMOMETER READINGS. .
To convert Fahrenheit readings to Centigrade.
Subtract 32 and multiply the remainder by -
y
e.g. 68° P.=( 68— 32)x- = 20° C.
y
To convert Fahrenheit readings to Reaumur.
Subtract, 32 and multiply the remainder by -
e.g. 68° F.=( 68— 32) X - = 16° R.
To convert Centigrade readings to Fahrenheit.
Multiply by f and add 32.
o
To convert Reaumur degrees to Fahrenheit.
Multiply by | and add 32.
To convert Centigrade to Reaumur.
Multiply by -
5
To convert Reaumur to Centigrade.
Multiply by |
NOTE.— All of Negretti and Zambra's Standard Thermometers may be had with.
Centigrade or Reaumur Scales to order.
E2
52
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA'S
PATENT
BURLY RECORDING THERMOMETRICAL APPARATUS.
20
FIG. 62.
73. Negretti and Zambra's Patent Atmospheric Eecording
Thermometer (fig. 62). For any hour determined upon, the clock
carrying the Thermometer is -set (similar to an alarum clock), and
when the hands arrive at this point of time, the movement of the
£l«
clock. releases a catch or detent, and the Thermometer* with its scale is
revolved, the mercury then records the temperature of the air for that
exact moment in a similar manner to those mentioned in the next page.
These Recording Instruments are found to be a most important addition to
our Meteorological Instruments, and no slight boon to observers in many
parts of the world who are engaged in taking simultaneous observations
with our own at fixed hours. ~ Price, as fig. 62. £440
* The Thermometer used with this apparatus is shown ly fig. 62a, and is fully described on page 53.
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 53
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBIA'S
PATENT HOURLY RECORDING THERMOMETRICAL APPARATUS.
An instrument for obtaining automatic thermometer readings
at stated intervals of time having long been sought for — after many
experiments, NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA have invented and constructed one
both simple and accurate.
74. Negretti & Zambra's Patent Hourly Recording
Thermometrical Apparatus. This new instrument consists of
twelve Thermometers, mounted on a suitable stand, a good Clock,
and a Galvanic Battery. The advantages are — simplicity of
manipulation, both in taking the recorded readings and setting the
thermometers for future observations ; the most important one, being
able to expose the thermometers at any distance from/ the clock and
battery — the only limit being the length of the conducting wires
and the strength of the battery.
Before describing the mechanical and electrical arrangements of
the apparatus, we proceed to explain the construction and action of
the thermometers themselves. This will be best understood by
reference to the engraving, fig. 63.
The bulb is cylindrical, and Mercury is the thermometrical fluid.
The neck of the bulb is contracted at A, and upon the shape and
fineness of this construction the success of the instrument depends.
Beyond A the tube is bent, and a small catch reservoir is formed at B,
for a purpose to be presently explained. At the end of the tube a
small r.eceptacle, C, is provided. When the bulb is downward it contains
sufficient mercury to fill the tube and a part of the reservoir, 0, leaving suf-
ficient space in C for the expansion of the mercury. In this position no scale
would be possible, as the apparent movement of the mercury would be con-
fined to the space C. When the thermometer is held bulb upward, the
mercury breaks off at A, and by its own weight flows down the tube, filling
C and a portion of the tube above C, in relation to the existing temperature.
The scale accordingly is made to read upwards from C. To set the instrument
for observation, it is only necessary to place it bulb downward, then the
mercury takes the temperature just as an ordinary thermometer. Whenever
the existing temperature is required, all that has to be done is to turn the
thermometer bulb upward ; the mercury will then break off at A, falls to
54 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN YIADUCT, E.G.,
end C, and in this position the temperature can be noted. The engraving,
fig. 63, shows the thermometer after it has been inverted.
This reading may be taken at any time after the thermometer has been
turned over, for the quantity of mercury in the lower part of the stem, which
gives the reading, is too small to be sensibly influenced by a change of tempera-
ture, while that in the bulb will continue to contract with greater cold and to
expand with greater heat, and in the latter case some mercury will pass the
contraction A, and may fall down and lodge at B, but it cannot go further so
long as the bulb is upward, and thus the temperature to be read off will not be
vitiated. It must be clearly understood that the thermometer is only intended
to give the temperature at the time when it turned over. The divisions and
figures are engraved upon the stem of these thermometers.*
It will be seen in the accompanying drawing that twelve thermometers are
mounted on the stand ; each one is sustained upon a metal arm in such a man-
ner that it will fall over and become inverted by the release of a stop or detent
from the joint action of the clock and galvanic battery.
In the drawing, six of the twelve thermometers are shown inverted, the
bulbs being upwards, the clock at each of the six successive hours having made
contact and completed the galvanic circuit, and by the action of an electro-
magnet released the detents, and allowed the thermometers to fall over and
record the temperature for that moment. This action is produced by simple
mechanism on the back of the clock dial, the contact being made at each hour
It will be evident that the thermometers could be made to record half-hourly,
or they might, by increasing the number, be made to register every fifteen
minutes, or less, the only limit being the number of thermometers used.
When the thermometers are all reversed, the readings may be quickly
taken and the thermometers re-turned to their original positions, bulbs down-
wards.
Attached to the back of the clock dial, and in its centre, is a disc of ebonite,
about two inches in diameter, with a hole in the centre to allow the spindle to
pass on which the clock hands are fixed. Round the edge of this disc are
twelve platina studs, one being opposite each hour on the clock dial ; each stud
is separately connected to one of twelve terminals in the order of 1 to 12
at back of clock, viz. : The stud opposite 12 o'clock on the dial is carried to No.
12 terminal, &c., &c. Immediately behind the hour hand, at the back of the
dial, and attached to the same spindle, is a metal spring which touches each
stud in succession as the hour hand travels round. This spring is not
insulated from the metal work of the clock ; consequently the current runs to
the clock.
* These Thermometers are divided with either Fahrenheit or Centigrade Scales, and their number may
be increased to special order.
45, COBNHIU,, E 0., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
55
Negretti and Zambra's Patent Apparatus for Recording
Hourly Temperatures. (FiG. 64.)
56 NBGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN YIADUCT, E.G.,
Fixed at the back of the clock dial, near its outer edge, are two little glass
cups containing mercury, one of which is connected to the metal work of the
clock ; the other glass cup is connected to the thirteenth terminal on the back
of the clock. Immediately over these two cups, and fixed to an arm or lever, is
a forked piece of platina wire, which, when depressed into the cups, forms a
connecting bridge from one to the other. The lever is depressed when one end
is lifted by the minute hand of the clock. This is accomplished by means of a
wedge-shaped piece of steel brought through to the front of the dial, and acted
upon by the minute hand directly over twelve o'clock ; when the minute hand
approaches twelve, it presses the left angle of the wedge and lifts it.
A terminal at the outside of a box containing twelve magnets is connected
to a metal bar running the entire length of the same, to which is attached one
end of a wire from each of the twelve electro-magnets ; the other ends of the
wires from the electro-magnets are separately connected to the twelve terminals
under the box containing the magnets, thence by separate wires to the twelve
terminals on the clock, in the order of from 1 to 12 as marked.
We will now suppose the time to be six o'clock. The battery is connected
as follows : — One pole to the thirteenth terminal on the clock, the other pole to
the terminal at end of box on the Recording apparatus. The electric circuit is
now complete. From the battery to the thirteenth terminal on clock, then to
one of the glass cups, over the little bridge of wire to the other glass cup, thence
through metal work of the clock to the spring, which spring touches upon the
stud at the back of the hour hand (at, say six o'clock), from thence to No. 6
terminal on the back of the clock, from there to No. 6 terminal under the
box containing the electro-magnets, through No. 6 magnet to the bar above,
then to the terminal at the end of the box, and back to battery. In its circuit,
No. 6, magnet attracts its keeper, the catch falls, and allows No. 6 thermometer
to turn over, and in like manner throughout the series.
Price, fig 64. £52 10 0
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA'S SUNSHINE RECORDER.
75. This instrument shown by fig. 65 consists of a glass sphere ground
perfectly true, mounted upon a brass frame, with suitable adjustments for placing
its axis parallel with the axis of the earth ; it has also a divided semi-circle
arranged to adjust the apparatus for use in any latitude.
Surrounding one-half of the glass sphere is placed a concentric metal plate,
for holding the prepared and divided paper cards, upon which the record is
burned by the concentrated Solar rays.
45, COENHILL, E.G., AND 122, BEGENT STEEET, W., LONDON. 57
FIG. 65.
Two grooves are formed upon the concentric plate, by which the position
of the divided cards can be varied to suit the elevation of the sun at different
seasons of the year.
In use, the Sunshine Recorder should be placed geographical North and
South, similar to a sun dial.
Price, fig. 65. £12 12 0
A supply of prepared cards sufficient for one year's use . . . • £1 12 0
FIG. 66. FIG. 67.
76. Jordan's Sunshine Recorder (Patent), made and supplied
only by Negretti and Zambra.
58
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
Since the indention in 1853 of Mr. CAMPBELL'S instrument for automatically
registering the duration of Sunshine, the subject has become of increasing
interest, and improved forms of his instrument have been generally adopted at
the principal Observatories and Meteorological Stations where the hours of
bright Sunshine are regularly observed and registered. These ingenious
instruments are perfect recorders of Sunshine so long as the sky is clear, but
are too costly to come into general use by the greater number of observers now-
interested in the subject. It is to meet this difficulty that the instrument now
introduced has been designed. We believe that it meets all the requirements ;
it is accurate in its action, of simple construction, and sufficiently cheap to come
within the means of all those who are interested in this comparatively new
branch of meteorological science.
Half Size.
FIG. 68.
The action of Mr. JORDAN'S Sunshine Recorder differs entirely from that
of the instrument above referred to, inasmuch as the results are obtained by
means of photography, instead of by the burning power of the concentrated
solar rays ; it is, however, only on days when the atmosphere is a little hazy, or
the sun slightly obscured by thin, filmy cloud, that there is any important
difference in the record of the two instruments ; at such times the photographic
registering instrument will probably show an excess of sunshine, as under
certain conditions the thin film of cloud or haze interferes more with the action
of the heat rays than it does with the actinic rays.
The new instrument — which is figured on the other side — consists of a
dark cylindrical chamber, on the inner circumference of which is placed a
carefully prepared photographic paper. The ray of sunlight being admitted
into this chamber through small apertures in the side, is received on the
sensitized paper or chart, and travels around it by virtue of the earth's rotation,
leaving a distinct trace of chemical action, thereby registering its duration,
and the degrees of its intensity, varied by every passing cloud. The cylinder
is mounted on a suitable stand, having simple means of adjustment, for the
different seasons of the year, and for the use of the instrument in any latitude.
Price. Sunshine Recorder— Fig. 66 £330
Ditto — Fig. 67, with rackwork adjustment and
clamping screws 550
A Box containing 100 prepared CHARTS, with instructions-
Fig. 68 100
45, COBNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 59
The Charts are printed upon sensitized paper, ruled with vertical lines,
representing the hours and minutes of the day; they are supplied, ready
for use, in boxes containing 100 each. The records obtained are rendered
permanent by simply washing the papers for a few minutes in cold water and
afterwards drying them between blotting-paper.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR FIXING- JORDAN'S SUNSHINE RECORDER.
77. Select a suitable position which has the full range of the sun at all
seasons of the year. Provide affirm support with a perfectly level top, place the
Instrument upon it (the lid of the cylinder facing north), and when the sun is
on the meridian (12 o'clock) turn the instrument on its base until the shadow
of the pin on the lid of the cylinder coincides with the vertical line on the
white glass behind it. When this adjustment has been correctly made, the
instrument may be permanently screwed down to its support, then incline the
cylinder on its horizontal axis, by means of the milled head at the side, until
the point of the shadow of the aforesaid pin falls on the point of intersection
of the two lines, and clamp securely by means of the opposite milled head, the
ray of sunlight passing through the central aperture will then fall on the
twelve o'clock division of the chart. This adjustment will require to be altered
occasionally as the seasons vary, the necessity for alteration being shown by
the position of the trace above or below the central line of hour divisions on the
«hart.
The charts should be inserted in the cylinder each day after sunset, ready
for the following day, the ends being placed against the stops provided for the
purpose. On removing the charts from the instrument after the day's observa-
tion the number of hours recorded should at once* be tafadated, the trace may
then be rendered permanent by immersing the chart for a few minutes in cold
water, until the surface becomes white and the trace a bright blue colour ; it
should then be removed and dried between blotting paper. Care must be taken
not to expose the sensitized charts to the daylight longer than is necessary for
removing and inserting them in the cylinder. The cylinder being held in
position on the frame by a clamping screw can be easily removed for the purpose
of changing the chart, which may be done either at the place of observation or
indoors
* This precaution is necessary that any very faint traces on the chart may not be lost
before registering, by too long immersion in water, or it may be advisable to mark with a
pencil the limits of the trace before placing in water.
GO NEGEETTI AND ZA.MBRA, HOI/BORN VIADUCT, B.C.,
NEG-BETTI & ZAMBEA'S
RECORDING DEEP SEA THERMOMETERS.
78. Deep Sea Sounding Thermometers, Self-Registering, the
original double tube principle, invented by Negretti and Zambra, specially-
constructed for the Board of Trade and Admiralty. Warranted to stand
a pressure of 450 atmospheres. Price £2 10 0
This manner of protecting the bulb was invented by Messrs. Negretti and Zambra in
1857, and is described by the late Admiral R. FitzRoy, in the first number of Meteorological
Papers, p. 55, published July 5th. 1857, as follows :
" Referring to the erroneous readings of all thermometers, consequent on their
delicate bulbs being compressed by the great pressure of the ocean, he says : — ' With a
view to obviate this failing Messrs. Negretti and Zambra undertook to make a case for the
weak bulbs, which should transmit temperature, but resist pressure. Accordingly a tube
of thick glass is sealed outside the delicate bulb, between which and the casing is a space
all round, which is nearly filled with mercury. The small space not so filled is a vacuum,
into which the mercury can be expanded, or forced by heat or mechanical compression,
without doing injury to or even compressing the inner or much more delicate bulb.'"
The bulb of the Thermometer thus protected resists the pressure of the ocean, which
varies according to its depth — that of three thousand fathoms being something like three
tons pressure upon the square inch.
79. Negretti and Zambra's Small Deep Sea Sounding
Thermometers, the so-called Dr. Miller's pattern in Copper. Case.
Price £2 10 0 £330
R. H. SCOTT, Esq., F.R.S., in a paper published in the Journal of the Meteo-
rological Society, January 17th, 1872, speaking of Negretti and Zambra's Deep-
Sea Thermometers, described by Admiral FitzRoy in the first number of
Meteorological Papers, published July 5th, 1857, says : —
" The number of the thermometers of this particular pattern, which was supplied to the
Meteorological Department of the Board of Trade by Messrs. Negretti and Zambra, the
makers, was upwards of fifty, and they were supplied to several ships in the Royal Navy,
especially those employed on certain well-known deep-sea sounding expeditions. I was not
able to find any record of any of these thermometers having been tested in an hydraulic
press, and, accordingly, as soon as the Miller pattern thermometer had been definitely
adopted by the Hydrographer, it was resolved to subject one of the old thermometers
(Negretti and Zambra's) in the Meteorological Office to the same test as that which the new
instruments were made to undergo, in order to see whether or not the construction of the
original instruments offered sufficient security against alteration of the shape of the bulb,
owing to pressure. The experiments were carried out on the 28th of September, 1869, in
45, COBNHILL, B.C., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 61
the presence of Capt. Toynbee and Mr. Strachan, and the results of the testing have been
published in the report of the Meteorological Committee of the Royal Society for 1869.
The concluding sentence of this report was as follows (page 32) : —
"'The foregoing experiments are sufficient to show that the original thermometers
described by Admiral FitzRoy were good and trustworthy instruments, in so far as regards
their capability of resisting pressure.' "
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA'S
NEW RECORDING DEEP-SEA THERMOMETERS.
80. These Instruments differ from all other Recording Thermometers in the
following important particulars :— I. The Thermometer contains pure mercury
only, without any alcohol or other fluid. II. It has no indices or springs, and
its indications are by the column of mercury only. III. It can be carried
in any position, and cannot be put out of order except by breakage.
And chiefly, it will indicate and record the exact temperature at any depth of
the sea, irrespective of either warm or cold currents or stratum through which
the Thermometer may have passed in its descent or ascent. This last very
special quality renders N. and Z.'s Thermometers superior for Deep Sea tempera-
ture to any others ; for those used in the Challenger expedition are liable to
give erroneous indications, owing to their indices slipping, and otherwise getting
defective (this was proved by Messrs. Negretti and Zambra at a Meeting of the
British Meteorological Society) ; and under certain conditions of temperature it
is not possible by these old Thermometers to obtain true temperatures at certain
depths which might be required.
The construction of Negretti and Zambra's original Deep Sea Thermometer
is as follows : —
In shape it is like a syphon with parallel legs, having a continuous
communication, as seen in the annexed figure, 69. The mounting of the
Thermometer is pivoted on a centre, and being attached in a perpendicular
position to a simple apparatus (which will be presently described), is lowered
to any depth in the water that may be desired. In its descent the Thermometer
acts as an ordinary instrument, the mercury rising or falling according to the
temperature of the stratum through which it passes ; but so soon as the
descent ceases, and a reverse motion is given to the line, so as to pull up
the apparatus towards the surface, the Thermometer turns once on its
centre, first bulb uppermost, and afterwards bulb downwards. This causes the
mercury, which was in the left-hand column, first to pass into the dilated syphon
bend at the top, and thence into the right hand tube, where it remains,
indicating on a graduated scale the exact temperature at the time it was
62
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN TIADUCT, K C.
turned over. Fig. 69 shows the
position of the mercury after the
instrument has been thus turned on
its centre. A is the bulb ; B the
outer coating or protecting cylinder ;
C is the' space of rarefied air, which
is reduced if the outer casing be
compressed ; D is a s mall glass plug
on the principle of Negretti and
Zambra's Patent Maximum Ther-
mometer, which cuts off, in the
moment of turning, the mercury in
the tube from that of the bulb,
thereby insuring that none but the
mercury in the tube can be trans-
ferred into the indicating column ;
E is an enlargement made in the
bend so as to enable the mercury
to pass quickly from one tube to
another in revolving ; and F is the
indicating tube or Thermometer
proper. In its action, as soon as the
Thermometer is put in motion, and
immediately the tube has acquired
a slightly oblique position, the
mercury breaks off at the point D,
runs into the curved and enlarged
portion E, and eventually falls into the tube F, when this
tube resumes its original perpendicular position.
The contrivance for turning the Thermometer over
may be described as a metal frame with a vertical screw
propeller; to this frame (fig. 70) the instrument is attached-
In its descent through the water the screw is lifted out of
gear and revolves freely on its axis ; but so soon as the
apparatus is pulled up towards the surface the screw falls
into gear and revolves in the contrary direction, turning
the Thermometer over once, and then becoming locked and immovable,
the temperature is recorded for that moment. Price £10 10 0
This arrangement of Deep Sea Thermometer (fig. 70) having been found defective, Negretti
and Zanibra have abandoned its manufacture — it being norc quite superseded by their recently
improved Thermometers, particulars of which »vill be found in the following pages. Our
description is therefore only inserted as a matter of history in connection with the
invention of Deep Sea Recording Instruments.
FIG. 69.
45, COENHILL, E.G., AND 122, KEGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 63
NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA'S
NEW PATENT STANDARD
MARINE REGISTERING THERMOMETERS.*
81. " The most'successful Deep- Sea Thermometer hitherto has been Six's Thermometer,
with the bulb protected from pressure, as invented by NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA in 1867.
Nevertheless there are several disadvantages inherent in the principle of construction of Six's
instrument. The indices are unreliable, as, however carefully fitted, they may slip down by
gravity, and even shift upward by sudden lifting motion ; so that the observations are
always more or less liable to error : the index error also is very liable to alter by the shifting
of the spirit, or by bubbles of spirit getting among the mercury ; and unless the observer is
well-trained in its management, and takes care to compare it with a correct ordinary ther-
mometer every time it is used, there is no guaranteeing1 its accuracy of indication. Further,
its accuracy in its best condition does not attain to fractions of a degree, as it cannot be
read off closer than about half a degree. Then it must be kept in the vertical position, or
it is certain to become more or less deranged in transit.
" However, so long as it sufficed to observe the nearest degree of temperature, the
improved protected Six's answers the purpose of a deep-sea thermometer, with careful
management and checking ; but lately the bottom temperature of shallow seas and of rivers
has come under investigation, and for this purpose Six's instrument is unsuitable.
" Between the temperature of the surface of the sea and that at the depth of a few
fathoms, the differences to be determined are found to be not degrees of the thermometer,
but fractions of a degree ; hence, the observations to be worth anything at all, must be made
with an undoubtedly accurate thermometer.
" During the last two or three years systematic observations of the surface and bottom
temperatures have been taken from the various lightships off the British coasts, under the
direction of the Meteorological Office. This investigation of the temperatures of the British
seas has been urged upon the Government by naturalists and physicists interested in the
question of the food supply of the people as affected by the take of fish. What is required
to be made evident is, whether any, and what, effect temperature has upon the habits and
migrations of fish, so as to tend to a right understanding of the conditions favourable for
the development of the various species of fish, and the best seasons and temperature indi-
cations for their capture. This investigation, commenced with Six's Thermometers, has at
present only shown that such instruments are not sufficiently reliable for the purpose ; and
it was represented by the Government to Messrs NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, that a more
perfect and stable deep-sea thermometer was a desideratum. They accordingly turned their
attention to the matter, and the result is the new STANDARD DEEP-SEA THERMOMETER.
" The construction of this thermometer will be readily understood by reference to the
sketch diagram fig. 71. The bulb is cylindrical, and mercury is the thermometrical fluid.
The neck of the bulb is contracted in a peculiar manner at A, and upon the shape and fine-
ness of this contraction the success of the instrument mainly depends. Beyond A the tube
is bent, and a small catch reservoir is formed at B, for a purpose to be present/I^ explained.
At the end of the tube a small receptacle, C, is provided. When the tube is downward, the
glass contains sufficient mercury to fill the bulb, tube, and a part of the reservoir C, if the
temperature is high, leaving sufficient space in C for the expansion of the mercury. In this
position no scale would be possible, as the apparent movement of the mercury would be
confined to the space C. When the thermometer is held bulb upward, the mercury breaks
off at A, but by its own weight flows down the tube, filling C and a portion of the tube above
C, in relation to the resisting temperature. The scale accordingly is made to read upwards
from C. To set the instrument for observation it is only necessary to place it bulb down-
* Description condensed from " ENGINEERING," Mai-ch 22iid, 1878.
64 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
DESCENDING. ASCENDING.
FIG. 72.
FIG. 71.
FIG. 73.
ward, then the mercury takes the temperature just as an ordinary thermometer. When at
any time or at any place the temperature is required, all that has to be done is to turn the
thermometer bulb upward, and keep it in this position until read off.
" The reading may be taken at any time after, for the quantity of mercury in the lower
part of the stem which gives the reading is too small to be sensibly influenced by a change
of temperature, unless it is very great, while that in the bulb will continue to contract with
greater cold and to expand with greater heat, and in the latter case some mercury will pass
the contraction A, and may fall down and lodge at B, but it cannot go further so long as the
bulb is upward, and thus the temperature to be read off will not be vitiated. Now, when-
ever the thermometer can be handled, it can readily be turned bulb upward for reading off
the existing temperature. At a depth in the sea, some contrivances must be provided for
turning the thermometer bulb upward. For this purpose the thermometer is fitted into
a hollow wooden frame, loaded with shot, free to move from end to end of it, and sufficient
to render the whole instrument just vertically buoyant in sea-water.
" In using the thermometer a cord is rove through the hole in the frame nearest the
bulb, and the instrument is fastened by this cord to the sounding line. In descending the
thermometer will be pulled down with the bulb downwards ; but upon being pulled up, the
instrument, owing to the resistance through the water, and consequent displacement of its
centre of gravity, will turn over and come up bulb uppermost, the temperature of the spot
where it turned over will then be indicated, as shown in the illustrations. See figures
72 and 73.
" As regards the thermometer itself it was necessary, in order to make it perfectly
satisfactory, to protect it against pressure, even if intended for shallow seas, as well as for
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LOKDON. 65
the deepest. For whether used in deep or shallow water, unless withdrawn from pressure,
its indications would always be more or less in error. Like an ordinary thermometer it is
devoid of air, and so quite different from Six's, which, containing compressed air, has a
certain internal resistance. Hence it would be more affected by pressure than Six's, how-
ever thick the glass of the bulb. By the simple expedient of placing the thermometer
entirely in a shield of glass hermetically sealed (see fig. 4 on next page), the effect of external
pressure is entirely eliminated. The shield must of course be strong, but need not be
exhausted of air. It must, however, render the enclosed thermometer more difficult to be
affected by changes of temperature ; in other words, it will make it sluggish.
" To counteract this sluggishness, in that portion of the shield surrounding the bulb,
some mercury is introduced, and confined there by a partition cemented in the shield around
the neck of the thermometer bulb. This mercury acts as a carrier of heat from the exterior
of the shield to the interior of the thermometer : and the efficacy of this arrangement has
been experimentally determined, the instrument thus protected being, in fact, far superior
in sensibility to Six's thermometer.
" So long as the shield withstands the pressure, that is, does not break, the thermometer
will be unaffected by pressure, and there is abundant experience to show that such a shield
will stand the pressure of the deepest ocean. The greatest pressure can never affect a
thermometer so protected. Doubtless the shield will be compressed a little under great
pressure, but this can never exert an internal pressure sufficient to have an appreciable
effect upon the thermometer. This method of shielding is quite efficacious, and deep-sea
thermometers so protected do not require to be tested for pressure in the hydraulic press.
The thermometer will simply require to be tested for sensitiveness and for errors of gradu-
ation very accurately ; because it is a standard instrument adapted to determine very small
differences of temperature as well as large ones, even one or two- tenths of a degree in
shallow waters. The test for sensitiveness should determine how many seconds the instru-
ment requires to take up a change of 5 deg. rise or fall ; and the time has been found from
5 to 10 seconds.
" A considerable number of these instruments have already been tested at the Kew
Observatory with perfectly satisfactory results, which place beyond doubt their value as
Standard Deep-sea Thermometers.
" This instrument possesses great advantages. It has no attached scale, th'e figuring
and graduations are distinctly marked on the stem itself, and the shield effectually
preserves them from obliteration by sea-water. The part of the stem which forms the
background to the graduations is enamelled white,* to give distinctness to the mercury.
" The hole at the top of the frame is for the purpose of lowering and keeping the
thermometer upright until it has reached the water. This is effected by putting a cord
through the hole, and both ends of it kept in the hand until the thermometer has reached the
water, then one end is let go and the cord pulled on board ; this operation is not imperative,
but it saves the thermometer from being knocked about previous to reaching the water."
Negretti and Zambia's Patent Standard Marine Thermometer (fig. 72) . Price £2 10 0
* Enamelling the bac/c of Thermometer Tubes is on important invention by Negretti and Zambra. Most of the
extremely sensitive Thermometers that are now made (such as Clinical Thermometers) would have been almost
useless but for this improvement.
1 cubic foot of Sea Water weighs 62*425 lbs.=557 cwt , or 0-028 of a ton.
Sea Water freezes at 28°. Boils at 213 2 ; variable with the density.
80 miles from the Island of St. Thomas, at a depth of 3 875 fathoms, the temperature of
the Sea was found to be 34£° Fahrenheit ; the pressure at this depth 4* tons to square inch.
The pressure at 100 feet is found by Divers difficult to bear for any lengthened period.
Man cannot sustain a greater pressure than 6 Fathoms, or 120 feet. Weights of 6 or 8
hundredweight require two Hours to fall through 3 miles of Sea Water, owing to the
friction of the water on the rope or wire. — Dr. CARPENTER.
F
C6 NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN YIADUCT, B.C.
NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA'S
PATENT IMPROVED-FRAME STANDARD DEEP-SEA THERMOMETER.
H c
FIG. l.
FIG. 3.
FIG 4.
FIG. 2.
82. NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA'S Improved Standard Deep-sea Thermometer has been abundantly
proved to be the only thermometer that ought to be used in researches into the temperature
of the sea below the surface. It is quite applicable for testing the temperature of the sur-
face water, but merely for this purpose a less expensive instrument would usually be
employed. For taking temperatures at moderate depths, from a few feet to a few hundred
fathoms, NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA'S Wooden Float form amply suffices and is quite suitable.
The only objection that has been raised to this wooden float is, that in sounding to great
depths a check upon the line, caused by the motion of the ship due to the heave of the sea,
may make it turn over and register, so that the temperature at the desired depth is not
obtained. In very deep soundings it is often desirable to have a series of thermometers
45, COBNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 67
upon the line at different depths ; and in this case the frequent checks and stoppages
upon the line during the hauling up, either from the pitching of the ship or in detaching the
thermometers as they arrive at the surface, lead to some uncertainty in the results. To do
away with all doubt as to the accuracy of the record brought up by each thermometer is the
object of the new form of the Standard Deep-sea Thermometer. The improvement is due to
suggestions kindly furnished to NEGBETTI AND ZAMBBA by Commander MAGNAGHI, of the
Royal Italian Navy. By means of it the thermometer may be attached to any part of the
line during the descent ; and after the first regular haul in of from 10 to 80 feet, according
to adjustment, any number of stoppages or any amount of line may be afterwards run out
without altering the temperature obtained at the commencement of hauling up. Several
thermometers can now be fastened upon the line and serial temperatures obtained at any
required depth with certainty.
The apparatus will be best understood by reference to the accompanying figures
(Nos. 1 and 2). A is a metallic frame in which the case B, containing the thermometer,
is pivoted upon an axis H, but not balanced upon it. C is a screw-fan attached to a
spindle, one end of which works in a socket D, and on the other end is formed the
thread of a screw E, about half an inch long, and just above it is a small pin or stop P on
the spindle. G is a sliding stop-piece against which the pin F impinges when the thermo-
meter is adjusted for use. The screw E works into the end of the case B the length of play
to which it is adjusted. The number of turns of the screw into the case is regulated by
means of the pin and stop-piece. The thermometer in its case is held in position by the
screw E, and descends into the sea in this position (Fig. 1), the fan C not acting during the
descent because it is checked by the stop F. When ascent commences the fan revolves,
raises the screw E, and releases the thermometer, which then turns over and registers the
temperature at that spot, owing to the axis H being below the centre of gravity of the case
B as adjusted for the descent. Each revolution of the fan represents about 10 feet of move -
ment through the water upwards, so that the whole play of the screw requires 70 or 80 feet
ascent ; therefore the space through which the thermometer should pass before turning over
must be regulated at starting. If the instrument ascends a few feet by reason of a stoppage
of the line while attaching other thermometers, or through the heave of the sea, or any
cause whatever, the subsequent descent will cause the fan to carry back the stop to its initial
position, and such stoppages may occur any number of times provided the line is not made
to ascend through the space necessary to cause the fan to release the thermometer. When
the hauling-in has caused the turnover of the thermometer the lateral spring K forces the
pin L into a slot in the case B and clamps it (as seen in fig. 2) until it is received on board
so that no change of position can occur in the rest of the ascent from any cause. The case
B is cut open to expose the scale of the thermometer, and is also perforated to allow the free
entry of the water.
The construction of the Thermometer will be understood by referring to Figs. 3 and 4
and also to the description given on page 63 (fig. 71)
Price for NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA'S New Patent Improved Frame Standard Deep-Sea
Thermometer, as fig. 1.
The Hydrographic Bureau at Washington published lately the following results of a
series of observations carried out in order to determine the length, depth, and duration of
ocean waves : —
The longest wave hitherto observed is said to have had a length of half-a-mile, and to
have spent itself in 23 seconds. During storms in the North Atlantic waves sometimes
extend to a length of 500 ft. and 600 ft., and last from 10 to 11 seconds.
The most careful measurements of the height of waves give from 44 to 48 feet as an
extreme limit ; the average height of great waves is about 30 ft.
These measurements refer to ordinary marine action, and do not relate to earthquake
action or other exceptional agencies.
F 2
68 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBKA, HOLBOJiN VIADUCT, E.G.,
INSTRUMENTS FOR ASCERTAINING THE HUMIDITY OF THE ATMOSPHERE.
THE instruments used for observing the amount of moisture contained in
the atmosphere are called Hygrometers. They are without doubt of all
Meteorological instruments the most useful and valuable.
To ascertain with exactness the Hygrometric condition of the air is of the
utmost importance both to the Physician and Agriculturist. By observing the
varying amount of vapour or moisture in the air, the one is enabled to regulate
its condition as best suited to his patient's requirements, and the other by closely
watching the movements of the Barometer in connection with the Hygrometer
can anticipate probable atmospheric changes that may prove beneficial or
injurious to his crops.
There are many Hygrometers constructed as Weather Indicators only,
simply showing the approximate condition of the air if it be wet or dry. Such
instruments, however ingenious, are not of any scientific value. For more exact
and precise observation the Hygrometers of Daniell, Regnault, and Mason are
chiefly used — the latter, viz., Mason's, from its extreme simplicity is now
universally in use, and in connection with the valuable tables compiled by
James Grlaisher, Esq., F.B.S., the dew point can be ascertained with great
exactness and ease.
In connection with the Hygrometer, the dew point will be frequently
spoken of. This may be described in a few words as the amount of water
which the air can sustain in an invisible form increasing with the temperature ;
but for every definite temperature there is a limit to the amount of vapour
which can be thus diffused. When the air is cooled the vapour present may be
more than it can sustain ; part will then be condensed either in the form of
dew, rain, hail, or snow. The temperature which the air has when it is so fully
saturated with vapour that any excess will be deposited as dew, is called the
dew-point.
" To measure the quantity of dew deposited each night, an instrument is
used called a Drosometer. The most simple process consists in exposing to the
open air bodies whose exact weight is known, and then weighing them carefully
when covered with dew. According to Wells, locks of wool, weighing about
eight grains, are preferred, divided into spherical masses of the diameter of
about two inches.'' — Kcemtz.
45, COBNHILL, E.G., AND 122, BEGENT STEEET, W., LONDON. 69
83. Saussure's Hygrometer (fig. 74), for showing changes
in the hygrometric condition of the atmosphere on a graduated
arc, by the contraction and elongation of a human hair, this acting
the reverse of string or cord, stretching when moist and contract-
ing when dry. A thermometer is attached to the scale.
Price, £1 10 0
Although a most elaborate Treatise on the construction and
use of this Hygrometer was written by its inventor, M. Horace
Benedict de Saussure, Professor of Philosophy, at Geneva, in 1783,
this instrument may be regarded more as an ornamental curiosity
than of any scientific value. FIG 74.
84. Leslie's Thermometric Hygrometer (fig 75). It will be seen
that Leslie's instrument is the elementary form of Mason's Wet and Dry Bulb
Hygrometer, by which it is entirely superseded.
This instrument consists of a glass tube, terminated with a bulb at each
end, as fig. 75. The tube is partly filled with sulphuric acid, tinged by carmine.
One of the balls is covered with muslin, and kept continually moistened with
water, drawn from a vase placed near it by the capillary attraction of a few
strands of cotton- wick. The descent of the coloured liquid in the other stem
will mark the diminution of temperature caused by the evaporation of the water
from the humid surface. The drier the ambient air is, the more rapidly will
the evaporation go on ; and the cold produced will be greater. When the air
is nearly saturated with moisture, the evaporation goes on slowly ; the cold
produced is moderate, because the ball regains a large portion of its lost heat
from surrounding bodies. The degree of refrigeration of the ball is an index of
the dryness of the air.
When this hygrometer stands at 15°, the air feels damp ; from 30° to 40°,
we reckon it dry ; from 50° to 60°, very dry ; and from 70° upwards, we should
call it intensely dry. A room would feel uncomfortable, and would probably
be unwholesome, if the instrument in it did not reach 30°. In thick fogs it
keeps almost at the beginning of the scale. Price, £110
85. Daniell's Hygrometer, for ascertaining the dew-point by direct
observation (fig. 76), invented about the year 1820, by the late Professor Daniell,
of King's College, London.
It consists of a glass tube, bent twice at right angles, and terminating, at
each end, in a bulb. In the long limb of the tube is enclosed a delicate
thermometer, which descends to the centre of the bulb, which is about three-
parts filled with sulphuric aether. All the other parts of the tube are carefully
freed from air, so that they are occupied by the vapour of the aether. This bulb
is made of black glass ; the other bulb on the shorter limb is transparent, and
70
NEGEETTf AND ZAMBKA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.C.,
FIG. 75. FIG. 76. FIG. 77.
covered with a piece of fine muslin. The support for the tube has a delicate
thermometer attached, to show the temperature of the external air.
This instrument gives the dew-point by direct observation, and is to be
used at an open window facing the north in the following manner : — Having
fixed the tube upon the stand, with the bulbs vertically downward, the ^Ether
is all caused to flow into the lower ball by inclining the tube. The temperature
of the air is noted by the exposed thermometer. Then some ^Efcher is poured
upon the muslin-covered bulb. The rapid evaporation of this ^Ether cools the
bulb and causes condensation of the ^Ethereal vapour in its interior. This gives
rise to rapid evaporation of the Mtlaer in the lower bulb, whereby its temperature
is greatly reduced. The air in the vicinity is deprived of its warmth by the
cold bulb, and is soon cooled to the temperature at which it is perfectly saturated
with the vapour which it contains. Cooled ever so little below this temperature,
some aqueous vapour will be condensed, and will form a dew upon the black-
glass bulb. At the first indication of the deposit of dew the reading of the
internal thermometer is taken : which is the dew-point. In very damp or windy
weather the .^Ether should be slowly dropped on the bulb, otherwise the descent
of the mercury in the Thermometer is so rapid as to render it difficult to be
certain of the temperature. Should this occur, the observation may be repeated
by watching the temperature at which the ring of dew disappears, the mean of
the two readings will be the correct point of precipitation. The greatest differ-
ence observed by Mr. Daniell in the course of four months' daily experiments
between the external thermometer and the internal one at the moment of
45, COKNHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT BTRKET, WM LONDON. 71
precipitation in the natural state of the atmosphere was twenty degrees. When
Darnell's Hygrometer is required to act merely as a weather-glass, to predict
the greater or less probability of rain, &c., the difference between the con.
stituent temperature of the vapour (shown by the interior thermometer), and
the temperature of the air (shown by the exterior thermometer), is all that is
necessary to be known. The probability of rain or other precipitation of
moisture from the atmosphere, is in inverse proportion to this difference. There
are several difficulties connected with the use of Daniell's Hygrometer that are
in a great measure overcome in Regnault's Instrument. Fig. 76 Price, £330
86. Jones's Hygrometer (fig. 77). This instrument is the same in
principle as Daniell's Hygrometer, but simpler in its construction. The tube
of the Mercurial Thermometer is bent so as to bring its bulb vertical and
parallel with its stem. This bulb is one inch long, and of a conical shape, with
a flattened top or surface of black glass projecting a little beyond the sides.
Below the flat surface this bulb is covered with black silk. The Hygrometer
is mounted and supported on a brass stand in such a manner that the black
surface can be inclined towards the light. When used the temperature of the
air is first to be noted. ./Ether is to be poured on to the silk cover of the bulb,
and the condensation of moisture takes place upon the black surface of the
bulb. Then, by again noting the temperature, the dew point may be known.
Price, £2 10 0
87. Regnault's Condenser Hygrometer, (fig. 78), for ascertaining by
direct observation the dew-point, is superior to Daniell's, from its being more
certain in its indications, and economical in use. It consists of two highly-
polished silver cylinders, into the upper part of which are cemented thin glass
tubes ; these have brass covers, arranged to receive and support two delicate
Standard Thermometers, the bulbs of which descend nearly to the bottom of
the silver portion of these chambers. Each chamber has a small internal tube
carried down from the brass cap to within a short distance of the bottom, to
admit the passage of the air, which is drawn through both chambers by an
Aspirator, (fig. 78*) connected to the base of the hollow upright and arms
supporting the cylinders.
To use this Hygrometer, aether is poured into one chamber sufficient to cover
the bulb of the thermometer, and then the thermometers being inserted into
both cylinders the instrument is now connected to the aspirator, and by it the
air is drawn through both cylinders down the internal tubes, passing in one
chamber in bubbles through the aether, and in the other chamber simply around
the thermometer. The tube in this empty cylinder is of such a diameter as to
ensure similar quantities of air passing through each chamber.
After a short time the passage of the air through the aether will cool it down
to the dew-point temperature and the external portion of the silver chamber
containing the aether will become covered with moisture. The degree shown
72
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.
FIG. 78.
FIG. 79.
by the thermometer in the aether at that instant will be the temperature of the
dew-point ; the second thermometer showing the temperature of the air at the
time of observation.
Price, in case .... £5 5 0
Aspirator for ditto (fig. 78*) £1 15 0 to 2 15 0
88. Regnault's Condenser Hygrometer (fig. 56), of simpler form,
only one cylinder or chamber being nsed. The air in this arrangement is blown
through the aether by the mouth. A small thermometer is attached to the stand
to show the temperature of the external air.
Price, in Case, with ^Ether Bottle (fig. 79) £3 10 0
For practical utility and convenience in use the Wet and Dry Bulb Hygro-
meter is vastly superior to all others. The engravings, N"os. 80 to 86, will show the
various forms of Negretti and Zambra's Hygrometers from the simplest to the
Standard instruments as manufactured by Negretti and Zambra for the various
Scientific Observatories and Societies, the Government Meteorological Stations,
the Metropolitan and County Hospitals, &c., &c. Most of these Hygrometers
' have Negretti and Zambra's Patent Porcelain Scales and Enamelled Tubes.
89. Wet and Dry Bulb Hygrometer, simple form, on a stand (fig. 80)
for table or shelf. Price, 12s. 6d., 16s., and £110
90. Ditto Ditto Ditto plain, portable, brass stand
and metal cover (fig. 81). Price, £1 10 0
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
73
FIG. 80. FIG. 82. FIG. 83.
91. Wet and Dry Bulb Hygrometer with Wood or Zinc Scales,
mounted in a Japanned Metal Case, suited for out-door use, the Greenhouse
or Conservatory (fig. 82). Price, £0 14 0
92. * Ditto Ditto with Negretti and Zambra's Patent
Porcelain Scale, in Japanned Case, as fig. 82. Price, £110
93. Mason's Hygrometer, portable brass-jointed tripod-stand and metal
cover (fig. 83). Price, £3 3 0
94. Negretti and Zambra's Standard Dry and Wet Bulb
Hygrometer, or Psychrometer (fig. 84), consists of two parallel
Thermometers, as nearly identical as possible, mounted on a wooden bracket,
one marked dry, the other wet. The bulb of the wet thermometer is covered
with thin muslin and round the neck of the stem is twisted or tied, as seen in
fig. 84*, conducting-threads of lamp-wick, or common darning- cotton, these
pass down into a vessel of water, placed at such a distance as to allow a length
of conducting-thread of about three inches ; the cup or glass being placed on
one side, and a little beneath, so that the water within may not affect the
reading of the Dnj Bulb Thermometer. In observing, the eye should be placed
on a level with the top of the mercury in the tube, and the observer should
refrain from breathing whilst taking an observation. The temperature of the
air and of the evaporation is given by the readings of the two thermometers, from
which can be calculated the dew point, Tables being furnished for that purpose
with the instrument.
The dry bulb thermometer indicates the temperature of the air itself ; while
the wet bulb, cooled by evaporation, shows a lower temperature according to
the amount of and rapidity of evaporation.
This instrument is used by the Members of the British Meteorological
Society, and supplied to them by Negretti and Zambra (fig. 84) Price £220
Glaisher's Tables for ditto 026
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBBA, HOLBOKN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 85.
FIG. 84.
95. Wet and Dry Bulb Hygrometer for external Window use, with
engraved Opal Glass or Porcelain Scales, mounted on a substantial and
Ornamental wood and metal bracket, fitted with a clamping screw for setting
the scale at any convenient angle for observation, as fig. 85.
Price £2 10 0 and £330
96. Portable Wet and Dry Bulb Hygrometer, (fig. 86.) A most
compact and convenient form of Hygrometer, invented by Negretti and Zambra,
as a companion instrument to their Small Patent Maximum and Minimum
.Registering Thermometers and Pocket Aneroid Barometer (figs. 26 and 61),
pages 26 and 51. The Hygrometer, with stand and water cistern, is fitted
into a neat Pocket case. Price . . . .£220
Larger Standard size . 2 10 0
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
75
FIG. 81. FIG. 86.
97. Dines* Hygrometer. We notice this apparatus chiefly as a matter
of record. It is fully described along with an account of some remarkable
results obtained from its use by its inventor, George Dines, Esq., in the Journal
of the Meteorological Society ; but, like Daniell's, Regnault's, and Jones's
Hygrometers, it is not self-acting, and not so simple in its use as the Wet and
Dry Bulb Instrument. Therefore, this Apparatus will only be supplied to
special order. Price, £2 12 6 to 3 3 0
98. Registering Hygrometer, constructed with Negretti and Zambra's
Patent Maximum and Minimum Registering Thermometers, each fitted up as a
wet-bulb thermometer, to record the highest and lowest temperature of
evaporation during any interval of time. Price, £330
99. Hygrometer Screen. The engraving (fig. 89), page 79, shows one
of the best methods of fixing up and protecting the Hygrometer, the louvre
boarded case affording free passage to the air and at the same time protection
from rain, suow, the sun's rays, or radiated heat from surrounding bodies.
This Screen should be fixed at about four feet from the ground, the door
facing due North. If fixed against a wall, there should be left a space between
the back of the Screen and the wall, at least three or four inches, to insure a
free circulation of air. It need hardly be pointed out that the Screen must
be securely fastened to its support, wherever used, to prevent vibration or
injury from wind. This arrangement is specially recommended by the Board
of Trade for Marine Service both for Hygrometers and Thermometers.
Price, £1 1 0, or made to Order.
100. From the readings of the two thermometers, the dew-point can be
deduced by formulae (that known as Apjohn's is considered the most theoretically
true), or from the valuable Hygrometric Tables by J. Glaisher, Esq., F.R.S.
76 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
101. For practical purposes in estimating the comparative humidity, the
annexed table, which is a reduction from Mr. Glaisher's elaborate work, will
be sufficient.
Temperature
by the
Dry Bulb
Thermometer.
Difference between Dry-Bulb and Wet-Bulb Readings.
2°
4°
6°
8°
10°
12°
Degree of Humidity.
34°
79
63
50
__
36
82
66
53
__
38
83
68
56
45
40
84
70
58
47
__
___
42
84
71
59
49
44
85
72
60
50
46
86
73
61
51
48
86
73
62
52
44
50
86
74
63
53
45
,
52
86
74
64
54
46
54
86
74
64
55
47
56
87
75
65
56
48
58
87
76
66
57
49
60
88
76
66
58
50
43
62
88
77
67
58
50
44
64
88
77
67
59
51
45
66
88
78
68
60
52
45
68
88
78
68
60
52
46
70
88
78
69
61
53
47
72
89
79
69
61
54
48
74
89
79
70
62
55
48
76
89
79
71
63
55
49
78
89
79
71
63
56
50
80
90
80
71
63
56
50
82
90
80
72
64
57
51
84
90
80
72
64
57
51
86
90
80
72
64
58
52
The total quantity of aqueous vapour which at any temperature can be
diffused in the air being represented by 100, the percentage of vapour actually
present will be found in the table opposite the temperature of the dry-bulb
thermometer, and under the difference between the dry-bulb and the wet-bulb
temperatures. The degree of humidity for intermediate temperatures and
differences to those given in the table can be easily estimated sufficiently
accurately for most practical purposes.*
This table will be found serviceable to Horticultarists, since it will enable
them to estimate the chilling effect of dew or hoar-frost on tender plants.
In England the usual difference between the thermometer readings, — in
the open air, shaded from the sun, reflected heat, and currents of air, — ranges
from one to twelve degrees. In hot and dry climates, as India and Australia,
the range out of doors has been found as much as 30°.
A. still more comprehensive but simple Dew-Point or Humidity Table has been recently published
by William Marriott, Esq., F.M.S., price 6d.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W,, LONDON. 77
The Summer and Autumn of the year 1859 were specially remarkable for
a most unusual Thermometric and Hygrometric condition of atmosphere, and
Londoners will long remember the state of the River Thames during that period.
Deficiency of water supply during 1858 and 1859, and great evaporation
(often to fourteen degrees of thermometrical difference in Mason's Hygrometer),
caused a condition of its stream excessively offensive, if not actually pestilential
and unhealthy. Everywhere a want of water was felt, and this had been
of considerable duration. In August the heat reached 92° (in places where
usually summer heat is not above 80Q), and the temperature of evaporation
was 78°, by the same hygrometer.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE USE OF THE WET AND DRY BULB
HYGROMETER.
102. The muslin on the bulb of the Hygrometer should be washed
occasionally by pouring water over the bulb ; and it should be replaced by a
fresh piece at least once a month. Accuracy depends very much upon keeping
the wet bulb clean, free from dust, and not too wet.
When the bulb is frozen, some cold water should be taken from nnder
ice, being cautious to raise its temperature as little as possible, and the
thermometer bulb should be wetted with it by means of a camel-hair brush or
feather. After waiting a few minutes, the temperature of evaporation may
be observed. The water should be either distilled or rain water, or if this be
not procurable, the softest pure water which can be had. The water vessel
should be replenished after, or some little time before, observing ; because
observations are incorrect if made while the water is either colder or warmer
than the air.
In connection with the barometer, the Wet and Dry Bulb hygrometer is
very useful, not only on land, but especially at sea, where other kinds of
hygrometers cannot be practically used. A fall in the Barometer is indicative
of coming wind or rain ; if the hygrometer shows increasing dampness by
the difference of the readings becoming smaller, — rain may be anticipated.
On the contrary, if the hygrometer shows continuing or increasing dryness, a
stronger wind is probable, without rain.
The Hygrometer is eminently useful in regulating the moisture of the
air of apartments ; a difference in the thermometer readings of from 5° to 8°
being considered healthy. Many diseases require that the temperature and
humidity of the air which the invalid breathes should be very carefully
regulated. In a room, the hygrometer should be placed away from the fire,
but not exposed to draughts of air.
78
NEGKETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOBN VIADUCT, B.C.,
FIG. 87.
103. Negretti and Zambra's Self-Kecording Hygrometer, fig. 87.
The Thermometers in this Hygrometer are similar in construction to those used
in Negretti and Zambra's Patent Hourly Recording Thermometric Apparatus.
No. 64, Page 55. It will be seen by the drawing (fig. 87) that two
Thermometers are, with a Water Cistern, mounted upon a metal frame in;
such a manner that they will fall over and become inverted from the joint
action of a Clock and Galvanic Battery.
The most important improvement in this Self- Recording Hygrometer is
that it can be freely exposed at any distance from the regulating clock. Our
wood engraving exhibits the Clock, A, with an adjusting index upon its dial,
enabling the observer to arrange the release of the detent, B, at any appointed
time, thus allowing the frame supporting the Hygrometer to turn over, and
by inverting the Thermometers record the temperature of both the Wet and
Dry bulb instruments at the moment.
The escapement is an Electro Magnet, seen at B, in connection with a
Galvanic Battery, B, the Clock at C and C, and the Wire A and A. At the
arranged time the circuit is completed by the clock, and the electrical current
acting upon the soft iron magnet releases the detent and the Hygrometer
turns over.
The instrument is re-set for another observation, by turning back the
frame with the Thermometers into its original vertical position (as shown in
the engraving) and by adjusting the index of the Clock. Price £10 10 0
The peculiar construction of the two Thermometers is fully described
on page 63, and fig. 71.
45, COKNHILL, E.O., AND 122, BEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
79
FIG. 88.
FIG. 89.
FIG. 91.
FIG. 90.
104 Screens for Thermometers and Hygrometers-.
80
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOEN YIADUCT, B.C.,
FiG. 92.
104. Beckley's Thermograph and Eecording Hygrometer.^— As
recommended by the Meteorological Committee of the Boyal Society for pro-
ducing Photographic records of the variations of temperature and moisture
in the atmosphere.
In the engraving (fig 92) the Wet and Dry Bulb Thermometers are shown at
W and T. freely exposed to the external atmosphere, at H is a screw for adjusting
these Thermometers ; C is an accurate clock for rotating the cylinder D (upon
which is stretched the sensitised photographic paper) once in 48 hours ; G G
are gas lamps, the rays of light from them being concentrated by two condensers,
E E, upon reflectors M M and thence projected by the Photographic Combination
Lenses P P, through perforated screens and the air bubbles in the tubes of the
Thermometers upon the prepared paper. Upon the drum D the movements of
the air bubble in both tubes are hereby recorded with precision, a screen in
connection with the clock movement is arranged to intercept the light for 4
minutes every two hours, this producing white lines (time spaces) upon the
paper when the record is developed.
The room in which the Thermograph is placed should be most carefully
darkened when the apparatus is in action.
Price, £125, complete with two Standard Thermometers, two Bent Thermometers,
Clock Movement, Sec., fyc.. complete, made to order.
RAIN GAUGES
81
105. It is hardly possibly to over-estimate the value and importance of
carefully compiled statistics of the Rainfall. The two great sanitary questions
of the day, viz., the Water supply and Sewage of large towns, are in a
very great measure connected with the amount of rain falling during a given
period, and reliable particulars of the rainfall are specially valuable both to
the Civil and Hydraulic Engineer.
The Farmer and commercial Financier are also both deeply interested in
the results of a probable dry or wet season influencing the growth, amount, and
value of various crops and produce of the earth. We subjoin a few facts we
think may prove useful and interesting.
Fall of Rain at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich.
Taking December, January, and February as the winter months ; March,
April, and May as the spring months ; June, July, and August as the summer
months ; September, October, and November as the autumn months, the
quantities which fell in the different seasons were as follows :
—
1842.
1843.
1844.
1845.
1846.
1847,
Mean.
Winter .
Spring
Summer .
Autumn .
Inches.
2-81
4-42
5-69
9-65
Inches.
4-14
5-98
7-34
7-01
Inches.
5-16
359
6.63
9-58
Inches.
5-33
4-27
6-84
5-90
Inches
5-42
5-43
6-00
8-44
Inches.
4-77
3-16
4-12
5-56
Inches.
4-60
4-47
6-10
7-69
Total .
22-57
24-47
24-96
22-34
25-29
17-61
22-86
The quantity of rain which fell at the Royal Engineers' stations during
the year 1853-4, was as follows :
Edinburgh
Guernsey
St. John's
Gibraltar
Malta .
Jamaica
Inches.
23-15
32-77
55-05
47-29
28-08
34-31
Barbadoes .
Ceylon
Mauritius .
Fremantle .
New Zealand
Inches.
68-24
71-63
39-52
33-94
48-42
Lincoln is the dryest recorded station in England, the mean annual rain-
full being 20 inches. The wettest recorded station is Stye, at the head of
Borrowdale in Cumberland, where the mean annual rainfall amounts to 165
inches. A fall of rain measuring a tenth of an inch in depth is equal to a
deposit of about forty hogsheads per acre.
82 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, B.C.,
POSITION FOR RAIN GAUGES
106. From the observations made at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich,
the fact is clearly established that in the lower regions of the atmosphere, the
quantity of rain which falls diminishes with the altitude above the ground.
The height for placing the receiving surface of a rain gauge is somewhat
open to a difference of opinion. Mr. Glaisher's gauge is directed to be ** half
sunk in the ground." This would place the edge of the gauge about 8 inches
from the surface of the ground. Mr. Symons gives 12 inches as most correct,
10 inches as a mean between these will be perhaps the best to adopt. Rain
gauges should be placed on a level piece of ground, and not on a slope or
terrace, away from walls or trees, as many feet from their base as their height,
the edge of the funnel should be set quite level. Unless for special observa-
tions Rain Gauges should not be placed on roofs or any very elevated position.
It is very important that Rain Gauges be occasionally examined to see that
the Receiving Funnel be not choked up by dust or leaves, and that at very wet
stations the receiving portion of this Gauge be sufficiently large to hold any
possible rainfall ; — even the probable occurrence of a water-spout might be
provided for in hilly or very exposed situations. Gauges should be well
supported to prevent their being knocked down or blown over by the wind,
and after «riow or frost the gauges should be placed in a warm room until the
collected contents are melted and can be measured. In measuring off the
quantity of collected rain, the graduated glass should be held quite upright,
and the reading taken midway between the two apparent surfaces of the water.
The rain should never be collected in the graduated measure, especially in
winter, to avoid risk of breakage by frost.
107 Measurement of Rain. The Rain Gauge should be examined
every day, at nine a.m., and the amount of water collected by it entered in the
register, as having fallen on the previous day ; for if we measure at nine a.m.
to-day, it is probable, under ordinary conditions, that more of the Rain
collected by the Gauge will have fallen during the fifteen hours of the previous
day up to midnight than during the nine hours extending from midnight to
nine o'clock of the following morning.
A vast amount of interesting and most valuable information respecting
Rain Gauges and the Rainfall will be found in Negretti and Zambra's Treatise
on Meteorological Instruments, and Mr. G. J. Simons' eminently useful
publications as enumerated in our list of books at the end of this section.
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 83
INSTRUMENTS USED FOR MEASURING THE RAINFALL
FIG. 93.
FIG 94.
FIG. 95
108. Howard's Rain Gauge,* (fig. 93). The simplest form of the in-
strument constructed 'and used by the celebrated meteorological writer, Luke
Howard, from whom it derives its name ; it has a 5-inch Copper Funnel, with
a turned brass Rim, fitted to a stoneware or glass bottle, with a glass graduated
measure divided to hundredths of an inch. Price, £0 10 6
109. Symons' Rain Gauge, (fig. 94). This instrument has a glass
receiving bottle protected by a metal case, with openings at the side for the
convenience of observing the collected rainfall without disturbing the frame,
which is firmly supported in the ground by strong spikes. The measure holds
half an inch of rain for a 5-inch area subdivided into hundredths.
Price, with graduated measure . . £0 10 6
Ditto, in Copper 0 15 0
See also Symons1 Snorvdon Rain Gauge, No. 118, Page 85.
110. Glaisher's Rain Gauge, (fig. 96). — This gauge is eight inches
diameter, and arranged for the reception of the water only which falls upon
its receiving surface, and for the prevention of loss by evaporation. The rain
is first collected in a funnel, the receiving surface of which is accurately
* Pluviometer, Ombrometer, Udometer.
G 2
84
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, F.C.,
FlQ. 96.
FIG. 97.
turned in a lathe, and terminated at its lower extremity in a bent tube of
small aperture, in which the last few drops of rain remain as shown in the
engraving. The glass receiving vessel is graduated to hundred ths of inches
according to the calculated weight of water, as determined by the area of the
receiving surface. In use, the gauge is partly sunk below the surface of the
soil, so that the receiving surface is about eight inches above it. Thus situated,
no water escapes by evaporation in any month of the year. If placed
differently, the readings must be taken daily.
Price t in Japanned Tin . £1 1 0
in Copper . . 1 10 0
RECEIVING VESSEL FOE GLAISHER'S GAUGE. — Price, in Japanned Tin or Copper, 2s. <k 3s. 6d.
As some meteorologists have objected that the curved tube at the base of
the funnel is liable to be choked up with dust, Messrs. Negretti and Zambra, if
desired, supply these Rain Gauges with a straight tube of sufficient length to
reach very nearly the bottom of the receiving vessel, thus obviating this diffi-
culty, and at the same time preventing evaporation.
111. Glashier's Rain Gauge, with extra large receiving vessel, mounted
with a convenient tap for drawing off the water, suited for Tropical countries
or stations where there is an excessive rainfall. Price, in Copper, £330
The 8-inch Glaisher's and the Meteorological office Rain Gauges are now
considered by scientific men the best, and consequently are almost universally
adopted as Standard instruments, but at the same time we would observe that
most valuable results have been obtained by the use of Mr. Symons' 5-inch
gauge in many parts of the United Kingdom.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, BEGENT STEEET, W., LONDON. 85
112. Rain Gauge (fig 97), having a receiving surface of 12 inches diameter,
arid graduated glass tube divided to inches, tenths, and hundredths of an inch,
showing by simple inspection, without the use of a graduated measure, the
amount of rain fallen. In japanned metal, with tap for emptying the gauge.
Price . . . £2 10 0 Ditto, ditto, in Copper . 3 10 0
113. Rain Gauge, a similar but rougher form of No. 112, without brass
mountings, and instead of the graduated glass tube, it is fitted with a boxwood
scale, attached to a metal float inside the gauge, on which can be read off, by
simple inspection, the amount of rain fallen. Price, complete, £220
The Rain Gauges (Nos. 112 and 113), are not suitable for measuring
small quantities, but are useful where the rainfall is excessive.
1 14. Admiral FitzRoy's Rain Gauge, with graduated glass dipping tube,
steadying rods or supports, and frame, now very rarely used.
Price, in Stout Copper £330
115. Pocket Rain Gauges, with 3-inch receiving surface and correspond-
ing measuring glasses, have been made by Messrs. Negretti and Zambra, but
they cannot be recommended.
116. Square Rain Gauge, having a receiving surface of 10 inches by 10
inches, and about L2 inches in height, made of stout copper — with a graduated
glass measure divided into one hundredths of an inch, as described in Col. Sir H.
James's instructions for taking meteorological observations for the use of the
Royal Engineers ; the Gauge is shown partly in section, (fig 98.) Price, £2 10 0
117. Meteorological Office Rain Gauge. Our woodcut (fig. 99.) shows
a recent form of 8-inch Rain Gauge introduced and recommended by the London
Meteorological Office. It will been seen that essentially this form of gauge is
the same as Glaisher's, but with an additional vertical cylinder about 6 inches
above the funnel — its use is to prevent in splashing and also most especially to
collect and measure Snow. Price, with graduated measure, in Japanned Metal £220
Ditto in Copper . . 2 15 0
118. The Snowdon Rain Gauge. Mr. Symons has made some improve-
ments in the arrangement of his Gauge, these are chiefly the addition of a
vertical cylinder above the funnel and doing away with the openings in the
external case enclosing the receiving bottle ; also Mr. S. advises that the
gauge be almost entirely plunged below the surface of the earth as a protection
from evaporation by heat, and breakage by frost — another advantage of the
close cylinder is that should the collecting bottle be broken by frost or other-
wise its contents will be saved to the observer. The form of this Gauge is that
of fig. 95. with a collecting funnel and cylinder of 5 inches diameter. This
instrument is named by Mr. Symons the Snowdon Rain Gauge.
Price, complete in Galvanised Metal, with graduated measure . £0 12 6
Ditto, ditto in Copper . , . .150
Mr Symons' Certificate for either of the above, 2s. 6d.
86
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
-80
r-30
E-io
TIG. 99.
FIG.
119. Negretti and Zambra's Tropical Rain Gauge, similar in form to
No. 99, but of extra large size, to hold 50 inches of rain, with a metal tap for
drawing off the collected water.
Price, complete with receiving vessel and graduated measuring
jar in japanned metal £2 10 0
Ditto Ditto in Stout Copper . . . .350
120. Crossley's Registering Rain Gauge (fig. 100.) is a 10-inch square
guage, the receiving area being equal to 100 superficial inches. The water col-
lected by the funnel passes down a tube to a vibrating bucket connected with
and giving movement to a train of wheels communicating with three dials
recording the amount of rain passing through the gauge, in inches, tenths, and
hundredths. The mechanism is simple, and if occasionally examined and
kept clean it will give a faithful record to -^-th of an inch depth of rain. A
small test measure, holding 5 cubic inches of water, is sent with each instru-
ment for the purpose of testing and correcting the gauge, and full printed
instructions for fixing, reading off the dials, &c., &c., accompany each
instrument. Under careful management this registering gauge will be found
very useful. Price, £4 12 0
Great care should be taken to prevent the edge of the collecting or
receiving funnels of Rain Gauges being bent or dented, for should the area be
not a true circle the full amount of rain will not be collected. Circular Rain
Gauges are preferred to Square ones, the latter being more liable to get out of
shape than the former.
45, COENHILL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
FIG. 100.
121. Symons' Storm Rain Gauge, (fig. 101). This
instrument the inventor states he constructed, not as a
standard or thoroughly accurate instrument, but as very
convenient for observing the rate of rainfall minute by
minute without either measuring or going out of doors.
The area of the funnel as compared with that of the
glass tube is so large that an inch of rain is about 2 feet
long on the tube, therefore, as each tenth of an inch is
about 3 inches long, the water can be seen gradually
rising in the tube as the rain continues, and the quantity
FIG. 101. in any interval, however short, may be easily noted.
In order to facilitate reading at a distance floats are placed in each tube, and
these being white while the board is black are clearly visible at a great distance.
Each division on the scale is a tenth of an inch, and it will be seen that the
first being filled up to the top line (i.e., ten tenths, or one inch) the rain flows
into the second and that float begins to rise until two inches of rain have fallen.
The Gauge is emptied by turning the button (A) and then inverting the
Gauge, the floats cannot fall out. In frosty weather it is advisable to empty
out all water from the Gauge and place a cover over the collecting funnel.
Price for Symons' Storm Kain Gauge £220
A larger form of Registering Rain Gauge (Pluviograph) will be described
in connection with Osier's Anemometer.
122. The measurement of Snow or Hail isato be effected by thawing the
quantity collected in the funnel of the rain gauge, and measuring the water
resulting therefrom. The rain gauge recommended by the Meteorological Office
(No. 99), is specially contrived and adapted for this purpose, the snow or hail
collected being thawed by a known quantity of hot water. This quantity
88
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
Tknmmttcr
'
being subtracted from resulting amount of water will give the value of the
collected snow or hail.
" It is generally stated that a foot of snow gives an inch of water ; so that
one-twelfth of the depth of the snow in inches would be the amount of
rain corresponding to a given fall of snow. This estimate is, however,
only a very loose approximation, as the layer of snow is not always of uniform
density."
| | 123. Bentley's Snow- Melting Bain
Guage. (fig.102 .) A difficulty has hitherto
\ S existed in the exact admeasurement of rainfall
B3BBHHBEET IffiBHBHBH^ — v^z-> ^'e necessity of leaving snow, sleet, or
hail, whenever they occur, in the Gauge until
they can be melted ; the ordinary Gauge not
being always capable of containing the amount
of a long-continued fall of snow.
This apparatus was contrived by Mr. R.
Bent-ley, at Upton (near Windsor), for use in
connection with an 8-inch Guage situated on
a roof inaccessible under ordinary circum-
stances. On reference to the accompanying
diagram, it will be seen that the distinguish-
ing feature of this Gauge is the melting of
any snow or sleet immediately on its reception.
This arrangement makes it very useful in
connection with any automatic registering
apparatus, or where the Gauge, from its posi-
tion, is not easily accessible, and at night.
The action of the Gauge is briefly thus :
The rain or snow fall is received in the usual
8-inch funnel, from the bottom of which it falls
by gravity to the end of the tube (of whatever
length that may be) without touching the sides.
This is a very important point, and is gained
FIG 102. ky fitting a short guide-pipe, of some six inches
in length, to the bottom of the funnel, and by the internal diameter of the long
tube being gradually slightly increased in proportion to the length of the tube.
At the bottom of the tube (which is within the house) is placed a tap and
measuring-glass. If preferred, the tap can be left open or removed, and an
automatic recording apparatus substituted.
By the side of the main tube, but sufficiently distant from it for any heat
not to be conveyed sideways, is the melting tube. The hot air is furnished by
a gas jet or lamp — or even a candle or night-light — and being regulated to a
45, COBNH1LL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 89
temperature of from about 40° to 46° Fahrenheit, by the thermometer enclosed
in the tube (and exposed to view by means of a piece of glass inlet), ascends
through the funnel, and gradually melts the snow, etc., as it falls in. Too
high a temperature should not be employed, as being conducive to evaporation.
An additional protection may also be afforded by the employment of a self-
acting valve midway in the heating tube, to expand with any access of heat, in
so doing partly to close the way, and at the same time to push open a small
trap-door, letting out some of the hot air and admitting some cooler air from
the outside. As soon as the proper temperature has been by this means
restored, the valve would contract into its normal position. This arrangement,
however, owing to the delicacy of the adjustment, is very apt to get out
of order.
Messrs. Negretti and Zambra construct the above apparatus to order ; but
no exact prices can be quoted, as the cost would vary greatly according to the
extent and nature of the work and the position in which it is to be placed.
A small piece of very open wire- work might be placed across the receiver,
halfway down, in case of leaves, &c., falling in. In the construction of the
Gauge, Copper should be employed.
124. Marine Bain Gauges. Negretti and Zambra have constructed
several different forms of Rain Grange for use on board of ship. One arrange-
ment having gimbal mountings similiar to a steering compass has been found the
best, but the records obtained by their use at sea have been unsatisfactory and
not considered of any scientific value.
EVAPORATION.
125. Mr. R. H. Scott, of the Meteorological Office, writing on this subject,
remarks that it "is one of very great importance, especially as regards its
connection with Rainfall and Water supply, and well deserves especial atten-
tion ; but it cannot as yet be said that the results hitherto obtained merit much
confidence as regards their applicability to the evaporation occurring in nature,
owing to the exceptional manner in which the observations have been made."
Atmometers of many forms have been invented and constructed, both in
this country and on the Continent, but, at present, nothing satisfactory has
been devised ; hence the difficulty of making any very accurate observations
in connection with evaporation from the surface of water.
126. Evaporation Gauge, (fig. 103), (Evaporometer), for showing the
amount of evaporation from the earth's surface. This gauge consists of a brass
vessel, of eight inches diameter, corresponding with Glaisher's Gauge, the area
or evaporating surface of which is accurately determined ; and also a glass
cylindrical measure, graduated into inches, tenths, and hundredths of inches.
In use, the Evaporating Gauge is nearly filled with water, the quantity having
been previously measured by means of the glass cylinder ; it is then placed out
90
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.
FIG. 103.
FIG. 104.
of doors, freely exposed to the action of the atmosphere ; after exposure, the
water is again measured, and the difference between the first and second
measurement shows the amount of evaporation that has taken place. If rain
has fallen during the exposure of the evaporating dish, the quantity collected
by a rain gauge must be deducted from the amount of the measured contents
of the evaporating dish when the observation is made. The wire cage round
the gauge is to prevent animals, birds, &c., from drinking the water.
Price, with Graduated Measure . . : £136
127. Atmidometer* (Dr. Babington's), fig. 104 for measuring the evapo-
ration from water, ice or snow. Consists of an oblong hollow bulb of glass or
copper, beneath which, and communicating with it by a contracted neck, is a
second globular bulb, duly weighted with mercury or shot. The upper bulb is
surmounted by a small glass or metal stem, having a scale graduated to grains
and half-grains ; on the top of which is fixed horizontally a shallow metal pan-
The bulbs are immersed in a vessel of water having a circular hole in the cover
through which the stem rises. Distilled water is then gradually poured into
the pan above, until the zero of the stem sinks to a level with the cover of the
vessel. Thus adjusted, as the water in the pan evaporates, the stem ascends,
and the amount of evaporation is indicated in grains. This instrument affords
* M r. Scott suggests that Leslie's term Atmidometer is more classically correct, but that Atmometer
has the advantage of being shorter, without being absolutely incorrect,
45, COBNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 91
a means of measuring evaporation from ice or snow. An adjustment for
temperature is necessary. Price, £220
Ditto, large size with Copper Tank 3 10 0
128. Glaisher's Thermometer Stand (fig. 91).— The Thermometer
Stand consists of a horizontal board as as a base, of a vertical board projecting
upwards from one edge of the horizontal board, and of two parallel inclined
boards, separated from each other by blocks of three inches in thickness con-
nected at the top with the vertical board, and at the bottom with the horizontal
board, and the air passes freely about and between all these boards ; on the top of
the inclined boards is a small projecting roof to prevent, as much as possible, the
rain or snow falling on the bulbs of the instruments which are mounted on
the front of the vertical board. The bulbs of the Thermometers, &c., all project
below the edge of the vertical board, in order, that the air may pass freely over
them from all directions. The whole frame is constructed to revolve on an
upright post firmly fixed to the ground, as .shown in the engraving; and in
use, the inclined side should always be turned towards the sun.
Price, . . . £330
129. Stevenson's Thermometer Screen, shown in fig. 90. The louvres
in this arrangement are double, sloping in opposite directions, so that whilst
there is free access of air to the interior, the radiant heat and rain are excluded.
This form of Screen is now found to be the best of any yet invented, for
climates similar to the British Islands ; but is not suitable for climates subject
to great extremes, such as India or Canada.
This Screen should stand on open ground and be strongly supported, not
under the shadow of trees or houses, and at least twenty feet from any wall, and
the floor of the screen to be about four feet above the ground. The door of the
Screen should face due north. Price . . . £330
130. Negretti and Zambra's Set of Standard Instruments on a Screen.
Includes N. and Z's. Patent Standard Maximum Registering Thermometer,
Standard Minimum Registering Thermometer, and Standard Wet and Dry
Bulb Hygrometer, Mounted on Mahogany Board. fig. 88. £550
Kew Certificates for above ... 10 0
The best position for placing the Thermometer Board or Screen is facing
the North, at about five feet from the ground, supported firmly to prevent
vibration from wind and away from all walls or trees, or if this board be
supported by a wall it should be well blocked out from it at least 8 or 12 inchea
to allow a free current of air to circulate behind it.
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
131. Apparatus for Determining Elevations by the
Temperature of the Boiling-point of Water. — The
Barometrical Thermometer, or Hypsometrical Apparatus, is an
improved form of Wollaston's Apparatus constructed by Negretti
and Zambra, to meet the requirements of travellers in circum-
stances where the mercurial barometer cannot be conveniently
employed. The instrument is very portable, and affords a ready
and accurate means of measuring heights. The apparatus is
shown in section (fig, 105). It consists : — •
First, — of a very sensitive thermometer, about 12 inches
long, the scale ranging from 180° to 212°, having each degree
subdivided so as to show distinctly 0° 1.
Secondly, — a metal boiler (c) mounted on a small tripod stand;
from the boiler proceeds three double tubes (E E E) and (D D D),
open at the top ; screwed on the top of the boiler ; the outer
tube has two openings, one at the top, through which the
Thermometer (E E) is inserted, passing down to within an
inch of the water in the boiler, and supported by means of an
india-rubber washer, as shown in tig. 105 ;
the second opening forming an outlet
for the steam, as shown at (G). These
double tubes are now constructed to
separate at the joints by a simple slide
fitting, so that any length of the
Thermometer Stem can be made visible
varying with the elevation at which the tubes are adjusted.
The object of the double tube is to ensure a steady boiling-
point, in which it would be impossible to obtain in open air-
experiments, were only a single tube employed. (A) is a
metallic spirit lamp, surrounded with wire gauze (s) to pre-
vent the flame being extinguished when experimenting in the
open air.* The whole instrument when packed in a leather
case for travelling is shown in fig. 105*. Each instrument is FIG 105*.
furnished with a carefully computed set of tables, from which may be obtained,
by an easy calculation, the elevation corresponding to any observed
boiling-point between the temperatures of 180° and 212°.
FIG. 105.
* A Russian spirit furnace, surmounted by a small spirit lamp, is sometimes furnished. The object of
the Russian furnace is to cause the water to boil rapidly ; when that has been accomplished, the small
lamp is lighted, and placed over the blast from the furnace, which it extinguishes, at the same time its
flame is sufficient to keep the water boiling.
45, COKNHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 93
To use the Boiling Point Apparatus, it is simply necessary to pour into the
boiler, through the small opening (F) on its surface, a sufficient quantity of
water to fill it about one- third, and afterwards close it by means of the
screw for that purpose ; the lighted spirit lamp is then applied, and when the
water is made to boil, the steam rises, surrounding the bulb and tube, and
descending between the two tubes, issues from the opening at (G.) After a
few seconds, the mercury in the thermometer will rise and become stationary ;
the degree indicated by it must then be noted, when, by reference to the tables,
the elevation of the spot where the experiment has been performed may be
obtained.
The Temperature of the Air should be observed by a reliable Thermometer
at the same time. Price, with Spirit Lamp, in Sling Case, £550
Extra Standard Thermometer . 1 10 0
Extra Thermometer for Air Temperature . 0 10 6
The following table expresses very nearly the elevation in feet correspond-
ing to a fall of 18° in the temperature of boiling water : —
Boiling Temperatures Elevation in Feet
between for each Degree.
2HQ and 210° 520
210 and 200 530
200 and 190 • 550
190 and 180 570
Mule for computing heights from observations rvith the Boiling Point Apparatus or Mountain
Thermometer, by Negretti and Zambrd's Boiling Point Tables.
From Table I. take out the heights in feet corresponding to the boiling-points observed
at the upper and lower stations respectively. The difference between these two numbers,
multiplied by the factor in Table III. for the mean temperature of the air, is the difference
in height required.
EXAMPLE :
At upper station, boiling-point = 187°'3 ; temp, of air = 26°.
At lower station, boiling-point = 2100-4 ; temp, of air = 68°.
Boiling-point = 187°'3 ; height from Table I. = 13495 feet.
Boiling-point = 210° 4 ; height from Table I. = 905.
Difference =12590
Mean temp, of air = 47° ; factor from Table III. 1-033.
Kequired difference between the two stations = 12590 X 1'033 = 13005 feet.
To determine a height with accuracy, it is necessary that pure water should be used,
distilled water if possible, and a similar observation should be made at the same time at a
lower station, not very remote laterally from the upper, and both should be many times
repeated. When such observations have been very carefully conducted, the height of the
upper station above the lower may be ascertained with great precision, as has been
repeatedly verified by subsequent trigonometrical measurement of elevations so determined.
If the lower station be at the sea level, the absolute height of the upper is at once obtained.
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBKA, HOLBOBN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FlG. 106.
132. Negretti and Zambra's New Pocket Boiling-Point Apparatus,
(fig. 106) consists of a small globular metal boiler, mounted upon a metal sup-
port or stand. In the base of this stand is formed a receptacle for holding and
burning spirits of wine, by which water in {he boiler is rapidly heated up to the
boiling-point. On the top of the boiler is a tube for the escape of steam during
the operation, and on one side is seen another tube (horizontal), into which
is inserted one of Negretti and Zambra's Patent Maximum Registering
Thermometers, very finely and carefully divided upon its stem, of sufficient
range for all possible elevations to be ascertained by the boiling-point of water.
The boiler having been charged with a small quantity of water, and the
receptacle filled with sufficient spirit, the boiler is placed upon its support
above the burning alcohol, with the Thermometer bulb inserted into the side
tube. In a few minutes the boiling point will be attained, and the mercury in
the Thermometer will rise to this point, and remain in the tube until it is
convenient to note the temperature thus obtained.
If, after the experiment has been made, the Thermometer be carefully
withdrawn from the boiler, and carried with the ~bulb-end uppermost, the record
of the temperature may be read off hours, or even days, afterwards. The
advantages of this apparatus are great simplicity, rapidity in use, and
portability.
Price, in a portable case, with an extra Thermometer for Air Temperatures, £300
133. Pocket Hypsometric Apparatus, as constructed by Negretti and
Zambra for Dr J. D. Hooker, of a very simple and conveniently portable form,
with one corrected Thermometer. Suited for rough exploring expeditions.
£2 10 0
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, EBGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 95
APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR REGISTERING THE DIRECTION, PRESSURE, AND
VELOCITY OF THE WIND-
FIG. 107.
THE records obtained by the use of various forms of Anemometers are equally
interesting and valuable.
The amount of pressure and velocity of the wind are now registered
with such precision, that it enables Millwrights and Engineers to make their
calculations and arrange their machinery in accordance with the amount of
work required to be done, and also to test and compare the expected with the
actual results.
Meteorologists are equally interested in Anemometer records. The points
of direction and the duration of the wind in particular quarters and seasons
have very much to do with the Rainfall and Evaporation in different countries
and localities. The late Admiral FitzRoy in his Weather Manual repeatedly
indicates the great importance of careful observations on the various phenomena
of the wind in connection with Marine and Sea Coast Meteorology.
134. Wind Vane, for indicating the direction of the wind. See next page.
It is important to note that the North point of the Vane should be
carefully adjusted to the Geographical or true North, and not to the Magnetic
North. See Compass Variations in Appendix at the end df the volume.
135. Anemoscope. — Dr. Halleur's Portable Wind Vane and Magnetic
Compass, for showing the direction of the wind to half a point of the compass.
This instrument is very similar in form and size to Lind's Wind Guage, shown
on page 98. Fig 109. Price £250
WIND VANES, FOB INDICATING THE DIRECTION OF
THE WIND.
FIG. A.
FIG. B.
136. NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA construct Wind
Vanes of various dimensions and designs to suit
the positions in which they are to be placed, the
cost varying with the amount of work and
ornament upon them.
As Fig. A. 2 feet 3 inches high . .£150
5 feet . . . ..3126
As Fig. B. 4 feet high . . . .330
5 „ „ . . . . 4 12 6
As Fig. C. 3 feet high . . . 250
6 „ „ . . . . 550
These prices do not include fixing, for which
special estimates will be furnished.
These Vanes are japanned in plain colour —
Black, Red, Yellow or Blue. Gilding the Vane
and Arrow extra, 14/6. Gilding the Direction
Letters, 14/-.
N. & Z., fit up Wind Vanes arranged to show the varying direction oi
the Wind upon a Dial in the interior of Mansions or Public Offices. The cost
for erecting such Wind Indicators depending much on the height of the
building, and the position in which the Vane is to be placed, no positive prices
can well be quoted ; estimates given upon particulars being sent.
Wind Vanes ore frequently fitted upon buildings in connection with Lightning
Conductors, particulars will be found in another section.
45, COKNHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 97
FIG. 108.
137. Wegretti and Zambra's Improved Pendulum Anemometer
invented by Dr. Prestel to exhibit at any moment in a most simple manner the
direction and comparative pressure of the wind.
By the action of the peculiar shaped vane A, the surface of the swinging
pressure plate, B, is always kept facing the point from which the wind is
blowing, and consequently exposed to its influence. During a calm the
pendulous plate, B, will hang quite vertical in a line with the axis of the vane
plate indicating zero or calm. As the wind increases in force the pressure
indicator will be raised to various points between 1 and 10 of the vane.
The holes are drilled through the plate of sufficient size to be plainly
visible at a considerable height from the ground ; and to facilitate the reading,
the 5 and 10 are of a larger conical form, so that the position of the pressure
plate can be quickly observed.
The subjoined table gives in English and French measures the value of the
indications. The Metrical scale is calculated to show the pressure of wind in
kilogrammes on the square meter, and the English scale pounds on the square
foot. •
I. II.
Scale of
P. A.
Pressure
in Kilgr.
on S. M.
Manheim
Scale.
Elevation
of
Pendulum.
Description of Wind.
Pressure in
Ibs. on the
Sqre. foot.
0.
0
0
0
Calm.
0
^
1.
1
0-5
5°
Gentle motion of air.
0-2044
cS
2.
4
1-0
20°
Light breeze.
0-8176
I
3.
9
1-5
35°
Fresh „ (top gallant W.)
1-8396
*-»
4.
15
2-0
45°
Stiff „ (strong top gallant W.)
30660
a
5.
25
2-5
54°
Very Stiff breeze (top sail W.)
5-1110
P
CO
6.
36-8
3-0
60°
Strong rushing W. (to house top git.)
7-5119
C
7.
49
3-5
64°
Stormy W. (to house top sails.)
10-0156
8. .
64
4-0
67°
Gale of Wind.
13-0816
9.
81-6
4-5
69^°
Strong Gale.
16-6790
10.
100
5-0
70°
Hurricane.
20-4408
143-6
—
74£°
29-3518
98
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.C.,
Negretti and Zambra think this Anemometer will meet a want often
expressed to them, viz., a simple self-acting Wind-gauge ; for with very little
more mechanical combination than a common direction vane, the Pendulum
Anemometer will give sufficiently accurate results for unscientific observers.
It has also the advantages of extreme simplicity, for beyond a little oil to the
moving parts and an occasional coat of paint for protection, it does not require
the least attention. Price, fig. 108, £660
The simplest mode of mounting this Anemometer is to fib it on the top of
a flag-staff or mast 30 to 40 feet high, well sunk in the ground, strengthened
and supported by three or four wire rope stays, attached to small sunk posts in
the earth ; these wire ropes might be used as Lightning Conductors. Arms
with the letters N. E. S. and W. to show the direction of the wind as on fig. A
page 96 can be placed on the mast below the Anemometer.
138. Lind's Anemometer or Wind
Gauge (fig. 109), invented in the year 1775,
for observing the pressure of the wind, con-
sists of a glass syphon, the tubes are parallel
to- each other, and each tube is of the same
diameter. One end of the syphon is bent at
right angles to the general direction of the
tubes, so as to present a horizontal opening
to the action of the wind. A graduated
scale, divided to inches and tenths, is
attached to the syphon tube, reading either
way from a zero point in the centre of the
scale. The whole instrument is mounted
on a spindle, surmounted by a vane, and is
moved freely in any direction by the wind,
always presenting the open end of the tube
towards the quarter from which the wind
blows. To use the instrument it is simply
filled up to the zero point with water, and
then exposed to the wind; the difference
in the level of the water gives the ,force of
the wind in inches and tenths, by adding
FIG. 109. together the amount of depression in one
limb, and elevation in the other, the sum of the two being the height of a column
of water which the wind is capable of sustaining at that time. At the base of
the instrument is a brass plate, upon which are engraved the principal points
of the compass, for indicating the direction of the wind. Price, £220
The bend of the syphon is contracted internally to diminish the jumping
movement of the water produced by sudden gusts of wind.
45, CORNHILL, E.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 09
No. 139. Negretti and Zambra's Registering Lincl's Anemometer.
Several modifications of Lind's Wind Gauge have at various times been in-
vented by Sir W. Snow Harris, Mr. Wood and others, with a view to make ifc
self-recording, but the only one that proves satisfactory in actual service, is an
arrangement manufactured by Negretti and Zambra at the suggestion of Mr.
Forbes, of Inverness. The improvement consists of a third tube of the same
internal diameter, connected by a bend at the Zero point of the instrument,
into which the water overflows and is collected from the leeward tube of the
syphon. The water thus collected being the maximum amount of depression
produced in the syphon representing the extreme force of the wind.
Table showing the Force of wind on a square foot, for different
heights of the column of Water in Lind's Wind-Gauge.
Inches.
Force in Ibs.
Common designation of such Wind.
6
31-75
A Hurricane.
5
2604
A violent Storm.
4
20-83
A great Storm.
3
15-62
A Storm.
2
10-42
A strong Wind.
1
5-21
A high Wind.
•5
2-60
A brisk Wind.
•1
•52
A fresh Breeze.
•05
•26
A gentle Breeze.
o-
0'
A Calm.
Price, £330
140. Improved Portable Air Meter, for measuring the velocity of
currents of Air in Coal Mines and Ventilators, Flues, &c., of Public Buildings,
Hospital and Prison Wards, &c., &c. (figs. 110 and 111.)
By means of this Air Meter, the rate at which a current of Air is moving
can be ascertained in a few minutes. The Instrument shows from one foot to
ten million feet.
The long hand marks up to 100 feet ; each division on the large circle represents one
foot traversed by the current of air. In setting down a reading of the hands, the long hand
takes the units and tens places. The five other hands follow respectively.
EXAMPLE.
Millns. 100 thds. 10 thds. thds. hds. long hand.
Places the hands take when set down in figures 00|0|0|OjO|00
Reading of the above diagrams ... 1 | 0 J 9 0 | 9 99
In setting down the position of the hands observe the following rule : — No hand can
mark a figure unless the foregoing hand has arrived at the " 0." For example, suppose the
long hand pointed to 99, the hundreds' hand would appear to point to a figure, but it could
not mark the figure until the long hand pointed to the zero. The same rule applies to all
the hands. When a hand appears to be between the divisions, write down the lowest figure
next the hand.
The catch on the rim of the instrument will stop or allow the hands to run without
affecting the action of the fans.
100
NEGBETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E C.,
FIG. 110. FIG. 111.
The above engraving of the Dial is the exact size of the Dial of the Instrument.
The Meter may be fi^ed in the current on a rod, fitted into the socket, which screws into
the bottom of the instrument.
To take a measurement fix the position of the hands (by moving the catch) write down
the reading, and place the Meter in the current of air to be measured. Now put the
hands in action by again moving the catch at the same moment, note the time by the
second hand of a watch, allow the fans to run in the current for one minute, at the end of
which time again put the hands out of action, and again read their position, subtract the
first reading from the second, and the result gives the velocity of the air in feet per minute
(unconnected).
The Meter may be allowed to run ia the current of air for any convenient length of
time ; but, if for longer than one minute, the difference of the first and second readings
must be divided by the number of minutes of the running. This gives the (uncorrected)
velocity of air for one minute.
A table is supplied with each instrument, showing the necessary correction for friction,
&c., at various velocities per minute. In the -second column of this table will be found the
correction (opposite the velocity shown by the Meter in the first column). This correction'
if applied to a measurement of more than one minute, must be multiplied by the number of
minutes of the measurement, and added to or subtracted from (according to the sign) the
difference of the two readings,
EXAMPLE.
Suppose the first reading to be .
And the second after a running of ten minutes is
5260
11060
5260
The running per minute would be . . , .
Say the correction for 580 shown by the meter per minute is
The real or corrected velocity per minute would be
580
82
662
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, '\V., LONDON.
101
And the real velocity during the running of ten minutes is 6620 feet.
The measurement of the current of air in feet per minute, divided by 88, will give the
measurement or velocity in miles per hour.
NOTE. — In taking a measurement the fans must always face the wind, and care should
be taken not to bend or injure them.
Price of the Improved Air Meter in a neat Box, figs. 110 and 111 £440
141. Lowne's Patent Colliery Air
Meter constructed expressly for use in Coal
Mines or Air Shafts.
The improvements consists of — 1st,
a large clear Dial; 2nd, the Fan is con-
structed of a light and anti-corrosive material ;
3rd, the Indicating parts are perfectly pro-
tected from dust and smoke (this is done by
a practical mechanical arrangement) ; and, 4th,
a Lever is placed in a convenient position, to
enable the observer to throw the Indicating
"Wheels in or out of gear from the Fan,
for the purpose of taking short ^observations
with accuracy-, 6-inch Air Meter, as fig. 112, Price, £4 10 0
FIG. 112.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR USINO THE IMPROVED AIR METER.
Press the Lever home to the left hand, and the Fans will revolve without moving the
Registering Works. Now take a careful reading of the instrument, and write it down ;
hold the Air Meter in the current by the ring at the top of the Instrument ; allow the Fans
to run freely for a short time. Now observe the Watch. When the Second Hand reaches
the Minute, press the Lever to the right, and the works will be in gear. When the minute
is up, again press the Lever to the left hand, to throw the works out of gear ; take a reading
of the dial and write it down above the first reading, subtract the first reading from the
second, and the difference, after the correction is added, will be the velocity of the current
in feet per minute, thus : —
Second Reading 9,260
First Reading . 8,920
Add Correction, say —
Rate of current
340
40
380 feet per minute.
For measuring currents for a longer space of time, the Air Meter should be suspended
on a bar, or fixed in any convenient manner in the current.
The Fans must always face the current, and great care should be taken never to stop
them suddenly.
102
NE'GfefcTTl AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOKtf VIADUCT, B.C.,
NOTE.— -Any one not familiar with Metric Dials must observe that the figures read
rationally : thus, if the feet hand is at, say, nine, the tens hand will be near the figure it is
approaching. This figure must not be taken, but the previous one that is passed.
Table showing the number of miles per hour at velocities per minute.
Feet per
Minute.
Miles per
hour.
Feet per
minute.
Miles pei
hour.
Feet per
minute.
Miles per
hour.
10
•113
200
2-272
3,000
34-090
20
•227
300
3-409
4.000
45-454
30
•340
400
4-545
5,000
56-818
40
•454
600
5-681
6,000
68-181
50
•568
-600
6-818
7,000
79-545
60
•681
700
7-954
8.000
90-909
70
•795
800
9-090
9,000
102-272
80
•909
900
10-227
10,000
113-636
90
1-C22
1,000
11-363
100
1-136
2,000
22-727
" When inquiring into the causes of air currents, either from or within drains, it was
suggested that the variable flow of sewage has a powerful influence on the air within the
drain, whilst that produced by rainfall has still greater, and the variations of temperature
are another cause of displacement and renewal of drain air. A series of observations were
taken at the outlets of drains by the Anemometer at the point of connection with the
sewer, and the results proved that up and down currents of air are constantly passing to and
fro. Whenever an up-current issues through a drain-opening it must be manifest that some
of the inlets of such drains are untrapped. and therefore sewer air must be escaping through
such untrapped inlets, to the danger of those who reside in the house."
142. Biram's Anemometers, for registering the velocity of currents of
air in mines, &c., by means of a light vane, the revolutions of which are
recorded npon a dial in the centre of the instrument.
12-in., £5 0 0; 6-in., £4 0 0; 4-in., £3 3 0; 2J-in., £2 10 0
These Anemometers will register the velocity of Air through any passage
of a Mine or Air Shaft in which they are placed.
'For the purpose of trying and regulating the proportions of Air to the
several divisions of a mine, and for the convenience of Overlookers, the three
small instruments, 6 inches, 4 inches, and 2J- inches, are recommended. These
sizes will also be found convenient for use in large gun or rifle practice.
To ascertain the rate at which air is moving, proceed thus — suppose
100 revolutions=200 feet per minute.
88] 200 [2^27.
Say 2J miles per hour — 88 being l-60th of a mile.
To find the force of Wind, multiply the square of the velocity of the wind
in feet per second by "0023.
NOTE. — The velocity of the wind in feet per minute, divided by 88, will
give the velocity in miles per hour. (See above example.)
45, COBNHILL, E.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
103
143. New Self-Timing
Anemometer (Patent). This
improved instrument dispenses
with the use of a watch. By hold-
ing the Anemometer in the current
of air to be measured for a few
seconds it will correctly indicate
its velocity per second.
Price, tig. 113. £500
, INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE.
This instrument is held up
with its back facing the current of
air to be measured. When the
. 113. vanes have revolved for a few
seconds, press the spring button at A, the large hand then indicates feet per
second. When read release the spring button. Should the velocity be such
that the hand travels more than one revolution, then read the inner circle of
figures. The small hand shows whether the outer or inner circle should
be read.
NOTE. — As every instrument is graduated at each unit by actual experiment^ no
allowance has to be made for friction.
Feet per
min.
Feet per
sec.
Miles per
hour.
Force in
Ibs per
square foot.
Description.
50
•83
•568
•0016
Hardly perceptible.
100
200
1-66
3-33
1-136
2-272
•0061
•0255
1 Just perceptible.
300
4-99
3-408
•0574
)
400
666
4-544
•1021
> Gentle breeze.
500
8'33
5-680
•1595
)
750
1000
12-50
16-66
8-522
11-363
•3593
•6388
i Pleasant breeze.
2000
33-33
22-726
2-5553
Brisk gale.
3000
49-99
34-089
5-6982
High wind.
4000
66-66
45-452
10-2214
Very high wind.
5000
83-33
56-815
16-4429
Storm.
6000
99-99
68-178
22-9954
Great storm.
7000
116-66
79-541
31-3019
8000
9000
133-32
149-99
90-904
102-267
40-8807
51-6920
Hurricane.
10000
166-66
113-630
60-8837
104 KEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLEOBN YIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 114.
144. Robinson's Anemometer. — Dr. Robinson, of Armagh, is the inventor
of this very useful anemometer, for determining the horizontal velocity of the
wind. It was first used in 1850, in the meteorological and tidal observations
made on the coast of Ireland under the direction of the Rev. Dr. Lloyd. It is
represented in its simplest form by fig 114. Four hollow hemispherical cups
AA, are extended upon strong metal arms, with their concave services facing
the same way upon a vertical axis, B, which has at its lower extremity an end-
less screw, D. The axis is supported and strengthened at (7, and constructed
so as turn with as little friction as possible. The endless screw on the vertical
shaft is placed in gear with a train of wheels and pinions. Each wheel revolves
past a fixed index, and the figures and graduations are marked upon the wheels
themselves.
The readings on the dials of the Anemometer are as follows : one complete
» revolution of ihe first engraved index- wheel equals -^ of a mile; the second, I
mile ; the third, 10 miles ; the fourth, 100 miles ; the fifth 1,000 miles ; neces-
sarily in noting such reading it must be done backwards, according to the
indications on the instrument.
Dr. Robinson has proved by theory and experiment that the centre of any
one of the cups mounted as fig. 114 revolves with one-third of the wind's
velocity. Therefore allowance has been made for this in graduating the circles,
and a true reading is at once obtained. Price, fig. 114 £3 3 0 and 440
145. Robinson's Anemometer. Negretti and Zambra's improved
arrangement for recording the velocity of the wind, as described by Colonel Sir
H. James, Royal Engineers. This is a modified form of the Robinson
instrument previously described, our engraving (fig. 115) will show the general
details of the mechanism.
. It consists of four arms at the end of which there are four light hemis-
pherical hollow metal cups, the concave surfaces facing in one direction and
revolving with one-third of the velocity of the current of wind acting on them.
On the vertical axis which carries the arms, there is an endless screw, which
communicates its real velocity of rotation to a circular dial.
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W.,
LONDON.
105
V
FIG. 115.
This Anemometer is furnished with two graduated circles, the outer one
being divided into five miles and tenths of a mile, and each division on the
inner circle represents five miles. One revolution of this circle recording from
five to five hundred and five miles. The fixed pointer or index recording on the
outer circle miles and tenths of a mile to five miles ; and the moving index
records every five miles up to five hundred. If for example the movable hand
stands between 15 and 20 on the inner circle, and the fixed hand indicates 3
miles and five-tenths the length of the current of air which has passed the
station is equivalent to 18 miles and five-tenths.
The velocity of the wind at any particular moment is found by observing
the index before and after a certain interval of time as one or five minutes, and
then multiplying the rate by 60 or 12 to find the velocity in miles per hoar.
The pressure in Ibs. per square foot can then be ascertained by reference to
tables mentioned in our list of books at the end of this Section. A mill-headed
screw at the back of the instrument (fig. 89) turns the movable index, which
should be brought back to zero after the observation is registered.
Price, fig. 115, £4 10 0
The Anemometer frame is arranged for screwing on the instrument to a
firmly-supported post.
146. Robinson's Anemometer, (fig. 116). This drawing shows a further
improvement in the recording movement, a second dial being added for the
convenience of obtaining extended readings.
The left hand dial of this Anemometer is divided and figured exactly the
same as in the previously described instrument, and the indications read off in
a similar manner. The second dial has 10 divisions, each of these divisions
being equal to 505 miles, which is sub-divided by the readings of the left hand
dial. Price, fig. 116, 6 15 0
106
NEGBETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEX VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG 116.
147. Robinson's Anemometer, mounted in gimbals for Marine Service.
This instrument not having been found of much practical value will only be
made to order.
Robinson's Anemometers should be fixed in an exposed situation, as high
above ground as may be convenient for reading. It can be made very portable
by having the arms which carry the cups being fitted to unscrew or to fold down.
148. Whewell's Self-registering Anemometer, for recording the
amount of horizontal movement in the air, with the direction, for twenty-four
hours. A full description of this Anemometer will be found in Negretti and
Zambra's Treatise on Meteorological Instruments. It is now rarely used,
Osier's and Beckley's arrangements having been found more practically useful.
Price, £25 0 0
Any of these Anemometers can ~be supplied metrically divided if desired.
149. Osier's Self-registering Anemometer and Rain Gauge
(fig. 117). This improved arrangement of Anemometer was shown by Messrs.
Negretti and Zambra at the International Exhibition, 1862, having Robinson's
Cup Anemometer added to it, so that the pressure and velocity appear on the
same sheet on which a line, an inch in length, is recorded at every 10 miles.
The Improved Anemometer shows the Direction, Pressure, and Velocity of the
Wind, also the amount of Rainfall upon one Sheet of paper. Our woodcut is
not given as an actual working drawing of Osier's Anemometer, but simply to
exhibit the relative position of its several parts. The mechanism may be
variously modified, but the following is a description of the most recent and
improved arrangement.
45, COBNHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 107
FIG, 117.
Osier's Self-registering Anemometer and
Rain Gauge.
Osier's instrument (fig. ] 17) consists of the vane, V9 of a wedge-shaped form,
which is found to answer better than a flat vane ; for the latter is always in a
neutral line, and is therefore not sufficiently sensitive. At the lower end of the
tube, 2T, is a small pinion, working in a rack, r, which is moved backwards
108 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, B.C.,
and forwards as the wind alters the position of the vane. To this rack a pencil,
#, is attached, which marks the direction of the wind on a ruled paper, placed
horizontally beneath, and so adjusted as to progress at the rate of half an inch
per hour, by means of a simple contrivance connecting it with a clock, which
carries the registering paper forward by one of the wheels working into a rack
attached to the frame. The paper is shown in the illustration upon the table
of the instrument.
The pressure plate, F, for ascertaining the force of the wind, is one foot
square, placed immediately beneath the vane ; it is supported by light bars,
running horizontally on friction rollers, and communicating with springs,
1, 2, 3, so that the plate, when affected by the pressure of the wind, acts upon
them, and they transfer such action to a copper chain passing down the
interior of the direction tube, and over a pulley at the bottom. A light copper
wire connects this chain with a spring lever, y y, carrying a pencil which
records the pressure upon the paper below. Mr. Osier prefers a spring to any
other means for ascertaining the force of the wind, because it is of the highest
importance to have as little matter in motion as possible, otherwise the
momentum acquired will cause the pressure plate to give very erroneous
indications. The pressure plate is as light as is consistent with strength.
It is kept before the wind by the vane, and is urged out by three or more
springs, so that with light winds one only is compressed, and two, or more,
according to the strength of the wind.
The pluviometer is placed on the right in the figure, PP being the plane of
the roof of the building. The rain funnel, R, exposes an area of about two
hundred square inches. The water collected in it is conveyed by a tube through
the roof of the building into a glass vessel, (•?, so adjusted and graduated as to
indicate a quarter of an inch of rain for every two hundred square inches of
surface, i.e., 50 cubic inches. 0 is supported by spiral springs, b b, which are
compressed by the accumulating rain. A glass tube, open at both ends, is
cemented into the bottom of G, and over it is placed a larger one closed at the
top like a bell glass. The smaller tube thus forms the long leg of a syphon,
and the larger tube acts as the short leg. The water, having risen to the level
of the top of the inner tube, drops over into a little copper tilt, t, in the globe,
S, beneath the reservoir. This tilt is divided into two equal partitions, and
placed upon an axis not exactly balanced, but so that one end or the other pre-
ponderates. The water drops into the end of the tilt which happens to be
uppermost, and when quite full it falls over, throwing the water into the globe,
S, from which it flows away by the waste pipe. In this way an imperfect
vacuum is produced in the globe, quite sufficient to produce a draught in the
45, COBNHILL, E.G., AND 122, BEGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 109
small tube of the syphon, or the long leg ; and the whole contents of the reser-
voir, 6r, immediately run off, and the spiral springs 6 &, elevate the reservoir to
its original position. To produce this action, a quarter of an inch of rain must
have fallen. The registration is easily understood. A spring lever, z, carrying
a pencil, is attached by a cord, c, to S. This spring always keeps the cord
tight, so that as the apparatus descends during the fall of rain, the spring
advances the pencil more and more from the zero of the scale upon the paper
beneath, until a quarter of an inch has fallen, when the pencil is drawn back to
zero by the ascent of the reservoir.
The registration trace for twenty-four hours is readily understood. The
direction is recorded on the centre part ; the pressure on one side, and the rain
on the other. Lines parallel to the length of the paper show no rain, steady
wind, and constant pressure. On the rain-trace, a line parallel to the width of
the paper, shows that the pencil had been drawn back to zero, a quarter of an
inch of rain having fallen. The hour lines are in the direction of the width of
the paper.
Price, for Osier's Self-registering Anemometer and Rain Gauge, fig. 117, from £84 to £150.
150. Beckley's Anemometer. — Mr. R. Beckley, of the Kew Observatory,
has devised a self-registering anemometer, which consists of three principal
parts : Robinson's cups for the determination of velocity ; a double fan, or
windmill governor, for obtaining the direction ; and a clock to move a cylinder,
around which registration paper is wrapped. The paper records the time,
velocity, and direction of the wind for twenty-four hours, when it must be
replaced. It has a cast-iron tubular support, or pedestal, to carry the external
parts — the cups and the fan, — which must be erected upon the roof of the
building upon which it is desired to mount the instrument.
The fans keep their axis at right angles to the wind ; and with any change
of direction they move, carrying with them an outer brass tube, which rests
upon friction balls on the top of the pedestal, and is attached to a tubular shaft
passing through the interior of the pedestal, and terminating with a mitre
wheel. The mitre wheel, working with other cogged wheels, communicates
the motion of the direction shaft to a cylinder carrying a pencil, to record the
direction.
The shaft carrying the cups is supported upon friction balls, placed in a
groove formed on the top of the direction shaft, and passing through the
interior of that shaft, comes out below the mitre wheel, where it is terminated
in an endless screw, or worm.
110
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN YIADUCT, E.C.,
Beckley's Recording Anemometer.
Upon the wind moving the cups motion is given to the innermost shaft,
thence to the wormwheel, whence motion is given to a pencil which registers
the velocity.
45, COKNHILL, E.G., AND 122, KEGENT STREET, W., LONDON. Ill
De La Rue's metallic paper is used in registration, it having the property
of receiving a trace from a brass pencil; The pencils can, therefore, be made
in the most convenient form. Mr. Beckley forms each pencil of a strip of
brass wrapped round a cylinder, making a very thin threaded screw, so that
the contact of the pencil cylinder and the clock cylinder is a mere point of the
metallic thread. The pencil cylinders are placed side by side upon the drum
turned by the clock, and require no spring or other appliance to keep them to
their work, but always make contact with the registration paper by their own
gravity. They therefore require no attention, and being as long as the trace
which they make they will last a considerable time.
The velocity pencil has only one turn on the cylinder, and its pitch is equal
to a scale of fifty miles upon the paper. The direction pencil has likewise one
turn on its cylinder, its pitch being equal to a scale of the cardinal points of
the compass upon the paper. The Clock gives a uniform motion of half an
inch per hour to the Drum upon which the paper is secured.
In the Report of the British Association for 1858, Mr. Beckley has given a
detailed description of his Anemometer, with drawings of all the parts. Our
engravings (figs. 118 and 118°) show the general arrangement and details.
The price of Beckley 's Anemometer depends so much upon the fittings
and the amount of work required to suit it to the building upon which it is to
be fixed that Negretti and Zambra can only quote £80 to £120 as the probable
cost of the instrument.
151. Negretti and Zambra' s Anemometer as erected on their Holborn
Viaduct Establishment, shewing Direction and Pressure on Dials in the base of
the building. Cost according to position in which it is to be fixed.
Special Estimates given for numbers.
152. Our List of Registering Anemometers will hardly be deemed complete without the
mention of some exceedingly ingenious contrivances for obtaining records of the movements
of the wind by the use of a Galvanic current so arranged that any alteration in the direction
or force of the wind is instantly carried down to a dial or revolving drum or other me-
chanical contrivance for receiving the indications.
A very elaborate description will be found in Kaemtz's Meteorology, of Professor
Wheatstone's Electro-Magnetic Meteorological Register, and in several foreign
meteorological publications will also be found details of many similar applications
of the electric current.
Louis J. Crossley, Esq., of Halifax, has devoted a very large amount of time and
attention in perfecting a recording modification of Kobinson's Anemometer, in connection
with a galvanic receiving and transmitting apparatus with considerable success ; but owing
to the difficulty of maintaining the connections and contact breaks in perfect working order,
and the consequent probability of defects in the registration, the Electro-Magneto
Anemometers are but rarely used.
N. and Z. have recently fitted up several different arrangements of Electrical
Anemometers to special order and drawings, these under careful supervision are
now performing satisfactorily.
112 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
APPARATUS FOR TESTING THE ELECTRIC CONDITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE,
153. Ozone*. — During the action of a powerful electric machine, and in
the decomposition of water by the voltaic battery, a peculiar odour is perceptible,
which is considered to arise from the generation of a substance to which the
term Ozone has been given, on account of its having been first detected by smell,
which for a, long time after its discovery was its only known characteristic. A
similar odour is evolved by the influence of phosphorous on moist air, and in
other cases of slow combustion. It is also traceable, by the smell, in air, —
where a. flash of lightning has passed immediately before.
Ozone according to Faraday is oxygen is an allotropic condition, and from
the observations of Mr. Glaisher is to be found almost always present in the
atmosphere ; the quantity depending on the elevation above the surface of the
earth, and the prevalence of particular winds, being more abundant during
southerly than during northerly winds, and at a high elevation than at the
surface of the earth. It is more abundant at the sea-side than inland, and is
almost absent in thickly-populated towns. This may seem, remarks Admiral
FitzRoy, in The Weather Book, to point to some connection between Ozone and
Chlorine gas, which is present in and over sea water, and is no doubt brought
inland by any wind blowing from the. sea.
Ozone plays an important part in the purification of the atmosphere, and
its continued presence in a locality indicates a pure and healthy climate. More
and careful observations are however required before its true functions can be
determined.
M. Howzeau states : That the amount of Ozone in the air is variable, the
maximum being about one volume of Ozone in 700,000 of air. Ozone possesses
the property of bleaching blue litmus paper without previously reddening it,
and it is found present most in Spring, less in Summer, diminishing in quantity
in Autumn, and very little in Winter. Generally it may be detected during
Wet and Stormy weather, and largely augmented in quantity after heavy Snow
Storms.
Dr. B. W. Richardson, F.R.S., in a Lecture on Yital Air, delivered at
the Society of Arts, states, as an undoubted fact, that he found that oxygen
which had been rendered prejudicial to animal life from repeated breathing was
restored by means of an electric discharge to its original exhilarating state,
and was again capable of supporting animal life. So that there is, possibly, a
very close relation between the electrical condition of the atmosphere and the
amount of ozone present, as indicated by the Ozonometer. The ozone is usually
* Discovered by Schonbein in 1848.
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 113
in excess during disturbed electrical weather, and in a deficiency during calm
and settled periods. We cannot lay too great a stress on the fact that where
different kinds of ozone tests are made use of by different observers, no
uniformity in results can be attained. Having this in view, we have prepared
our ozone tests (see No. 157) on a formula, by which we can obtain uniformity
in the indication and results that can be compared no matter how far the
stations may be removed from one another. It is important to note this, as we
often receive complaint of the failure of other Ozone Test Papers. It is recom-
mended to take observations every twelve hours where practicable, as there is
a marked difference in the amount of ozone registered in the day and night.
APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING OZONE.
A simple method of producing Ozone is passing sparks from an Electrical
Machine through a confined portion of Air in a glass vessel.
154. Ozone Tube. — A convenient form of apparatus for the production of
Ozone. It consists of a glass tube about j of an inch diameter, and five or six
inches in length, coated outside with tinfoil and enclosed in an outer tube, also
covered outside with tinfoil. These tubes are so arranged that the intervening
space between the tubes shall be as small as possible; the coating of the
inner tube being put into connection with the terminal of the secondary coil of
an inductorium, and the outer coating connected with the other terminal of the
same coil. The apparatus forms, in fact, a kind of Leyden Jar, and air or
oxygen passing between the tubes when the coil is in action becomes very
strongly ozonised. The air to be operated on is either to be drawn or forced
through the apparatus by the aid and use of an Aspirator or Gasometer.
Price for the above, conveniently mounted . . .£150
155. Ozone may also be made by passing a current of dry air or oxygen
from a gasometer through a narrow glass tube, bent for convenience like the
letter U, about three feet in length, and containing a platinum wire two feet in
length, inserted into the interior of the tube, and one end of which communi-
cated with the outside through the wall of the tube. Round the whole external
surface of this U-shaped tube a spiral of copper wire is to be coiled, and an
induction current (from a coil giving half-inch sparks), is to be passed between
the external copper to the internal platinum wire, so as to have the platinum
wire as the negative pole in the interior of the glass tube. After a stream
of gas is ozonised by the transmission of the induction-current, it is to be
washed by passing it through a bulb tube containing caustic potash, when air
is employed ; or water, when pure oxygen is used ; in order to eliminate any
traces of nitrous and nitric acids that may have been formed. By means of
a gasometer the volume of gas passing through the tube may be exactly
ascertained.
i
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN YJADUCT, E.G.,
The apparatus described afc No. 155 was used by Mr. Dewar and Dr.
McKendrick in carrying out some experimental research on the Physiological
Action of Ozone, the results being communicated by them to the Royal Society
of Edinburgh. In their paper the authors point out that little was known
regarding the action of Ozone, except its peculiar smell and the irritating effect
it had on the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract. Schonbein had shown
that a mouse died in five minutes in an atmosphere highly charged with Ozone ;
and it was this distinguished investigator who asserted that there was a relation
between the quantity of Ozone in the air and the prevalence of epidemic diseases.
The result of Messrs. Dewar and McKendrick's experiment was, that a
full grown, healthy mouse lived nineteen minutes after the introduction of
ozone into the confining vessel, and that in ozonised oxygen, instead of dying
at the end of fifteen or twenty minutes, (as happened to mice in ozonised air),
they lived for forty or sixty minutes.
In concluding the paper the authors stated that it would be premature, at
this stage of the inquiry (which opened up many points of interest in the
physiology of respiration), to generalise between physiological action and the
physical and chemical properties of ozone. Series of researches are still being
prosecuted («) on the action of smaller percentages of ozone ; (&) on the action
of ozone on noxious gases and effluvia ; and (c) on any therapeutical or hygienic
influences it may have on the origin and treatment of zymotic diseases.
156. Dr. Moffatt's Ozonometer consists of strips of paper prepared with
Iodide of Potassium and Starch ; these papers are suspended in a box so as to be
exposed to the free access of air, protected from the direct rays of the sun and also
from rain. The paper when affected by Ozone is tinged with various shades
of brown, the intensity of which is measured by a scale of ten gradations
furnished with the test papers.
157. Negretti and Zambra's Ozonometer. These tests are now prepared
on a nevv formula, by which uniformity in the indications is secured together
with great sensitiveness and keeping qualities.
In Tin Boxes sufficient for 12 months' observations, with Colour scale and
full instructions for use Price, 8s. 6d.
158. Schonbein's Ozone Tests Price, 6s. 6d.
159. Ozone Box, constructed of painted deal on the plan recommended by
Dr. Moffatt. Price, £110
160. Sir James Clarke's Ozone Case (fig. 119), consists of two cylinders
of very fine wire gauze, one fitting into the other ; the wire gauze being of such
a fineness as to permit the free ingress of air, at the same time that it shuts out
all light that would act injuriously on the test paper, which is suspended by a
clip or hook attached to the upper part of the inner cylinder. Price, £0 18 0
Ditto in Copper £150
161. Lowe's Ozone Case, Spiral form, japanned zinc. Price, £0 18 6
45, COEJfHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON, 115
FIG. 119.
FIG. 120.
162. Atmospheric Electricity. — The general electrical condition of the
atmosphere is positive in relation to the surface of the earth and ocean, becoming
more and more positive as the altitude increases. When the sky is overcast,
and the clouds are moving in different directions, it is subject to great and
sudden variations, changing rapidly from positive to negative, and the reverse.
During fog, rain, hail, sleet, snow, and thunderstorm, the electrical state of the
air undergoes many variations. The intensity of the electricity increases with
hot weather following a series of wet days, or of wet weather coming after a
continuance of dry days. The atmospheric electricity, in fact, seems to depend
for its intensity and kind upon the direction and character of the prevailing
wind, under ordinary circumstances. It has an annual and a diurnal variation.
There is a greater diurnal change of tension in winter than in summer. By
comparing observations from month to month, a gradual increase of tension
is perceived from July to February, and a decrease from February to July.
The intensity seems to vary with the temperature. The diurnal variation
exhibits two periods of greatest and two of least intensity. In summer, the
maxima occur about 10 a.m. and 10 p.m. ; the minima about 2 a.m. and noon.
In winter, the maxima take place near 10 a.m. and 8 p.m. ; the minima near
4 a.m. and 4 p.m.
i2
110
NEGBETTI AND ZAMHRA, HOLBORN YIADUCT, E.C.,
FIG. 121. FIG. 122. FIG. 123. FIG. 124.
163. Singer's Electrometer for Atmospherical Electricity.
(fig. 120). — This instrument is arranged with a brass rod about two feet in length
and a clip for the reception of a lighted cigar fusee ; the electricity is collected
by the flame, and cond acted down the rod to a pair of gold leaves, which
separate according to the amount ; the kind is determined by the effect of
either a stick of excited sealing-wax, or a glass rod, supplied with the instrument
A glass rod when rubbed produces positive electricity ; a stick of sealing-
wax similarly treated produces negative ; if, therefore, when the leaves are sepa-
rate, we apply an excited glass rod, and they separate still further, the electricity
is positive ; if they approach it is negative ; on the contrary, if we use a stick of
sealing-wax, the leaves will separate if they are charged with negative electricity,
and converge if positively charged, from the fact that all bodies similarly
electrified repel each other, whilst those oppositely electrified attract each other.
£110
A book containing strips of gold leaf, to replace the gold leaves when torn
or broken in use. Price £016
To mount fresh gold leaves, unscrew and withdraw the brass plate to
which is attached the rod supporting the leaves : then moisten with the breath
the flat piece of brass, and press it gently down on one strip of gold, whilst
the book is only partly opened ; the second leaf is attached in the same manner.
164. Bohnenberger's Electroscope (fig. 121), with Zamboni's Dry
Piles, arranged with adjustments for regulating the distance between the gold
leaf and the polar plates, an exceedingly delicate instrument for indicating the
presence and quality of electrical currents.
It can be mounted with a metallic conductor, and used with great advan-
tage for observing atmospheric electricity. The principal parts of the instrument,
as improved by Becquerel, are the following:—^ I?, fig. 96, is a small
45, CORNHILL, EC, AND 122, BEGEtfT STREET, W., LONDON. 117
Zamboni's dry galvanic pile of 800 pairs, about a quarter of inch, in diameter ;
and when the plates are pressed together, 2 \ inches in length. The bent wires
above the pile terminate in two plates, P and If, which are the poles of the
pile. These plates are parallel and opposite to each other. Their opposite
sides are slightly convex, and gilded ; between is suspended a fine gold leaf, ~D
G, which is attached to the metal conductor, C D. If the leaf hang
exactly between the two plates, it is equally attracted by each, and will be in a
state of repose. The apparatus is protected by a glass shade, having an opening
at the top through which the metal wire, C D, passes, insulated by being con-
tained in a glass tube, which is cemented to the glass shade by means of shellac.
A metal plate is attached to the wire rod in connection with the gold leaf to
convey to it the electricity to be tested. The electricity to be tested will be
conveyed by the metal wire to the gold leaf, and the latter will immediately
move towards the plate which has the opposite polarity. This electroscope is,
beyond doubt, one of the most delicate ever constructed, and is well adapted to
show small quantities of positive and negative electricity. Price, £880
165. Volta's Straw Electrometer, with graduated Arc, for estimating
the amount of electric force by degrees of divergence. Price, £220
166. Cavallo's Pith. Ball Electroscope, (fig. 122) with graduated Arc
for estimating the amount of electric force .... Price, £t 10 0
167. Ditto ditto with Stopcock, fig. 123 . .220
168. Peltier's Tension Electrometer,* (fig. 124) according to Mr.
Latimer Clark, was in all its essential parts first described and illustrated by
Dr. Thomas Milner in the year 1 733. The instrument described as the inven-
tion of Peltier in the Report of the British Association, 1849, and termed the
Induction Electrometer, is constructed as follows : —
It consists of a light metal ball of about 4J inches diameter mounted on
a brass rod, terminating in a flattened oval or heart-shaped aperture. In the
centre of this aperture is placed a fine steel point on which is suspended a light
copper or aluminium wire needle, with a small magnetic needle mounted on it
at right angles. Two light metal rods or arms are extended from opposite
sides of the support of the ball of the same length as the copper needle.
Below these rods is a graduated circle, for estimating the value of the deflection
of the needle in degrees. The support of the ball and centre of the needle is
very carefully mounted and insulated on ebonite, and the whole mounted on a
mahogany base with three adjusting screws. A cylindrical glass cover is
placed over the graduated circle and indicating needle to protect them from
currents of air, dust, &c.
In use this electrometer is very carefully placed in such a position that the
magnetic needle shall cause the light copper wire index needle to lie parallel
* Peltier's Electrometer as used by Professor Palmier! at the Observatory on Mount Vesuvius.
118 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
with and almost touching the two brass arms, when, if the apparatus lias been
properly adjusted, if any cloud or portion of air in its vicinity be in an electrical
condition it will act by induction upon the metal ball, and the needle will be
deflected according to the amount and tension of the electricity.
The quality of the electricity, if positive or negative, may be ascertained by
the use of a rod of glass or shellac as described in directions for using the gold
leaf instrument. (No. 163)
In atmospheric observations the instrument may either be charged with
free electricity and the indications of this needle noted at certain intervals, or it
may be brought to the same degree of tension as the earth, and the inductive
effects of the atmosphere upon it observed. Owing to its greater convenience the
former method is now generally adopted, but the variations of the needle under
atmospheric influences are far from being understood or reduced to a system.
In use the Induction Electrometer is placed upon a stand about six feet from
the ground, and to bring it into equilibrium of tension with the earth, touch
the base of the stem with a conducting wire. When the instrument is removed
from the inductive influence it indicates the presence of free electricity by the
deflection of the needle.
A regular and uninterrupted series of atmospheric observations with the
Peltier instrument were made by M. Quetelet at the Royal Observatory at
Brussels from August, 1844, till December, 1848.
A strong inductive influence was generally noticed at the approach or
cessation of rain. The maximum of atmospheric electricity was indicated in
January, the tension of the atmospheric charge progressively diminishing until
June, when it attained its minimum. The difference of the tension in these
two months was in the proportion of 13 to 1. The results obtained by Mr. R.
Birt at Kew are closely in accordance with those of M. Quetelet.
Peltier's instrument is now constructed with a smaller ball, and without
the metal shade as shown in our engraving, and the whole apparatus carefully
insulated with ebonite (vulcanite), in place of shellac and resin. Price, £550
169. Thomson's Quadrant Electrometer complete with Lamp and
Scales, including directions for use, in Mahogany Case, with Lock and Key.
£36 0 0
170. Professor Sir W. Thomson's Portable Atmospheric
Electrometer (attracted disc), fully described in Negretti and Zambra's
Treatise on Meteorological Instruments, paragraph 135, pp. 130 and 131.
Price with Electrophorous fitted in Mahogany Box £12 0 0
171. We have still to note the want of a portable and simple, but at the
same time, accurate instrument to denote the electrical condition of the
atmosphere. Many forms of Electrometers lately devised are but of little
use to ordinary observers from their complex construction.
45, COENHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STEEET, W., LONDON. 119
172. Collection of Electricity. — "A simple rough method of doing this
is to shoot a metallic arrow upwards into the air, the arrow being tied to one
end of a conducting string, the lower end of which carries a ring which rests
upou the electroscope. The arrow being shot upwards, the electroscope will be
found to be electrified, as it mounts ; and when the ring leaves the plate, the
instrument will indicate the state of electrification of the air at that point where
the arrow is at the time.
"This manner of observing is simplified by substituting a long conductor
reaching upwards; a gilded fishing rod may be employed, its lower extremity
being insulated.
" The usual method employed, however, is Volta's, in which the electricity
is collected by means of a flame, burning at a height, either in a lantern hung
to mast, and connected to the electroscope by a wire, or, by a slow burning
match attached to the top of a long metal rod.
" The electricity of the air in the neighbourhood of the flame, by its induc-
tive action upon the conductor, causes electricity of the opposite nature to
accumulate at the upper extremity, where it is constantly carried off by the
convection currents in the flame, leaving the conductor charged with electricity
of the same kind and potential as the air."*
173. " The princple of Volta's method has been made use of by Sir W.
Thomson in his Water-dropping Collector, now employed in observatories, and
found to be extremely useful for the observation of atmospheric electricity.
A copper can is placed on an insulating support, which may be of ebonite,
having the surface thinly coated with paraffin ; or of glass surrounded with pumice
stone soaked in sulphuric acid. From the can a small pipe projects a consider-
able distance into the air, and terminates in a fine orifice. The can being filled
with water, and the tap which opens into the jet pipe turned on, a small stream
of water is allowed to flow out, care being taken that it is so small that it shall
break into drops immediately after leaving the nozzle of the tube.
In half a minute from the starting of the stream the can will be found to
be electrified to the same potential as the air at the point of the tube.
This Collector cannot be employed during the time of frost, unless means
are adopted to prevent the freezing of the water in the jet pipe. When obser-
vations are to be made with a portable instrument, a slow burning match
should be used. Sir William Thomson recommends for this purpose blotting
paper, steeped in a solution of nitrate of lead, dried, and rolled into matches.
As to the position of the Collector, since electrical density is greater on
projecting surfaces, and less on hollow surfaces than on planes, the Collector
should not be near trees or houses, nor within a closed space."*
The above Apparatus and Collecting Match made to order.
* Robert H. Scott, Esq., Meteorological Office.
120 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
174. Tide Gauge, Self-registering, Wegretti and Zambra's Im-
proved Newman's (fig. 125), for recording the rise and fall of the tide, by a
lined traced with a pencil on a ruled paper, wound on a cylinder moved round
by a clock once in twenty-four hours. The paper showing the rise and fall in
feet and inches, and also the time in hours. An exceedingly valuable.instrument
for places where the phenomena of tides, and the construction of accurate tide
tables are of the utmost importance. Such observations should also be accom-
panied with the registration of atmospheric phenomena.
The tide-gauge, shown in the illustration (fig. 125) consists of a cylinder,
A, which is made to revolve once in twenty-four hours by the action of the
clock B. A chain, to which is attached the float, D, passes over the wheel, (7,
and on the axis of this wheel, 0 (in about the middle of it), is a small toothed
wheel, placed so as to be in contact with a large toothed wheel carrying a
grooved pulley, E, over which passes a small chain. This chain, passing along
the upper surface of the cylinder, A, and round a second pulley, F, at its
further end, is acted on by a spring so as to be kept in a constant state of
tension. In the middle of this chain a small tube is fixed for carrying a pencil,
which, being gently pressed down by means of a small weight on the top of it,
marks on the paper placed round the cylinder the progress of the rise or fall of
the tide as the cylinder revolves, and as it is drawn by the chain forward or
backward by the rise or fall of the float. The paper is prepared with lines
equi-distant from each other, to correspond with the hours of the clock, A,
crossed by others showing the number of feet of rise and fall.
The cylinder while in action revolves from left to right to a spectator
facing the clock, and the pencil is carried horizontally along the top of this
cylinder ; the large wheel, G, is caused to revolve by the rise and fall of the
float, which turns the wheel with the small pulley, E, attached to it. If the
tide is falling, the small chain is wound round the cylinder, E, and the pencil is
drawn towards the large wheel ; brst if the tide is rising, the small chain is
wound on the cylinder, F, by means of the spring contained in it. Thus, by
means of the rise and fall of the tide, a lateral progress is given to the pencil,
while the cylinder is made to revolve on its axis by the clock, so that a line is
traced on the paper showing the exact state of the tide continuously, without
further attention than is necessary to change the paper once every day, and to
keep the pencil carefully pointed ; or a metallic pencil may be used. As indi-
cated, it is self-recording, requiring very little attention — a few minutes every
day being sufficient.
These gauges are now in action in several parts of the world, faithfully
recording the rise and fall of the tides.
Price, fig. 125, N. and Z's. Improved arrangement, from £50 0 0
NOTE.— The price for the Ruled Papers or Charts used with this Apparatus and
No. 175, along with Charts for other Recording Instruments, will be found on page 132.
FIG. 125. NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA'S
IMPROVED NEWMAN'S SELF-RECORDING TIDE GAUGE.
122
FEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOKN VIADUCT, E.C.,
A. Dial of clock.
B. Float-wheel.
C. Guide for recording
pencil.
D. Recording pencil.
E. Hourly marker on
datum lines.
F. Datum lines and
registering pencil.
G. Main Drum driven by
clock.
H. Eeel of paper.
I. Haul-off drum.
J. Pendulum of clock.
K. Driving weight of
clock.
L. Driving weight of
haul-off drum.
M. Haul- off drum winder.
K". Platinum wire to float.
FIG. 126.
SIR WM. THOMSON'S TIDE-G-UAGB.
175. The instrument consists of an astronomical clock, float- wheel and
gear work for reducing the scale, and three drums, the whole fitted on a suitable
plate and supporting standards, and requiring no further fixing. The clock is
fitted with a six- spur gravity escapement and compensated pendulum, and
serves to show the time and to drive the centre or main drum of the instru-
ment. The float wheel is provided with a right-angled groove in which the
platinum wire of the float coils itself during the rising tide. The right-hand
drum receives a reel of paper, and the paper is fitted to the instrument without
further fixing. The haul-off drum receives the paper records after it has
passed round the main drum. The paper may be left to accumulate almost
without limit on the haul-off drum, or can be removed at any time. The
datum line on the record paper is traced by a fixed pencil, which can be
adjusted to any level. Any number of horizontal lines can be ruled in this
manner if desired.
45, COENHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 123
Immediately at the side of the datum line registering pencil, is a pencil
actuated by the clock, which causes it to trace a short vertical line at each
hour, through the datum lines, the mark for noon and midnight being some-
what different. In this case the pencil is arrested for two minutes when in
marking it has reached the level of the datum line, when it is allowed to
complete the marking. The distinction is introduced in order to facilitate the
subsequent noting of the times and dates upon the record. The pencil tide
recorder is made to counterbalance the float. wire when the scale is not too
greatly reduced, in which case the weight of the float- wire is partially relieved
by a counterpoise weight acting on the axis of the float-wheel. The system of
making the recording pencil balance the float- wire is a great advantage over the
system generally employed, and greater accuracy of recording is secured. The
employment of a continuous roll of paper obviates the necessity of continually
applying fresh paper to the recording drum, and the tide-gauge can thus be left
untended, except for the purpose of winding the clock, for an indefinite period.
The system also of ruling the paper by fixed pencils and marking the hourly
times by the clock constitutes a marked improvement, no error can thus occur
from the wrong setting of the paper.
Prices. The Tide-guage with three barrels and continuous paper complete, best finish £95
Ditto with single barrel and extra finish . . . .fig. 126. £80
Ditto ditto to be used with previously divided paper . £54
Larger engravings of some improvements in Thomson's Tide Gauge sent
upon application.
170. Negretti and Zambra's Portable Set of Meteorological
Instruments. A small, but at the same time really useful and reliable set of
Standard Meteorological Instruments has long been inquired for by observers
on foreign stations, and others who are frequently travelling to different parts
of the world. To meet this demand, Messrs. Negretti and Zambra have
arranged sets of Meteorological Instruments to pack up into a very small space.
The set contains ISTegretti and Zambra's Patent Maximum and Minimum
Registering Thermometers, Wet and Dry Bulb Hygrometer, Aneroid Barometer
for Altitude measurements, Negretti and Zambra's Improved Registering
Maximum Thermometer with high range of scale, for Hot Springs, Solar
Radiation Thermometer, Terrestrial Radiation ditto, Improved Boiling Point
Apparatus, Rain Gauge and Graduated Measure, a Clinometer, Magnetic
Compass, and Tape Measure. The whole arranged in a strong case; with lock
and key. Price £18 18 0
These sets can be varied, or other Instruments added, to meet the wishes
and requirements of purchasers. See also pages 106 and 107.
Further details of the construction and use of Meteorological Instruments mil
be found in Negretti and Zambra's TREATISE, with very many valuable and useful
Tables of corrections, fyc., fyc. Seepage 133.
124 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADTJCT, E.G.,
ESTIMATES FOR SETS OF METEOROLOGICAL APPARATUS.
177. The Meteorological Congress of Vienna, recognising three classes of
Observing Stations, we subjoin estimates for Sets of Meteorological Instruments
suited to their requirements.
No. 1. — For an Observatory or Station of the First Order.
In which independent meteorological observations are conducted, of the greatest
precision, either by hourly readings or with the use of Self -Recording Apparatus.
One Large Observatory Standard Barometer.
One Independent Standard Thermometer.
One Negretti and Zambra's Patent Standard Maximum Registering Thermometer.
One Negretti and Zambra's Patent Standard Maximum Thermometer, —
Exposed Black Bulb.
One Ditto Ditto Bright Bulb.
One Negretti and Zambra's Improved Patent Maximum Thermometer, in Vacuum,
with Test Gauge, No. 37. With Stand for ditto.
One Negretti and Zambra's Standard Minimum Thermometer.
One Ditto Ditto Ditto Mercurial.
One Ditto Ditto Standard Terrestrial Radiation Thermometer.
One Standard Wet and Dry Bulb Hygrometer.
One Stevenson's Thermometer and Hygrometer Screen.
One Glaisher's Rain Gauge, the New Pattern, complete, Copper.
Two Extra Graduated Measures for above.
A Series of Thermometers for Earth Temperatures at varying depths.
One Negretti and Zambra's Maximum Thermometer, for Earth or Springs.
One Gold Leaf Electrometer.
One Anemometer, with two recording Dials.
Recording Mercurial Barometer.
Recording Thermograph.
Recording Hygrometer.
Recording Anemometer and Rain Gauge.
Sunshine Recorder.
Cost for the whole of above Kew verified, £330 to £450.
In first class Observatories it is advisable to have duplicate instruments,
where there is any liability of fracture, to avoid breaking off the continuity of
the recorded observations.
The No. 1 Set of Meteorological Apparatus can be much extended if it be
desired, to make comparative or experimental observations.
No. 2. — Estimate for a Meteorological Observatory of the Second Order.
One Standard Barometer.
One Negretti and Zambra's Patent Standard Maximum Thermometer.
One Ditto Ditto Standard Minimum Thermometer.
One Solar Radiation Thermometer in Vacuo, with Negretti and Zambra's
Improved Test Gauge.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 125
One Solar Eadiation Thermometer, with Exposed Bulb.
One Terrestrial Radiation Thermometer.
One Glaisher's Eain Gauge, Copper, complete.
One Anemometer, with two dials.
One Wet and Dry Bulb Hygrometer.
One Stevenson's Thermometer md Hygrometer Stand.
Cost for the above Set of Apparatus, £22 to £25.
No 2 Set of Apparatus is strongly recommended to private observers
where complete and regular observations are taken of Barometric Pressure,
Temperature, Humidity, Rain, Wind, and Electrical phenomena.
The series can be reduced to form a Third Class set at £12 12s., where
only a few of the more important meteorological observations are taken, or
other instruments can be added to meet the requirements of the observer.
It will be as well to note here that all observations should be made
punctually at fixed hours. The Meteorological Office recommend that, at
Observing Stations of the second order, observations be made at least twice a
day, at homonymous * hours, for which 9 a.m. and 9 p.m. (local time), have
been most generally approved of. In unsettled weather occasional observations
should be made of any special meteorological facts that may occur.
VERIFICATION OF STANDARD METEOROLOGICAL
INSTRUMENTS.
178. The Kew Committee of the Royal Society undertaking the testing
and verification of Meteorological Instruments by their Standards, Negretti and
Zambra subjoin a list of the charges. At the same time, Negretti and Zambra
would observe that, having absolute Standard Instruments of their own
manufacture which have been compared both with Greenwich and Kew
Observatory Standards, they are prepared to compare and give certificates
with their own instruments free of charge,
The Kew Committee wish it to be noted that they do not undertake the
verification of inferior instruments, such as Barometers mounted on Wood
Frames, and Thermometers not graduated on the Stem, and also that the
Superintendent may at his discretion decline to receive instruments he may
consider unfit for Scientific observation.
Each.
Standard Barometers with attached Thermometer 10s. 6d.
Marine Barometers in Metal Mountings 15s. Od.
Aneroid Barometers for Altitude Measurements compensated . . 15s. Od.
Thermometers 2s. 6d. to 5s. Od.
Eain Gauges 2s. 6d.
* The term " homonymous " signifies hours of the same name, as 9 and 9, or 12 and 12. The most
suitable hours are, to a certain extent, to be determined by the locality and climate.
126
NEQRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOJIN TIADUCT, E.G.,
N. & Z's Maximum Registering Thermometer.
& Z's. Minimum Registering Thermometer.
N. & Z's. Glashier's Standard Rain Gauge.
FIG. 127.
179. NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA'S FIVE GUINEA SET OF
METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS
consists of a Mercurial Barometer with attached Thermometer having
Fahrenheit and Centigrade Scales, Registering Maximum Thermometer,
Registering Minimum Thermometer, Rain Gauge and Graduated Measure, and
a Wet and Dry Bulb Hygrometer, fig. 127.
The whole of these instruments are very carefully manufactured and tested
to ensure sufficient accuracy for ordinary observers at a moderate price. One
important feature in this set is that the various instruments will travel securely, as,
although they are not strictly a standard set, they have all Negretti and Zambra's
improvements and Patents adapted to them, and are compared and verified by
Negretti and Zambra, and, if desired, Certificates given.
This set of meteorological instruments can be modified, and extended, to meet
the wishes of our customers. Descriptive particulars of the construction and
use of these instruments will be found in the previous pages, or in Negretti and
Zambra's Treatise on Meteorological Instruments. See page 133.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REQENT STREET, W., LONDON.
127
LIGHTNING CONDUCTOKS AND FITTINGS.
180. Lightning Conductors should be pointed at
the top, and extend a few feet above the highest point of
the building or mast. They are best made of Solid
Copper Hods or Copper Bands of sufficient diameter
and thickness to convey the discharge without melting.
Wire Hope of Copper is now much used, owing to its
convenient adaptability to uneven surfaces, but great
care must be taken to have it of sufficient diameter to
prevent fusion, and that both solid rods and wire rope
should be perfectly continuous and unbroken throughout
the entire length, and carried down some considerable
distance into the earth, which should be moist, or better
still, carried down a well some distance beneath the
surface of the water, or the conductor should terminate
in several branches on a large sheet of stout copper.
In large towns these conductors are carried down and
connected with the large water pipes. On no account
should Lightning Conductors be connected with Gas
pipes; it is exceedingly dangerous. Where a building is
large, several conductors should be used, and all large
and detached masses of metal in the fabric connected together and then united
with capacious conductors leading directly from the highest points of the
structure to the earth or sea. In applying such conductors to ships, each
mast should have its own conductor, of sufficient size, permanently fixed, and
connected with bands of stout copper passing through the sides of the ship
under the deck beams, and with the large bolts leading through the keels and
keelson to the water, including in the circuit all the principal masses of metal
used in the construction of the vessel.
It is of the utmost importance, that Lightning Conductors be periodically
examined to see that they are in perfect condition, as any defects in continuity of
the metal rod or wire may lead to serious results. Several instances of most
destructive damage both to buildings and ships having lately occurred, arising
from defective conductors, we cannot too strongly urge the attention to this caution.
FIG. 128.
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOEN YIADIJCT, E.G.,
FIG. 131.
. Solid Copper Point Lightning Conductor with
3 3 Attractors, as fig. 129, Copper elevating tube
25 5 feet long, Couplings, Straining Bolt, Insu-
lators, and Holdfasts, all complete with 50 feet
Solid Copper Rope f inch diameter . . . 4 10 6
Ditto Ditto, with 75 feet Solid Copper Rope
-| inch diameter . . . . . 5 15 0
Ditto Ditto, with 100 feet Solid Copper Rope
£ inch diameter 700
Ditto Ditto, with 150 feet Solid Copper Rope
£ inch diameter . . . . . . 9 12 0
Ditto Ditto, with 50 feet Solid Copper Rope
| inch diameter . . . ... . .550
Ditto Ditto, with 75 feet Solid Copper Rope
•| inch diameter . . . . . . 6 16 0
Ditto Ditto, with 100 feet Solid Copper
Rope \ inch diameter . . . .876
Ditto Ditto, with 150 feet Solid Copper
Rope \ inch diameter . . . . 11 10 0
Ditto Ditto, with 100 feet Solid Copper
Rope J- inch diameter . . . . 9 16 0
Ditto Ditto, with 150 feet Solid Copper
Rope f inch diameter . . . . 13 17 6
Plain Point Solid Copper Bod Lightning
Conductor, for Copper Rope T^- inch
diameter, no Insulators or Tightening
Bolt (fig. 130) 150
Plain Spear Point Solid Copper
Lightning Conductor with Coupling
for Rope End and Copper Elevating Tube
4 feet long (fig. 130*) . . . . 1 12 0
FIG. 130*
45, COENHILL, B.C., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
Solid Copper Lightning Conductor fitted with Point and
three Attractors, as fig. 129, with 7 Holdfasts, 7 Insulators, and
1 Straining Bolt, complete .......
Ditto Ditto, with 11 Holdfasts and 11 Insulators .
Ditto Ditto, with 15 Holdfasts 15 Insulators .
Ditto Ditto, with 24 Holdfasts and 12 Insulators .
129
Each.
£ s.
2 14
3 0
3 6
4 4
If the Points are wished tipped with Platinum, there will be an extra
charge, according to the size and weight. Price variable.
Galvanised Iron Holdfast, to build in,
Ditto Ditto
Ditto Ditto
Ditto Ditto
Straining Bolt
No. 1, fig. 131, per doz.
to Drive No. 4 Do. per doz.
for passing along Slated Roof,
No. 3 Do. per doz.
extra strong, for supporting Bod or
. No. 2 Do. per doz,
Copper Elevating Rod, No. 6, fig. 130*, showing Holdfast and
Glass Insulator, to steady the same ......
Straining Bolt, No. 7, fig. 130*, with Glass Insulator and Holdfast
complete for til mch diameter Rope
12s. 6d., 10s. 6d., 7s. 6d., per set.
Tension Bolt, for tightening and straightening the wire, of a simple
form 8s, 6d.
Glass Insulators annealed with lock nibs . per doz. 10s. and
Solid Copper Wire Rope, f inch diameter. Price per 100 feet .
Ditto Ditto J inch diameter.
Ditto Ditto I- inch diameter.
Price per 100 feet
Price per 100 feet
096
096
0 11 6
0 10 0
086
0 10 6
0 14 0
6 10 0
550
3 16 0
NOTE. — The prices for Copper goods vary according to the market value
of the metal. At a small increase of cost the Points can be strongly gilt.
Estimates given for fitting up Lightning Conductors,
either with Copper Wire Rope, Solid Copper Rod or Bands.
181 Lightning Conductors,
The celebrated American philosopher, Franklin, in the year 1749,
first discovered the means of averting the destructive and fatal
effects of lightning by the use of pointed metallic rods attached to
high and exposed buildings, his experiments having proved that
the electric fluid will always follow the path of least resistance to
the earth.
In confirmation of the value of Lightning Conductors as a
safeguard, we quote the following from Sir W. Snow Harris : —
" It appears from the records of the Navy, that the destructive
effects of lightning on H.M. ships involved in former years an
expenditure of not less than from £6,000 to £10,000 annually. In
200 cases only, 300 seamen were either killed or hurt, and above
100 large masts valued at the time at from £1,000 to £1,200 each
entirely ruined. Between 1810 and 1815, 35 sail of the line, 35
frigates and smaller vessels were completely disabled.
" Since the system of Lightning Conductors has been fully
carried out in all H.M. Ships, it appears damage by lightning has
almost vanished from the records of the Navy."
FIG. 132.
130
NEGBETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOEN YIADUCT, E.G.
TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM.
FIG. 133.
134. Magnetograph or Self-Recording Magnetometer (fig. 133),
recommended by the Meteorological Committee of the Royal Society and used
at KQVV Observatory. This apparatus, invented and arranged by Mr. Beckley,
records the variations continually occurring in the Earth's Magnetism by the
aid of photography. Three drums or cylinders, to which are attached sheets of
sensitised paper, are revolved by a clock movement (seen in the centre of the
engraving), and receive the rays of light projected from small mirrors attached
to each of the three magnets so arranged as to exhibit all the variations of
Magnetic Force, Inclination, Direction, and Intensity. The lights used are Gas
Burners or Paraffin Lamps.
Our limited space will not permit our giving full details of the various
mechanical contrivances made use of in this apparatus, which in many
respects are somewhat similar to those employed in the Recordiag Barograph,
Thermograph, and Hygrometer shown on pages 30 and 78.
The Magnetograph is supplied by Negretti and Zambra to special order.
Price £350 to £500
45, COKNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 131
135. Unifilar Magnetometer, Kew Pattern, Portable arrangement,
packed in two boxes complete. Price, £70 0 0
136. Kew Pattern Dip Circle, or Inclinometer, of the most
recently improved arrangement, complete, with Lloyd's Total Force Apparatus
and Kew Verification. Price, £35 0 0
137. Seismograph, Professor Palmeri's recently improved arrangement
for recording and measuring the various Volcanic and subterranean tremors
and disturbances of the Earth. Price complete in Glass Cases, £150 0 0
138. Van Rysselberghe's Universal Meteorograph. For recording
by the aid of Electricity the indications of Meteorological Instruments at
regulated periods of time. These records are registered upon a metallic
surface every 15 minutes, and from them any number of copies can be
produced. Similar to N". & Z's. Recording Thermometers and Hygrometers,
Nos. 74 and 103, the Meteorograph can be constructed to register indications
of meteorologic apparatus in action at a great distance from the observing
station. The simplest arrangement of this apparatus includes a Barometer,
Hygrometer, Rain Gauge, and Anemometer, with Direction Vane. Complete
with Galvanic Batteries and a supply of Sheets of Zinc, &c. Price, £240 0 0
This price will vary with the number of Instruments of which records are
desired.
139. Solar Intensity Apparatus, Padre Secchi's, for measuring the
comparative heat of the Sun's Rays.
Price complete with three Thermometers, £440
140. Piche's Evaporimeter with graduated glass Tube.
Price, £0 13 0
141. Pocket Spectroscope, for observing the Rain Band, fixed slit,
in Leather Case. Price, £1 15 0
142. Ditto Ditto with adjustable slit and Leather Case.
Price, £2 10 0
143. Direct Vision Rain Band Spectroscope, larger size, of very
great dispersive power, in Leather case. Price, £550
For further description and prices of Electrical Galvanic, Magnetic and
Electro-Magnetic Instruments and Apparatus , see special sections at end of this
Catalogue.
K2
132
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA'S BAROMETER
CHARTS.
AND THERMOMETER
"THE DAILY TELEGRAPH
BAROMETER CHART.
[FROM NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA'S SELF-REGISTERING
BAROMETER.]
The method of keeping the
Barometer and Thermometer
Charts is well shown in our
diagram, (fig. 134). This is an
actual reprint from a Chart pub-
lished in the Daily Telegraph
newspaper, of the morning of
May 21st, 1877.
By a most ingenious arrange-
ment of fixed and movable»types
invented by Negretti and Zambra,
the rise and fall of the mercury
in the Barometer tube (as indi-
cated by Negretti and Zambra's
Recording Barometer) is pub-
blished every morning in the
Daily Telegraph, the diagram
exhibiting the indications of the
Barometer for the previous four
days and to within a few hours
of going to press.
Modifications of this method of publishing a daily Barometrical record
have been carried out by the firm for several other daily papers, and in varying
forms are now used by almost every daily and weekly newspaper.
FIG. 134.
The above chart represents the movement of the
oarometer. corrected for sea-level and reduced to 32° F.,
during the last four days ending midnight, May 20-21.
GENERAL REMARKS. — A return of a north-easterly
wind, accompanied by occasional showers of drizzling
rain, caused the weather yesteiday to be very bleak and
unseasonable* The barometer rose throughout the day,
the reading at midnight being 80' 11.
DOVER. — Fine and cold ; wind S.W. ; sea rough j
bar. steady.
144. CHARTS FOE KEEPING A RECORD OF THE VARIATIONS or THE BAROMETER
AND THERMOMETER.
Each sheet is ruled and figured for one month's observations ; twelve of these
sheets are neatly mounted on a card, so that when one month's readings are
ended the sheet can be removed by cutting round the edge with a sharp knife,
and a fresh sheet will be exposed. These records form a most interesting and
valuable reference for comparing present and past weather.
Price of each pad of 12 sheets, for Barometer, 2s. 6d.
Ditto ditto for Thermometer, 2s. 6d.
Combined ditto for Barometer, Thermometer, Hygrometer, Eainfall, &c., 2s. 6d.
These Pads of Charts can be forwarded by Book Post for Fourpence.
Ruled Cliaris or Diagrams for the Recording Barometer, fig. 21, and Recording Aneroid
Barometer, figs. 28 and 29 price, per hundred £150
Ditto Ditto, for Recording Anemometers, figs. 117. 118 and 118* „ 150
Ditto Ditto, Ditto, Tide Gauges, figs. 125 and 126 1 1 0
45, COBNHILL, E.C., AND 122, EEGENT STEEET, TV., LONDON. 133
METEOROLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS,
ELEMENTARY METEOROLOGY. ROBT. H. SCOTT, Esq., M.A., F.R.S.
Price 5s.
A TREATISE ON METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS, Explanatory
of their Scientific Principles, Method of Construction, and Practical
Utility, by NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA. Numerous Tables of Reference in
connection with Meteorology. Illustrated with 100 Engravings. Price 5s.
HYGRO METRICAL TABLES, Adapted to the use [of Negretti and Zambra's
Wet and Dry Bulb Thermometer, by J. GLAISHEE. Esq., F.R.S. Price 2s. 6d.
TABLES OF THE CORRECTIONS FOR TEMPERATURES, to reduce
observations to the 32° Fahrenheit, for Barometers with Brass scales ex-
tending to the top of the mercurial column. By J. GLAISHER, Esq., F.R.S.
Price Is. 6d.
TABLE OF THE DIURNAL RANGE OF THE BAROMETER. By
JAMES GLAISHEE, Esq., F.R.S. New Edition. Price Is. 6d.
TABLES FOR CALCULATION OF HEIGHTS from Observations on the
Boiling Point of Water, arranged for use with Negretti and Zambra's
Boiling Point or Hypsometric Apparatus. By the late Mr. WELCH, of
the Kew Observatory. Price Is.
BAROMETER MANUAL, OR HOW TO FORETELL WEATHER,
compiled by Admiral FiTZ-RoY, F.R.S., &c., for the Board of Trade.
Published by NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA with permission Price 6d.
TABLE SHOWING THE READINGS OF THE BAROMETER, Corres-
ponding Numbers of Elevation in English Feet, and of Readings of
Aneroid or Corrected Barometer in English Inches ; (the Mean of Atmos-
pheric Temperatures being 50° Fahrenheit). Compiled by the late
Astronomer Royal for NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA. Price 6d.
L. F. KJBMTZ'S COMPLETE COURSE OF METEOROLOGY.
Translated by C. Y. WALKER, Esq. Price 12s. 6d.
POCKET METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER AND NOTE BOOK.
(Strachan's) with Diagrams for exhibiting the Fluctuations of the Baro-
meter, Thermometer and Hygrometer. NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA. Price 2s. 6d.
SYMONS', G. J. British Rainfall (published annually since 1865). each 5s.
Monthly Meteorological Magazine, Vols. I. to XIX. each 5s.
SYMONS', G. J. Meteorological Register, with Instructions, for one year, 2s.
„ „ „ for five years, 7s. 6d.
SYMONS', G. J. Blank Diagrams for Barometer and Thermometer,
for one year, Is.
SYMONS', G. J. Blank Rainfall Register for one year, 3d.
134 NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN YIADUCT, E.G.
DIAL AND PEDIMENT BAROMETERS,
THE ordinary household Barometers or Weather Glasses are constructed in
two forms, viz., the Wheel or Dial Barometer, and the Pediment or Upright
Barometer. The former reading by an extended circular scale, and the latter
from the actual mercurial column.
The Dial Barometer is mounted with the syphon form of tube as shown
in our Diagram, the shorter -limb of the syphon being about six or eight inches
long. This obviates the use of a cistern, for with sufficient mercury in the
short tube, that in the longer one will be balanced at a varying height in
accordance with the increased or diminished pressure of the atmosphere.
This form of Barometer was first constructed by the celebrated philosopher
Dr. Hook, in 1667 ; the principal advantage of the dial arrangement is that by
it a small movement in the mercurial column is magnified and made very
apparent, a tenth of an inch rise or fall being represented by the index moving
over nearly one inch on the dial ; this enables the unscientifiVobserver to notice
quickly if the Barometer be rising or falling and estimate the probability of
fine or wet weather.
On the top of the mercury in the short limb of the tube is suspended a
glass float, by a silk cord which passes two or three times round a small brass
wheel or pulley ; at the other end of this silk cord is placed a counterpoising
glass weight, moving freely in a second tube placed at the side of the syphon
for the purpose of steadying the weight.
The axis of the pulley is carried through the wood frame of the Barometer
to the front of the instrument, where the movement of the mercury is shown
by a light index hand attached to it, traversing a divided dial.
As the mercury in the Barometer tube rises, the silk cord descends,
causing the index hand to move to the right ; on the contrary, as the mercury
falls the index will be carried in the reverse direction to the left.
The graduations on the dial represent the actual inches of a Standard
Barometer Scale, extended as previously described, giving what is termed a
very open scale.
If the mercury rises half an inch in the long tube it will fall half an inch
in the shorter one. Therefore, as the mercury rises half an inch in the one
tube and falls half an inch in the other, the length of the barometrical column
has increased one inch, — but the movement has only been through half an inch
— this amount of movement transferred to the pulley causes the index hand to
indicate an inch movement on the dial, say from twenty-nine to thirty inches.
45, COENHILL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
135
145. Our engraving (fig. 135) exhibits the
general internal arrangement of the Dial Barometer.
A B is the mercurial syphon tube, and at W is
seen the glass weight or float attached to a silk cord.
This weight floats upon the surface of the mercury
rising or falling in the tube in accordance with the
movement of the mercurial column; by the side of
the syphon is a second guide tube, D, for the counter-
poise weight C, at P is shown the pulley over which
the silk cord passes giving movement to the index hand
over the Dial as previously described.
At the side of the diagram we show a wire plug, E,
used for making these barometers portable for travelling
or exportation. It is simply a stiff wire covered witb
cotton throughout its whole length, and as will be
seen in the drawing, it has sufficient cotton woand
round the lower end to fit the mercurial tube tightly at
two points,
TO MAKE THE DIAL BAROMETER PORTABLE.
146. By inclining the Barometer the mercury
is caused to fill the tube entirely, the float is then with-
drawn from the mercurial tube W (carefully avoiding
disturbing the silk cords, — most of Negretti and
Zambra's Barometers are now fitted with a brass
clamp to secure the cords), and then the plug E is
FIG. 135. forced slowly down the tube until the mercury is
perfectly secured. The glass float being placed at the side of the syphon and
secured with a little soft packing carefully placed round it and the glass tubes,
the instrument is now made portable or secure for transit.
We need hardly point out that the Dial Barometer must not be regarded
as an instrument of precision, but simply as a weather indicator or household
Barometer.
Instructions for setting the Barometer in action will be sent with each
instrument if it has been made portable.
The absolute height of the Barometer, at any moment, does not always indicate present
weather. The rise or fall of the mercurial column supplies the information of coming
weather or change.
A rapid rise or fall indicates changeable and unsettled weather.
A falling Barometer and rising Thermometer, are commonly and quickly followed by rain.
"The longer the time between the signs and the change they foretell, the longer will
the altered weather last ; and the shorter between the warning and the change, the shorter
the continuance of the changed weather."
" A fall, with a low Thermometer, foretells Snow."
When the Barometer falls with the wind S.E., it is generally followed by long
continued Rains.
A rapid fall of the Barometer is usually followed by much wind as well as Rain.
For further hints How to foretell the Weather see N. and Z's. Barometer Manual,
compiled for them by Admiral Fixz-ROY. Price, post free, Sixpence.
136
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEX VIADUCT, E.G.,
DIAL BAROMETERS, OR WEATHER GLASSES.
FIG. 159. FIG. 158. FIG. 159*.
BAROMETERS being now mounted in so many varied styles, both plain and carved,
the following are given as a few specimens of those most in demand. Large stocks
of these instruments are always kept at all of ISTEGRETTi and ZAMBRA'S
establishments of most of the patterns shown in the engravings. Barometers
supplied to order of any style of Architecture, to correspond with the furniture of
Libraries, Halls, &c,
NOTE.— The marginal Nos. from this page will as far as possible correspond with those of the woodcuts.
45, COENHILL, B.C., AND 122, EEGENT STRKET, W., LONDON.
137
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
FIG. 154.
Each.
£ s. d.
220
Each.
£ s. d.
1 10
2 10
3 10
2
10
FIG. 153. FIG. 150.
8-inch Silvered Brass Dial Barometer, common,
mounted in mahogany or rosewood frame, with or
without mirror, hygrometer, and level
8 -inch ditto ditto, square bottom
Ditto, ditto, superior finish, engraving, and large tube
10-inch Silvered Brass Dial Barometer, in common
mahogany or rosewood frame, with or without mirror,
hygrometer and level (fig. 150) 2
Ditto, Ditto, square bottom (fig. 151) 2
Ditto, Ditto, Extra best both as regards frame, dial,
engraving and tube (figs. 151 or 154) . . . . 3 10 0 440
12-inch Dial Barometers of the same patterns, 15s. to £1 5s. extra.
8-inch Scroll Pattern Dial Barometer, best mounted
mahogany, oak, walnut, or rosewood frames, silvered
brass dial, with Thermometer (fig. 153)
10 and 12-inch Scroll Pattern Barometers, 20s. to 50s. extra.
8-inch Dial Barometer, with ornamental figures, letters,
and 'divisions on PATENT ENAMELLED GLASS DIAL
(fig. 154) ,
8-inch Dial Barometer, rosewood frame inlaid with PEARL
or METAL, with silvered brass dial ....
10-inch ditto, best rosewood frame inlaid with PEARL or
METAL, the dial of silvered metal, with Thermometer,
superior finish Nos. 155 & 156 fitted up to order (fig. 156)
12 and 14-inch Dial Barometers ditto, at proportionate prices.
330 440
550
880
12 12 0
138
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 156.
Fm. 157.
FIG. 158*.
Each.
157
d.
0 0
158
159
14-inch Dial Barometer, best rosewood frame inlaid with PEARL or
METAL, the dial of silvered metal, and an eight-day Clock fitted in
the frame, Thermometer, &c. (fig. 157) fitted up to order . . 25
8 and 10-inch Dial Barometers, plain carved, in solid oak, mahogany,
rosewood, or walnut frame, double basil ring, and polished-edge
plate glass, of the very best construction and superior engraving,
as figs. 158 and 158* £5 5s. £6. 6s. to 8 8 0
Dial Barometers, 10, 12, and 14-inch, of the very best construction,
in richly carved solid frames of Gothic, Mediaeval, Elizabethan,
Egyptian, Chippendale or other designs, in Oak, Mahogany, or
Walnut-wood (figs. 159 and 159*) . / £10 10s. £16 16s. to 25 0 0
Suitable for Club-houses, Mansions, &c.
N.B. — DIAL BAROMETERS required for transmission to distant parts, such as India or the Colonies, should
be ordered expressly, as in that case they will be rendered portable by plugging the tube as described
page 135, and shown in diagram fig. 135.
The prices quoted for the more elaborate forms of Dial Barometers are subject to variations dependent
upon the amount and quality of the ornamental carving and engraving.
45, COBNF1ILL, E.G., AND 122, BEGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 139
PEDIMENT BAROMETERS.
NEXT to a Standard instrument the Pediment Barometer must be regarded in
a scientific point of view as the most accurate form of Barometer, the actual
weight or pressure of the atmosphere being exhibited by the varying length of
the mercurial column itself, subject to a few corrections that need not be noticed
by ordinary observers. At pages 2 and 3 will be found the general principles
of the straight tube or Pediment Barometer.
The cistern of the Pediment Barometer is made of boxwood, with sufficient
internal area to allow of a fall of at least two- thirds of the mercury contained
in the tube when the Barometer is in action without materially interfering with
the correctness of the readings. It should also contain sufficient mercury to
prevent air passing up into the tube. The bottom of the cistern is formed of
flexible leather, so as to admit of the use of a screw to render the Barometer
portable, as described in the paragraph — Standard Barometer, pages 4 and 5.
It will be seen that most of these Barometers are furnished with two Verniers,
or indices. The use of the second Vernier is to record on the left hand scale of
the instrument the previous reading of the Barometer, and show at a glance
any alteration that may have taken place by the difference of the readings of
the two Verniers.
In taking a reading or observation by the Pediment Barometer the Vernier
carrying the Index Pointer is to be moved gently up or down, until its edge is
exactly in a line with the centre of the top of the mercurial column as shown
in fig. 5, page 6. If when adjusted the edge of the index is exactly in a
straight line with, say, the division marked 30, then the height or length of the
mercurial column is exactly thirty inches. The value of this column is given on
pages 4 and 5 ; also on pages 6 and 7 will be found a description of the use
of the Vernier, especially at the foot of page 7, where the Vernier of the
ordinary Household Barometer is spoken of as subdividing the inch scale into
hundredths.
If the division 1 in the Vernier coincides with the line at 29 inches on the
scale, then the reading would be 29'11; if division 2 coincides with the line
below that marked 29 inches, then the reading would be 29'12 ; that is twenty-
nine inches and eleven hundredths or twenty-nine inches and twelve hundredths,
or it may be read twenty-nine inches one tenth and one hundredth, and so on.
The allowance to be made for height of the Station above the sea-level is, as
stated by Admiral Fitz-Roy, as under.
The average height of the barometer, in England, at the sea-level, is about
29*94 inches, and the average temperature of air is nearly 50 degrees.
Every ten feet of elevation above the sea lowers the Barometer about ten
or eleven thousandths of an inch.
Add one-tenth of an inch to the observed height for each hundred feet the
Barometer is above the mean sea-level. This sea-level should be that of the
ocean itself, at mean half-tide, a level which should be the universal standard
line of reference.
The Thermometer falls about one degree for each three hundred feet of
elevation above more than fifty feet from the ground.
140
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, B.C.,
PEDIMENT BAROMETERS.
FIG. 168.
FIG. 169.
FIG. 168*.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STEEET, W., LONDON.
FIG. 165.
FIG, 161.
FIG. 164.
FIG. 163.
FIG. 164*.
PORTABLE PEDIMENT BAROMETERS.
160 Model Barometer, with vernier and thermometer, also
screw, to render it portable ......
161 Pediment Barometers, with ivory scales, thermometer,
SLIDING VERNIER, the tube visible throughout the
whole length, and portable screw, (fig. 161)
162 Pediment Barometer, with glass cover over the face,
rackwork vernier and thermometer, exposed tube
163 Portable Pediment Barometer, Round Top Frame in,
Oak, Mahogany or Rosewood, the tube covered
entirely, rackwork Yernier, and a Thermometer on
the front (fig. 163) ... ....
164 Ditto ditto, with Square Moulded Top, large tube, and
one Yernier (figs. 164 and 164*)
165 Ditto ditto, with extra large tube, 2 rackwork verniers,
ivory scales, with Thermometer, in Oak, Mahogany,
Walnut, or Rosewood frame (fig. 165) ....
Each.
£ s. d.
220
Each.
£ s. d.
110
2 10 0
2 15 0
330
3 10 0 4 10 0
550 660
142
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN YIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 166.
FIG. 167.
FIG. 167A.
FIG. 167B. FIG. I67c.
FIG. 167D.
Each.
166 Portable Pediment Rosewood Barometer, elegantly inlaid with
pearl or metal, thermometer in front, ivory scale, rackwork vernier
(fig. 166) fitted up to order 770,
167 Portable Pediment Barometers, with two Verniers, best Carved oak,
Rosewood, "Walnut, or Mahogany frames, of various elegant designs,
fitted up in the very best manner (figs. 167 and 167 A, B, c, D).
with Opal Glass or Ivory Scales £6 6s. £8 8s. 10 10 0
168 Large Pediment Barometers, handsomely mounted in Oak, Walnut,
or Ebonised frames, the tube of large internal diameter, and
the cistern presenting a large area, to insure uniformity in
reading, Ivory, Opal Glass, or Silvered Metal Scales, with
engraved ornamental letters and two Yerniers (figs. 168 and 168*)
£8 8s. £10 10s. £12 12s. 15 15 0
169 Ditto ditto, Ebonised Wood frames with Ivory or Opal
Glass Scales, and two Yerniers very handsomely carved
(fig. 169) . . £1818 0 to 26 0 0
Extra sized Pediment Barometers, suitable for Public Institutions or Club Houses,
specially designed and made with English or French and English Scales to order.
A large and varied Stock of Household Barometers will always be found
at all of Negr.etti and Zambra's Establishments.
45, COENHILL, E.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
143
FIG. 171.
170 The FITZ-ROY STORM BAROMETER, or
FISHERMAN'S and LIFE BOAT STATION
BAROMETER, as made by Negretti and Zambra
especially for the Board of Trade and Royal Life
Boat Institution, to be fixed at all the principal
Seaports, Fishing and Life Boat Stations.
fig. 170. Price, £5 5s.
This Barometer consists of a tube with very large bore, and an
accurate Thermometer, mounted in a solid oak frame, firmly screwed
together, with scales and figures, &c., permanently engraved on Porce-
lain, by Negretti and Zambra's Patent process, the Vernier reading to
100-ths of an inch. It is strongly recommended as a good, sound
working instrument, admirably adapted for use in Public Institutions.
Extract from, Admiral Fiti-Rc^fs Reports of the Meteorologio Office
of the Board of Trade, 1864 :—
"In my last Report, I stated how highly the Board of Trade
' Fishery ' Barometers have been valued on the coasts. They are now
eighty in all, specially lent, under due control and care. Two only of
this number have become slightly defective, and have been exchanged .
Not one has been injured in carriage, singular to say, between Cornwall
and the Shetland Isles, Ireland and Yorkshire. It may be more readily
estimated mentally than accurately proved, to what extent these simple
instruments (all reliably madef and tested) have already been the means
of saving life and property. Explanatory manuals and blank forms for
diagrams have been extensively circulated among the coasters and
fishermen, who are all, now, much influenced by, and very thankful for,
the benefits of this act of their Government. Many are the local in-
stances of similar beneficence by individuals — especially the Duke of
Northumberland, who has placed no less than fourteen barometers."
Messrs. Negretti and Zambra would specially caution the
Public against purchasing cheap and worthless imitations of
Admiral Fitz-B-oy's Barometers as leading to disappointment.
Full details both as to the construction and use'of the true Fitz-Roy
instrument will be found in Negretti and Zambra's Barometer
Manual, compiled by Admiral Fitz-Roy for the Board of Trade ;
post free, 6d.
171 Fitz-Roy Barometers with two Verniers . . £6 10 0
172 Ditto ditto, in Ornamental Carved Oak,
Walnut, or Mahogany frames (fig. 168*) . .880
Barometers in solid frames, mounted wilh Ivory or Opal
Glass Scales, having the Fitz-Roy Weather Rules on one side
and the ordinary words, Fair, Change, Rain, and Stormy on
the other, at the same prices as No. 168*. These instru-
ments are very suitable for Public Institutions.
t By Messrs. Negretti and Zambra.
NEGBETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 173.
173 Negretti and Zambia's Faimer's Baiometer, for ascer-
taining the humidity of the atmosphere, the general character of
the weather, and the approach of wind or rain. The Farmer's
Barometer combines three distinct instruments — the Barometer,
the Thermometer, and the Hygrometer, and is equally valuable to
the Agriculturist and the Invalid, a difference of 5° to 8° being
considered a healthy amount of moisture in the air of dwelling
rooms. The action is very simple, and so long as a sufficient
supply of water is kept in the cistern, the Hygrometric condition
of the atmosphere can be known at any moment.
It is a well-known fact that the Barometer is as much, or even
more affected by a change of wind as it is by rain, and the ob-
jection raised against a simple Barometer reading, as leaving the
observer in doubt whether to expect rain or wind, is entirely re-
moved in the instrument now offered to the Public by the addition
of the Hygrometer, an instrument indicating the comparative
degree of dryness or dampness of the air ; — a most important
item in the determination of the coming weather.
Hitherto the use of scientific instruments of this class has
been confined to very few observers. Nevertheless, through
the instrumentality of James Glaisher, Esq., F.R.S., as Secretary
of the British Meteorological Society, multitudes of observations
have been taken with extreme accuracy, and duly registered ;
and it is from these carefully collected data that we are enabled
in a measure to interpret the various changes that we feel and
see going on in our atmosphere, and by the aidj of well-con-
structed instruments, are in a position to predict with a great
degree of certainty the weather that is likely to prevail from
time to time.
Instructions for using the Wet and Dry Bulb Hygrometer
will be found at page 77. And at page 76 will be found a table
giving the value of Hygrometric readings in a simple form,
sufficient for the use of ordinary observers.
The Fanner's Barometer as fig. 173 .... £2 10s.
Ditto, ditto, in Ornamental Mountings £5 5s. £6 6s.
174 Negretti and Zambra's Miners' Barometer. — It having
been observed, that explosions of gas in mines mostly occur when
the Barometer is very low (showing diminished atmospheric pres-
sure), it is important that a good Barometer should be at hand,
for observation by the Managers and others. For this purpose
Negretti and Zambra make strong and sufficiently accurate
Barometers, as fig. 174, at . . £1 Is. £2 2s. £3 3s.
175 Aneroid Barometers for Miners' use, exceedingly convenient and sensitive,
with Extended Scale £2 10s. £3 10s. £4 4s.
176 Miners' Pocket Aneroids, see also page 143.
£3 3s. £4 4s. £5 5s.
STANDARD AND MOUNTAIN BAROMETERS (see pages 1 to 13).
45, COENHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 145
FIG 174.
FIG. 177.
FIG. 181.
FIG. 180. FIG. 179.
MARINE BAROMETERS.
177 Marine Barometer, plain mahogany frame, with Ivory
scales, sliding vernier, Thermometer, and Brass arm
gimbal, for suspension (fig. 177)
178 Marine Barometer, round, moulded, or carved top,
with rack- work to vernier, Thermometer, capillary tube
to prevent the ingress of air into the column, even
during the most violent oscillations of a storm,
Brass arm gimbal, &c. .......
179 Ditto ditto, in Carved frame (fig. 179) ....
180 Marine Barometer, best mounted as fig. 180 .
181 Marine Barometer, best, with SYMPIESOMETER in front ;
the sympiesometer constructed and laid off with the
greatest accuracy by actual experiments, Brass gimbal,
&c. (fig. 181)
182 Board of Trade Standard or Kew Marine Barometer,
figs. 16 (seepage 11) and 182.
183 Fitz-Roy's Marine Gun Barometer, fig. 183, (see page 12).
Each
£ s. d.
Each.
£ s. d.
220 2 10 0
660
146
NEQEETTI AND ZAMBBA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG.
FIG. 186.
FIG. 187.
FIG.
184 Sympiesometers. Previous to the invention of the Aneroid
Barometer, the Sympiesometer, from its extreme sensibility and con-
venient size, was much used for Marine observations ; but owing to
its liability to be put out of adjustment in transit, it is now rarely
used except as an instrument of comparison. Being partly acted upon
by the pressure and partly by the temperature of the air, its correct
name would be a Thermo-Barometer.
Directions for using the Sympiesometer. — It should be always
carried top upwards, to prevent the air mixing with the liquid. Care
should always be taken to screen it from the heat of the sun or cabin
fire. To ascertain the atmospheric pressure by the Sympiesometer,
note first the temperature of the mercurial thermometer; secondly,
adjust the pointer of the pressure scale to the same degree of temperature on the
scale of the air column ; thirdly, read the height of the liquid on the sliding scale,
the divisions and figures representing the inches and tenths of theJBarometer scale.
Each.
185 Sympiesometer, in wood frame, with registering index
and plate glass front
186 Ditto ditto, with Hackwork Movement, large size and
best make, Oak or Rosewood Frame (fig. 186) .
187 Pocket Sympiesometer,* suitable for travelling, and
taking altitudes, or mountain service, in leather hinged
case (fig. 187)
188 Ditto ditto, in leather case with strap for Mountain
service . ....
£ s.
2 10
4 10 0
3 15 0
440
* The use of the Pocket Sympiesometer is now quite superseded by the Aneroid Barometer.
45, COENHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
147
1 FIG. 190.
FIG. 189.
FIG 192.
189 Storm Glass or Chemical Weather Glass, for prognosticating Each. Each.
changes in the weather, by sea or land, particularly
high winds, storms, or tempests (fig. 189) . . .046 056
190 Ditto ditto mounted on a Boxwood Scale, with
a Thermometer (fig. 190) . . . . 7s. 6d. 0 10 6 0 12 6
191 Ditto ditto . . plain Window Bracket . 0 12 6
192 Ditto ditto best, mounted on Window Bracket(fig. 192) 110 1 15 0
This curious instrument appears to have been invented more than a hundred
years ago. The original maker is not known; but doubtless it is an accidental
discovery of some of the old Alchemists, who were constantly experimenting with
the substances composing the solution with which it is made. It is simply a long
glass vial, nearly filled with an alcoholic solution of camphor, to which is added
crystals of nitrate of potassa and muriate of ammonia, with a small proportion of
distilled water. Air fills the upper part of the vial, the mouth of which is corked
or hermetically closed.
The various appearances presented in the liquid and crystals have been
noticed to prognosticate atmospheric changes, and rules have been deduced from
careful study and comparison of the glass and weather. Instructions for using
the Chemical Storm Glass sent with each instrument.
Admiral Fitz-Roy, in The Weather Book, writes of this instrument as follows : —
"Since 1825, we have generally had some of these glasses, as curiosities rather than otherwise; for
nothing certain could be made of their variations until lately, when it was fairly demonstrated that if fixed
undisturbed in free air, not exposed to radiation, fire, or sun, but in the ordinary light of a well- ventilated
room, preferably, or in the outer air, the chemical mixture in a so-called storm-glass varies in character with
the direction of the wind — not its force, specially (though it may so vary in appearance, only from another
cause, electrical tension)."
Some curious information connected with the Camphor Glass will be found in two
pamphlets written by Charles Tomlinson, Esq., of King's College, London, on The Move-
ments of Camphor on Water, and The Motion of Camphor towards Light. From these papers
it would appear that the changes observed in the Storm Glass are due solely to variations
of light and heat.
L 2
148
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBKA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, B.C.,
ANEEOID BAROMETERS.
FIG. 194.
FIG. 195
193
194
195
Aneroid Barometer, Metal Case about 5 inches diameter. Enamelled £
Card Dial, stout Glass front, in hinged Leather Case . . .2
Ditto ditto, with Silvered Metal Dial (fig. 194) .
Ditto ditto, with Thermometer (fig. 195)
Each.
s. d.
10 0
300
3 10 0
Flu. 196.
FIG. 199.
196
Boat Aneroid, the engraving fig. 196 represents the exact size of Negretti and
Zambra's Pocket instrument. The metal case and the covering glass is
made suitably strong for the use of Captains or Pilots of small Coasting
vessels. Price, in Stout Case, £330
45, COBNH1LL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
149
FIG. 201.
197 Ship or Yacht Aneroid Barometers in strong plain Metal or ornamentally
carved Wood mountings. Extreme convenience of size, combined with great
sensibility and reliability, have made these instruments very popular for
state cabins of Sea-going Vessels and Steam Ships.
198 Ships' Aneroids, plain Circular Bronzed Metal Mountings,
with Thermometer on the dial . . £330550 660
199 Ships' Aneroids in handsomely Carved Wood Frame with
Thermometer (fig. 199) 660 880
200 Ships' Aneroids, . . . smaller sizes £3 303 10 0 440
At pages 21 to 29 will be found a full description of the construction and use
of various forms of Aneroid Barometers.
201 Negretti & Zambra's new Fisherman's Aneroid Barometer (fig. 201).
No trouble or expense has been spared to obtain a trustworthy instru-
ment at a moderate cost. It is mounted in a stout metal case, with a
plate glass covering, the dial is of enamelled metal and 5 inches diameter.
The range of scale is 26 to 31 inches, subdivided into tenths, corresponding
with the scale of the Mercurial Barometer. Price, £1 15 0
It will be noted that at the top of the Dial is placed the word CHANGEABLE ;
to the right and left of this word is printed a condensed form of Admiral Fitz-Roy's
rules for prognosticating the coming weather.
Should the Blue Index move to the right fine weather may be anticipated ; on
the contrary, should it recede to the left, bad and stormy weather is indicated.
These movements correspond with those of the Mercurial Barometer, hence
the Aneroid, like the Mercurial Instrument, is said to be Rising, Falling, or
Steady.
201* Negretti and Zambra's Farmers' Aneroid, mounted in frames, similar to
fig. 154. £4 4s., £4 10s.
150
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 203.
FIG. 205.
FIG 204.
FIG. 202.
202 Aneroid Barometers, in Ornamental Mountings.
Since the publication of the early editions of our Illus-
trated Catalogue we have introduced the Aneroid for use
as a household Barometer, mounting it in variously
designed ornamental frames, suited either for the
Mantel Shelf or for Suspension in the Hall or Library.
Our engravings exhibit a few of the series we have had
specially designed to suit these instruments.
One very important advantage of the Aneroid
movement thus mounted is that there is very little fear
of damage in transport ; therefore these Barometers
can be safely sent abroad to places where hitherto it
has been almost impossible to send a mercurial instru-
ment with safety; for beyond careful packing (the
Aneroid does not want any screwing up or making
portable) nothing is required but to unpack the instrument and hang it up, and it
will at once be in action, and show the atmospheric pressure at the place where
suspended.
For the saloons of Sea-going Vessels and Yachts, these Aneroid Barometers
are admirably adapted, being convenently small in size, and very accurate.
New patterns are being constantly added to our stock, and we would observe
that many of our Dial . Barometer Frames can be mounted with Aneroid
Barometers instead of Mercurial Tubes.
Aneroid Barometer, as fig. 203, 5-inch dial, £5 5s. ; fig. 203, 8-inch dial, £10 10s. ;
fig. 204, 5-inch, £6 6s. ; fig. 204, 8-inch, £11 11s.; fig. 205, £5 10s.; fig. 205, with
Clock, £10 10s. ; fig. 202, £18 10s. and £22 ; fig. 206, £6 10s. ; figs. 207 and 208, £5 5s.
and £6 10s. ; fig. 209, £18 18s. ; Carved frames as figs. 158, 158°, pages 136 and 138,
£6 6s., £7 7s. and £8 8s.
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STBEET, W., LONDON. 151
FIG. 206.
FIG. 209.
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA'S DESIGNS
FOR LIBRARY, DINING-ROOM, OR HALL [ANEROID BAROMETERS.
152 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBORN TIADTJCT, E.G.,
THEEIOMETEES AND HYDEOIETERS.
AT pages 31 and 32 will be found described many important improvements in the
construction of Thermometers invented and Patented by NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA.
Also the process for Engine- dividing the Scales and Tubes, for which a Prize
Medal was awarded to NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA at the Great Exhibition of 1851
(see fig. 31) ; a second award of Two Medals in 1862, for many important im-
provements and inventions ; a Prize Medal, Santiago, Chili, 1875 ; and also a
Prize Medal for Thermometers, Philadelphia, 1876. Paris, 1878, Gold Medal;
London, 1883, Fisheries Exhibition, 2 Gold Medals, 1 Silver, 1 Bronze.
These inventions are applied to all of NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA'S instruments
enumerated in the following List, where precise accuracy is desirable.
This List will comprise Thermometers of every form and description, suited
for Domestic, Medical, Horticultural, Scientific, and Manufacturing purposes,
arranged as far as practicable in separate divisions.
Following these are arranged the various instruments used for ascertaining
the Specific Gravity of fluids, known under the general term of Hydrometers ; the
whole of the instruments found under this heading with various names showing
the same fact, viz., Specific Gravity, by differing scales, from the extremely light
and volatile ^Ethers and Paraffins to the dense and heavy Sulphuric Acid.
In the appendix to this catalogue will be found Rules for comparing the
various Thermometer and Hydrometer Scales in general use.
Many years of practical experience in the manufacture of Thermometers and
Hydrometers in every variety of shape enables NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA to guarantee
the accuracy of these instruments, as regards testing and dividing the scales ; at
the same time, careful attention is bestowed on their construction, to insure the
most improved forms combined with the greatest durability.
The following is an extract from a letter, received by Messrs. NEGRETTI AND
ZAMBRA, written by Mr. Whipple, the manager of Kew Observatory, with reference
to some Thermometers sent down by the firm for comparison.
" I believe I may again assert with confidence, that we have never yet had so large a
number of low range Thermometers pass through our hands exhibiting so high a degree of
accuracy at the melting point of mercury."
45, COENHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
isa
THEBIOMETEKS,
FIG. 221. FIG. 240. FIG. 217. FIG. 214. FIG. 213. FIG. 219. FIG. 217*.
Each.
£ a. d.
Each.
£ s. d.
210 6 or 8-inch Thermometer, Boxwood Scale ... 010
211 8 -inch ditto, with French polished scale 016
212 8-inch ditto, superior. A good reliable instrument, suited
for Dormitories, Hospital wards, Wine cellars, Stables, &c. 026
213 8-inch ditto, with Enamel tube, (fig. 213) 030
214 8 -inch ditto, with Enamel tube, the scale bevelled at
the edges, with double scales, either Fahrenheit and
Centigrade, or Fahrenheit and Reaumur (fig. 214) .036 046
215 10-inch Best Mounted Single Scale Thermometers .056 0 7 G
216 12-inch best Mounted Boxwood Scale Thermometer,
with double scales .... 10s. 6d. 12s. 6d. 0 15 0 110
217 8-inch, 10-inch, and 12-inch Negretti and Zambra's
Patent Porcelain Scale Thermometer, strongly and
neatly mounted on Oak, Very durable and suited for
outdoor exposure (figs. 217 and 217*) . . 5s. 6d. 0 7 6 0 10 6
218 Ditto ditto, with Opal Glass Scales . . /s. 6d. 0 10 6 0 12 6
HALL OR DRAWING ROOM THERMOMETERS.
219 6 or 8-inch Thermometer, elegantly engraved Ivory
Scale on Ebony Back, with German Silver Mountings
and double scales (fig. 219) .... 10s. 6d. 0 12 6 0 16 0
220 10-inch ditto with very bold figures and divisions 110
221 12-inch ditto, best mounted, extra large (fig. 221) £1 10s. 1 15 0 2 2 0
154
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 228.
FIG. 223.
224
225
226
227
Each.
£ s. d.
FIG. 226.
Each.
£ s. d.
222 10 or 12-inch Thermometers, Opal Glass Scale, with
German Silver Mountings, superior workmanship, and
elegant appearance, on Oak, Mahogany, or Ebonised
backs, with Negretti and Zambra's Patent Enamelled
Tubes, suited for Halls, Dining Rooms, Libraries, &c.
(figs. 219 and 222), the divisions and figures very
plainly marked. Spirit or Mercurial . 21s. 25s. 1 10 0 220
223 Porcelain Scale Thermometers, having extra large tubes,
with very legible scales and words (fig. 223) : —
Single Scales.
8 -inch. Tubes filled with Mercury
12
15
8
10
12
15
20
£0
0
0
Coloured Spirit .
6
7 6
9 6
0 14 6
056
066
086
0 12 6
150
Double Scales.
£076
086
0 10 6
0 16 6
066
076
096
0 14 6
1 10 0
WINDOW THERMOMETERS FOR OUT-DOOR USE.
Window Thermometers, Porcelain Scales
on
0 10 6 0 12 6
Wood Brackets
Window Thermometers, 8-inch Ivory or Glass Scales,
enclosed in glass cylinders, on Oak Brackets, with
metal tops , . . 0 12 6 0 15
10-inch ditto ditto (fig. 226) 0 18
12 -inch ditto ditto 150 1 10
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
FIG. 236.
155
FIG. 231. FIG. 238. FIG. 237. FIG. 247. FIG. 232. FIG. 235.
FIG. 230.
Each.
£ s. d.
Each.
£ s. d.
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
Window Thermometers, 10, 12, or 14-inch, Opal Glass
scales, divided by engine, and handsomely mounted on
Oak Brackets, with brass supports for fixing at any
angle (fig. 228) 21s. 1 10 0 220
PORTABLE OR POCKET THERMOMETERS.
3 or 4-inch Ivory or Metal Scale Pocket Thermometer,
in morocco leather hinged case (fig. 230)
6-inch ditto ditto (fig. 230)-
8-inch ditto ditto (fig. 231)
Oval Boxwood Pocket or Dressing Case Thermometer,
with tube and bulb sunk in the solid Wood, to prevent
breakage in travelling .... (fig. 232)
Ditto ditto larger
Oval Ivory ditto ditto
Ditto ditto larger size (fig. 235)
Negretti and Zambra's Improved Travelling
Thermometer, in Metal or Silver Case (fig. 236)
0 4
0 6
0 10
0 7
0 10
0 16
1 4
0 10 6 110
Not larger than a pencil case;
Clinical Thermometer.
237
accurately divided on its own stem. Can he arranged as a small
Negretti and Zambra's Pocket Travelling Thermometer,
German silver Revolving Case, and Ivory scale (fig. 237) 0 10 6 0 15 0
238 Ditto, ditto, .... extra large (fig. 238) 0 18 6
239 Pocket Thermometer in Slide Lid Wood Cases, with
Ivory or Metal scale (fig. 240) ... 6s. 6d. 0 10 6 0 12 6
240 Circular Pocket Thermometer with Ivory scale, in
leather hinged case, 2 inches in diameter ... 0 18 6
241 Ditto, 3 inches in diameter, with Compass in centre . 150
242 Ditto, 3 inches in Diameter, with Compass and Sun Dial
in centre . 1 10 0 1 16 0
15G
KEGEETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, B.C.,
FIG. 243.
FIG. 246.
FiG. 249.
FIG. 246*.
FIG. 248.
MANTEL OR TABLE THERMOMETERS.
Each.
£ s. d.
1 10 0
220
Each.
£ s. d.
243 Boxwood Scale Thermometer, on Boxwood Stand
(fig. 243) 076 0 10 6
244 Ivory Scale Thermometer on Ebony Stand, with glass
shade 10s. 6d. 0 12 6
245 Ditto, on Solid Ivory stand , . . . (fig. 245) 1 12 6
246 Ivory Mantel Thermometers, handsomely engine-turned,
and ornamented in numerous designs (figs. 246 &246*)
£2 10 0 3 3 0
247 Ditto, with Compass or Sun Dial at top (fig. 247) . . 1 16 0
248 Ivory Scale Mantel Thermometers, mounted on Ebony
with solid marble base (as fig. 248) 16s., 21s. 1 10 0
249 Marble Mantel Thermometer, as fig. 249, Obelisk and
various other patterns from 1 10 0
250 Ditto Ditto Serpentine Marble
550
220
1 15 0
220
£2 2s. 2 10 0 to 5 5 0
HORTICULTURAL AND BOTANICAL THERMOMETERS.
251 8-inch Botanical Thermometer, Boxwood Scale, in
japanned metal cases, range of scale 0 to 120° or 150Q
Enamel Tube 036
252 Ditto ditto ditto 10-inch 076
253 Ditto ditto 12 to 14-inch Boxwood Thermometers, do. do.
10s. 6d. 0 12 6 0 13 6
45, COENHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STEEET, W., LONDON. 157
FIG. 280*.
FIG. 291.
FIG. 282. FIG. 267.
254 8-inch Thermometers on Negretti and Zambra's
Patent Porcelain Scales, not affected by damp, &c., in
japanned metal cases
255 10-inch ditto ditto ....
256 12-inch ditto ditto .
257 14-inch ditto ditto ....
258 Hot-bed Thermometer, small size, for Mushroom Beds .
259 Hot-bed Thermometer, in plain metal mounting (fig. 259)
260 Ditto ditto in mahogany frame, encased in Brass
Cylinder
261 Ditto ditto, with Thermometer on the Door (fig. 261) .
262 Ground Thermometer, for ascertaining the temperature
of the earth (figs. 261 and 259). See also page 34
263 Delicate Thermometers, for inserting in the stems and
flowers of growing plants, divided on the stem .
BREWERS' THERMOMETERS.
264 8-inch Brewers' Thermometer, Silvered Metal scales,
in japanned metal case
265 10 -inch ditto ditto
266 12-inch ditto
267 14-inch ditto ditto (fig. 267)
268 8-inch Enamelled Tubes, in Copper Cases
269 10-inch ditto ditto
270 12 -inch ditto ditto ....
271 14-inch ditto ditto
Each.
£ s. d.
FIG. 280.
Each.
£ s. d.
0 5
0 7
0 10
0 12
0 10
0 12
150
0 10 0
1 10 0
1 10 0
0 15 0
0 10 6
036
0 '4 6
066
0 10 0
056
066
0 10 0
0 12 0
158
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.C.,
Q
FIG. 261. FIG. 269.
FIG. 289. FIG. 296.
FIG. 305.
FIG. 298. FIG. 300. FIG. 286.
271* 8-incli Brewers' Thermometer, PORCELAIN SCALES,
Each
£ s. d.
Each
£ s.
d.
m
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
0 5
0 7
0 10
0 12
0 7
0 8
0 12
0 14
Negretti and Zambra's Patent, range of scale, 212
japanned metal cases as fig. 267
10-inch ditto ditto
12-inch ditto ditto
14-inch ditto ditto
8-inch ditto Brewers' Thermometers, Patent Porcelain
Scales, in Copper Cases (fig. 267)
10-inch ditto ditto
12-inch ditto ditto
14-inch ditto ditto
Best Mounted Brewers' Thermometer, extra stont scales
and Scoop shape, rivetted case, as fig. 280 .
Brewers' Thermometers, Best Mounted with
Blind Scales, in Stout Copper cases (figs. 280 and 280*)
Ditto ditto lettered instead of figured
Brewers' Standard Reference Thermometers (fig. 282) .
Stout Rivetted Copper Cases at a slight advance on above.
Gyle Tun Thermometers, according to length, strong Wood
mountings with N. and Z.'s Patent Porcelain Scales and enamelled tubes.
3ft., 36s. ; 4ft., 42s. ; 5ft., 50s. ; 6ft., 60s.
0 12 6 0 16 0
110
0 18
0 18
2 2
45, COBNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STEEET, W., LONDON. 159
Each. Each.
£ s. d. £ s. d.
284 Vatting Thermometers, Metal Scale and Wood mountings,
3 feet stem ... 1 10 0
285 Ditto, ditto 4 feet do. 1 16 0
286 Mash Tun Thermometers, Patent Porcelain Scales in
strong Metal mountings (fig. 286) 3ft., 45s. ; 5ft., 50s. ;
287 Saccharometer Thermometer with expansion scale,
enamelled tube on stout Metal Mounting ... 0 12 6
288 Brewery Yard Thermometers Registering heat and cold.
See Nos. 287 to 288 0 15 0 to 2 10 0
£89 Malt Kiln Thermometer, stout Oak mount and Brass
fittings (fig. 289+) . • 0 10 6 0 12 6
BATH THERMOMETERS.
BATH THERMOMETERS, WITH SILVERED METAL, OR NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA'S
PATENT PORCELAIN SCALES, IN JAPANNED METAL, OR COPPER CASES, SAME
PRICE AND FORM AS BREWERS' THERMOMETERS. PAGE 157.
290 Floating Bath Thermometers, for keeping constantly in
water (fig. 290) 076
291 Improved form of ditto ditto, with Porcelain Scale'(fig. 291) 0 15 0
292 Bath Thermometer (fig. 292) Porcelain Scale in strong
Wood mounting) 0 12 6
293 Daury Thermometers, with Ivory and Boxwood Mountings 086
294 Dairy Thermometer N. and Z.'s Patent Porcelain Scales
with Silver Mountings 0 12 6 0 15 0
295 Ditto ditto in Isolated G-lass Tube 3s. 6d. 0 5 6 076
The Isolated Thermometers are made entirely !of glass, and moderate in
price ; they are easily cleaned, and eminently adapted for common dairy,
nursery, or culinary purposes.
CHEMICAL AND SURGICAL THERMOMETERS.
296 Chemical Thermometers with Plain Boxwood Scale,
graduated to 300°, the bulb projecting below the scale
(fig. 296) 056
297 Ditto, with Brass hinge jointed Boxwood scale, to 300° . 086
298 Ditto, superior enamel tube, and French polished, 600°
(fig. 298) 0 12 6
299 Chemical Thermometer, graduated on stem for inserting
in the tubulure of Retorts, to 400° .... 056
300 Ditto ditto to 600° (fig. 300) 076
301 Ditto, best make Enamelled tube, and engine divided . 0 10 6
302 Ditto ditto, very finely divided to half degrees and tenths 0 15 0 110
303 Standard Thermometers (fig. 282) see page 32 .. 220
304 Thermometers Isolated hi Glass Cylinders, for Acids
or Corrosive liquids 40° to 300° 056
305 Ditto, ditto 40° to 600° (fig. 305) 076
306 Thermometers of extreme delicacy, various forms, for
Physical investigation 0 10 6 0 15 0
307 Ditto, Negretti and Zambra's patent Self-registering
ditto 0106 110
160
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA'S
IMPROVED PATENT CLINICAL THERMOMETERS.
FIG. l.
FIG. 2.
308 THE importance of ascertaining and watching carefully the variations of tem-
perature in disease is now daily becoming more apparent. Hitherto one of the great
drawbacks to the general use of Thermometers by Medical Men has been the fact
that sufficiently portable and reliable instruments have not been obtainable, the
bubble of air used in Aitken's Thermometer being frequently found to be shaken
out, and the instrument disabled, when its use has been most urgently needed.
This difficulty is now overcome in the Clinical Thermometers invented and
manufactured by Messrs. Fegretti & Zambra ; — they are, in fact, a portable form
of NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA'S PATENT STANDARD MAXIMUM THERMOMETERS,
universally adopted in all parts of the world. The important advantage of this
Clinical Thermometer is the Indestructible Index — nothing except breakage dis-
turbing the reliabilty and accuracy of its indications — for the Column of Mercury
itself forms the index (without any intervening air-bubble or needle) — simply
shaking down the mercury below the divisions on the tube after use at once adjusts
the Thermometer ready for future observation. Thus the Practitioner may now
with the greatest confidence and convenience carry about with him a valuable aid
in Physical Diagnosis, without any fear whatever of his Thermometer failing at a
critical moment, — all other Clinical Thermometers being subject to the defect of
having their Indices shaken down into the bulb by concussion in carrying about,
and thus rendered useless.
DIRECTIONS FOR USING NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA'S PATENT CLINICAL THERMOMETERS. —
Holding the instrument firmly, with a rapid swing of the hand and arm shake or jerk down
the column of mercury until it sinks below the line of divisions on the stem of the Ther-
mometer, as shown in Fig. 1, at 90°. The instrument is now ready for use, and being
applied to the body of the patient for a sufficient time, will indicate the maximum tempe-
rature by the position of the top of mercury in the tube, as seen in Fig. 2. It is not
requisite that this Thermometer be read off whilst in contact with the body of the patient,
for it may be removed and laid aside until a convenient opportunity occurs for noting its
indication. These Thermometers are divided to Fahrenheit's scale, each degree being
subdivided into fifths, or by the Centigrade scale, sub-divided into tenths.
5, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
161
FIG. 309.
GENERAL REMARKS.
I. The index must be set before commencing to take an observation.
[N.B. — The index is a portion of mercury detached from THE COLUMN IN THE STEM
OF THE INSTRUMENT.]
. 1. After the index has thus been set, the bulb of the instrument may then be applied
to the axilla, or any part which is completely covered ; and, being retained in close apposition
with the surrounding soft parts for a period of not less than three minutes, the instrument
is to be carefully and gently removed, when the top of the index — i.e., the end furthest from
the bulb — will denote the maximum temperature during the period the instrument has been
in perfect contact with the patient.
II. THE OBSERVATIONS ought to be continuous daily, and regularly taken at the same
hour every day throughout the whole period of sickness. The most useful periods for
observation are — 1. Between 7 and 9 o'clock in the morning ; 2. At noon; 3. Between 5
and 7 o'clock in the evening ; 4. At midnight.
III. In all observations of temperature, the Pulse and the Respirations should be noted
at the same time.
The normal temperature of the human body, at complete sheltered parts of its surface,
amounts to 98'5° Fahr., or a few tenths more or less; and a rising above 99'5° Fahr., or a
depression below 97*3° Fahr., are sure signs of some kind of disease, if suck increase or
depression is persistent.
The average temperature of the trunk of the body in the Tropics is nearly one degree
higher than in temperate regions.
The increase of temperature above 99° Fahr., as measured by the Thermometer, is the
best index of the amount of fever present in any disease.
The temperature of the body in disease is much more readily and rapidly influenced
than either the pulse or the respiration.
The co-relation of the pulse, respiration and temperature, is of the utmost importance
to be known in many diseases. For example, in Pneumonia, if the mean of the temperature
is not above 104° Fahr., and that of the pulse is not above 120 in a minute, and the mean of
the respirations not over 40 in the same time, the case must be considered a slight one ; and
if the patient is otherwise healthy he will surely begin to get well in from 8 to 10 days,
without any medical treatment beyond attention to diet and rest.
Each disease which runs a definite course (e.g., scarlet fever, measles, small-pox, typhus
fever, typhoid fever, rheumatism, avute phthisis, and the like,) has a characteristic and dis-
tinctive range of temperature.
FIG. 309*.
Printed instructions for use given with the Clinical Thermometers, and further par-
ticulars of their practical application may be found in " Aitken's Science and Practice
of Medicine"
162
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBBA, HOLBOEN VIADTJCT, E.G.,
FIG. 310*.
PRICES OF NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA'S CLINICAL THERMOMETERS.
310 Clinical Thermometers, of large size for Hospital use,
in Mahogany case
Clinical Thermometer, 4, 5, 'or 6-in., long, straight,
self -registering, in pocket case as figs. 1 and 2 .
Ditto ditto, with Magnifying Index
Sterling Silver Case for ditto extra (fig. 310*) ....
German Silver Case for ditto ,, . . . . .
Clinical Thermometer, curved, in hinged leather case
Pair of Clinical Thermometers, 1 straight and 1 curved, in
hinged leather case (fig. 309)
Kew Certificate of Clinical Thermometer, extra
Each.
£ s. d.
076
Each.
£ s. <}
150
0 7
0 10
0- 5
0 1
0 10
Clinical Thermometers with Centigrade Scales at same prices as above list.
311
312
0 12 6
FIG. 312.
Veterinary or Cattle Plague Thermometers, large and
strongly mounted, in stout Pocket Case
Ditto, ditto, in ditto, with Metal Protecting Sheath
(fig. 312) 0 14
These Thermometers are a large form of Negretti & Zambra's Clinical
instruments, and are identical in their construction and use.
Disinfecting Thermometers ; see Special Thermometer Section.
HONORARY AWARDS TO NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA.
1851. Prize Medal for Meteorological Instruments, London. 1855. " Honourable Mention." — Paris Exhibition,
The " Austrian Gold Medal." 1862. Two Prize Medals, London. 1875. A Prize Medal.— Santiago, Chili.
1876. Three Prize Medals,— Philadelphia. 1878. A Gold Medal, Paris. The only Gold Medal awarded for
Meteorological Instruments in the British Section.
1881. Silver Medal, Norwich. 1882. Silver Medal, Edinburgh. 1883. 2 Gold Medals, 1 Silver, 1 Bronze,
Eoyal International Fisheries Exhibition, London.
1883. A Gold Medal, Buitenzorg, Batavia, Java. 1884. International Health Exhibition, London,
3 awards and Gold .Medal.
SELF-REGISTERING THERMOMETERS FOB HEAT
313 Rutherford's Maximum Thermometer, on Boxwood or
Metal scale, with Steel or Graphite index 056
314 Phillip's Maximum Thermometer, on Boxwood Scale,
with Air Index . *
315 Ditto ditto, on Negretti and Zambra's Patent
Porcelain or Metal Scale
076 0 10 6
0 10 6
0 12 6
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, KEGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 163
o fl ',,,,,',, • ,'„„„•„ ,' ,„ ' '„ ,.', „„•„ .„',„,.',,,,• ,',„,' , i •
' 1 '"' ' ' J ----- L^»-'1 '' ' "-^-l'".i'"'''""1"1"" Tiirnuiriiiii7^^^^
Jik • to o ID 70 so 40 so 60 70 eo 30 loo "no" iio iso
« PATENT
FIG. 317.
Each. Each.
£ s. d. £ s. d.
316 Negretti and Zambia's Patent Maximum
Thermometer,* on Boxwood Scale .... 0 10 6
Ditto ditto, Patent Solid Porcelain Scale . 0 10 fi
Ditto ditto, Patent Porcelain, or Zinc Scale in
Japanned Metal Case 0 10 6
317 Ditto, ditto, on Negretti and Zambra's Metal Scales
with Oak mounting, (fig. 317) 0 12 6
SELF-REGISTERING THERMOMETERS FOR COLD.
o 10 20 30 ^0 50 60 70 30 J?0 100 110 /20
^16^ ^g^
LONL'ON ^ e PATENT
FIG. 322.
318 Minimum Thermometer, Rutherford's, on Boxwood or
Metal Scale 3s. 6d. 0 5 6 076
319 Ditto, ditto, superior mountings 0 10 6
320 Ditto, on Negretti and Zambra's Patent Solid Porcelain
Scale 0 10 (y
321 Minimum Thermometer, mounted on Negretti and
Zambra's Patent Porcelain or Zinc Scale in
a Japanned metal Case ....... 0 10 6
322 Ditto ditto, on Metal Scales with Oak mounting
(fig. 322) 0 12 6
323 Negretti and Zambra's Vertical Minimum Thermometer,
a most convenient Window instrument for exhibiting
Present and Lowest temperature 0 12 6 0 15 0
* This Instrument is the only Maximum Thermometer that can be recommended, as unless it he broken
it cannot be put out of adjustment ; all others are liable to become defective in transit. It is fully described
under the head of Standard Maxima Thermometers, pages 36 and 38, and at page 45 will be found
particulars of the construction and use of Minima Thermometers.
11 2
164
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOKN VIADUCT, E.G.,
324
FIG. 324.
NEGRETT1 AND ZAMBRA'S CELEBRATED
HORTICULTURAL SELF-REGISTERING THERMOMETER.
For determining the greatest cold during the night or absence of the observer-
This instrument is a Spirit Minimum Thermometer, similar in construction to No
53, page 45. The lowest temperature being recorded by a black glass index floating
in the spirit. The scale is made of stout zinc, enclosing the tube ; the figures and
divisions being boldly marked for quickly and easily reading the indications.
(fig. 324) Price, 3s. 6d.
Strongly recommended in all the leading Horticultural Journals as the cheapest and best registering
thermometer of the kind for garden purposes.
Many hundreds of grosses of these registering thermometers have been sold,
giving universal satisfaction. Instructions for use given with each instrument.
SELF-REGISTERING- THERMOMETERS FOR HEAT AND COLD.
One of the most elegant and ingenious Registering Thermometers is that
invented many years back by James Six, Esq., of Canterbury.* It records the
highest and lowest temperature (or heat and cold, as it is commonly termed) during
any given period of time in an exceedingly simple and convenient manner, and also
at any moment showing present temperature.
325 NEGRETT1 & ZAMBRA'S IMPROVED SIX'S SELF-REGISTERING
THERMOMETER FOR HEAT AND COLD.
Consists of a long cylindrical bulb united to a smaller tube of more than twice its
length, bent round each side of it in the form of a syphon, and ter-
minating in a small pear-shaped bulb, as shown in the engraving (fig.
325). The lower portion of the bent tube is filled with Mercury ; and
the long bulb, the upper parts of the tube, and part of the small bulb,
with highly-rectified Alcohol. In the tubes will be found two steel needles
or indices, terminated at top and bottom with a bead of glass, to enable
them to move with the least possible friction. These needles would,
from their weight, rest upon the mercury ; but each has a fine hair tied
to its upper extremity and bent against the interior of the tube, acting
as a spring with sufficient elasticity to keep the index supported in the
spirit at any point to which they may be raised in the tube by the
mercury.
The instrument acts as follows : — A rise of temperature causes the
spirit in the long bulb to expand, and pressing the mercury down the
left-hand tube causes it to rise in the opposite one, raising the index
with it until the highest temperature is attained. The lower end of the
index then indicates upon the engraved scale the Maximum temperature.
As the temperature falls, the spirit and the mercury contract, and in
returning towards the long bulb the opposite index is carried up by
the mercury until the lowest temperature occurs, where it is left
indicating upon the scale the Minimum temperature.
FIG. 325.
* See " Philosophical Transactions " for the years 1782 and 1790. By some writers the name is spelt
Size, and of Colchester.
45, COENHILL, E.G., AND 122, KEGENT STKEET, W., LONDON. 165
The scale on the right hand is an ascending one, and on the left descending,
as will be seen in our engraving (fig. 336). The thermometer is set for observation
by drawing the indices down to the surface of the mercury by a small magnet, which
attracts the steel through the glass, so that it is easily moved up or down. They
should be drawn nearly to the top of the tubes when it is desired to remove the
instrument, which should be carefully carried in the vertical position ; for should
it be inverted, or laid flat, it may become put out of order. For transmission by
ordinary conveyances, it requires that attention be given to keep it vertical. Six's
Registering Thermometers should be always hung strictly in the shade.
These Thermometers, when carefully made and adjusted to a standard
thermometer, are recommended as very convenient for ordinary purposes, where
strict scientific accuracy is not required.
FIG. 333.
FIG. 331.
FIG. 335.
FIG. 336.
326 Six's Registering Thermometer, 8-inch Boxwood Scale, £Esachd
plain tube ....
327 Ditto ditto, enamelled tube . ! !
328 Ditto ditto, with bevelled edges .
329 Ditto with 8-inch Zinc or Boxwood scale, in
Japanned Metal case .
330 Ditto ditto, 10-inch .'.!".
331 Ditto ditto, 12-inch, Porcelain Scale (fig. 331)
332 Six's Registering Thermometers, with Opal Glass
scales, in japanned Metal cases (figs. 331 and 336)
12s. 6d., 21s. 1
Copper cases, 3s. extra.
Each.
£ s. d.
076
086
0 10 6
0 10
0 15
1 1
10 0 22
166
NEGEETTE AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN YJADUCT, E.G.,
333
334
335
336
Each.
& s. d.
Each.
£ s. d.
340
341
Six's Registering Thermometers, with Opal Glass Scale,
and the divisions and figures enamelled and burnt in,
mounted on Oak and other woods, suited for Halls,
Libraries, Dining rooms, &c. (fig. 333) 15s., 21s. 1 10 0 220
Six's Thermometers, with NEGRETTI AND ZAMBIA'S
Patent Bulbs 25s.
Six's Registering Thermometers, Opal Glass scales,
fitted on Bronzed Metal brackets and Oak or
Mahogany board for suspending outside a window,
(fig. 335) 25s.
Six's Thermometers with extra large size Patent
Porcelain or Opal Glass Scale, and very legible figures
and divisions (fig. 336) and Various Mountings .
1 10 0 250
330
330 3 10 0
FIG. 337.
337 Negretti and Zambra's small size Patent Maximum and Minimum
Thermometer. The Tubes divided on the Stem, arranged in a mahogany
case, suited for travellers to whom bulk and weight is an object (fig. 337)
Pocket-size ...220
338 Ditto ditto, larger Standard size, see also page 51 . . . 2 10 0
FIG. 339.
339 Day and Night Registering Thermometer, Rutherford's,*
on a Boxwood scale, with a Magnet (fig. 339)
0 15 0 1 10 0
too no m wo sn sc 70 to so 40
FIG. 340.
Day and Night Registering Thermometer, with Cylinder Bulbs and enamel
tubes of large internal diameter. The Maximum Thermometer, Negretti
and Zambra's Patent arrangement, and each tube mounted on a separate
scale, but joined together with a screw in order that the Thermometers
can be used either combined or alone (fig. 340) . . . .220
Negretti and Zambra's large sized Maximum and Minimum Sea Coast
Registering Thermometers, with Porcelain Scales, as constructed for
Admiral Fitz-Boy ......... each 220
FOR STANDARD SELF-REGISTERING THERMOMETERS, seepages 31 to 51.
* This Thermometer is very liable to get out of order, hence it is now but seldom used.
45, COKNHILL, E.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
167
, FIG. 372. FIG. 379*. FIG. 362. FIG. 367. FIG. 364. FIG. 348. FIG. 347.
THERMOMETERS FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES.
„ , . , Each. Each.
342 Oven Thermometers for high temperatures, on heavy £ B. d. £ B. d.
Cast Iron Stand to equalise the acquired temperature,
range of scale about 50° to 300P Fah 0 14 0 160
343 Ditto, Negretti and Zambra's Patent self -registering .110 1 10 0
342* Pit Thermometers, (Mining) Strongly mounted . .026 0 12 0
343* Dairy Thermometers, with Ivory mountings, various
344 Beehive Thermometers. See No. 235. Boxwood .
345 Soap Boilers' Thermometers
346 Dentists' Thermometers, for Vulcanising process 7s. 6d. 0 12 6
347 Sugar-boiling Thermometer, 3 to 4 feet long, graduated
to 300°, strongly mounted .... (fig. 347) 1 12 0
348 Sugar-boiling Thermometer, 14-inch stout metal scales,
divided from 300°F. to 600°F. in stout rivetted Copper
Cases (fig. 348)
349 Confectioners' Thermometers, isolated Glass Tubes,
to 212°F
350 Chemical Manufacturers' Thermometers, suited for Acid
or Corrosive liquids, or general Laboratory use. See
page 159, 300° to 600° ... ...
See Nos. 293 to 295.
076 0 10 6
0 10 6
150
220
0 16 0
036 076
0 10 6
168 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOBN VIADUCT, E.G.,
Each. Each.
£ s. d. £ s. d.
351 Confectioners' Sugar-boiling Thermometers, in Round
Brass Cases, strongly mounted, range of scale 400°F.
to 600°F 0 10 6
352 Vinegar Makers' Thermometers, various . . .036 056
353 Ditto ditto without any Metal mountings, as fig. 292 . 0 10 6 0 15 0
354 Varnish Makers' Thermometers, with strong Metal
mountings, 3 feet long, form as fig. 347 . 1 16 0 2 2 0 2 10 0
355 Hay Stack Thermometers, or "Rick" Temperature
Tester, 7 to 8 feet long, strong Iron Mounting, with
N. and Z's. Patent Registering Thermometer . 1 10 0
Extra Thermometer for ditto 0 12 6
356 Boiling Point Thermometers, for determining heights
by observing the Boiling point of water. See page 93 1 10 0
357 Alarm or Valve-regulating Thermometers, mounted on
a Mahogany board or Brass stand . . . from 220
358 Thermostat or Metallic Thermometer, for similar purposes as
above, an arrangement of Metallic bars of different metals made to order.
359 Leslie's Differential Thermometers, for delicate experi-
ments on Radiant Heat, &c. (See page 187) . . . 1 10 0 220
360 Air Thermometers for ditto ditto . . . . 0 15 0 110
Boyle's arrangement, one of the earliest forms of Thermometer used.
361 Still Thermometers of various lengths and mountings
figs. 379 and 347 made to order.
362 Steam Pressure Thermometers (or Thermo-Pressure
Gauge), in strong Brass case (fig. 362) . . . .150 1 15 0
363 Ditto ditto with Hinged Door and plug for closing the
boiler when the Thermometer is not in use (fig. 367) . 220
364 Hot Water Thermometers, for low pressures, small size
(fig. 364) for attaching to Hot Water Warming
apparatus, &c 0 18 0 140
365 Cooking or Culinary Thermometers, of various forms,
see also 342 343 and 348 10s. 6d. 0 12 6 110
366 Fryometer, as used at the National Training School of
Cookery, South Kensington. Copper Mountings . 0 16 6
367 Vacuum Pan Thermometers, stout Brass mounting with
hinged or Revolving Door, as fig. 367 . . . .220 2 10 0
368 Hot Air Thermometers, for Turkish Baths, various
forms 16s. 110150 1160
369 Upcast Shaft Thermometers, Self-Registering, from 50°
to 600° enclosed in round Copper Case , 1 12 0
370 Ditto ditto, or Hot Blast Thermometer, for High
temperatures in furnace shafts (fig. 372) ... 1 10 0
371 Registering Air Shaft Thermometers, Negretti and
Zambra's Improved, for ditto ditto See page 170 . 220
372 Super Heated Steam Thermometers, with Patent
Porcelain Scales, in strong japanned Iron mountings
(fig. 372) 1 10 0
373 Ditto ditto ditto smaller size. 150
374 Super Heated Steam Thermometers, with Brass
mountings, as figs. 362 and 367 220 2 10 0
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 169
Each. Each.
£ s. d. £ s. d.
377 Oil Testing Thermometers, for testing the Heat of
Bearings, the Lubricating quality of Oils, &c., made
to Order and Drawings.
378 Thermometers for Hot Rollers, ditto ditto
379 Salinometer Thermometer. See Salinometer . 066
378* Stout Copper Trial Pots for ditto, with division . 086
379* Disinf ecting Thermometers, for Hospital, Workhouse, or
Mortuary use, simple form, (fig 379°) . . . 16s. 150 1 16 0
380 Ditto ditto, Bent form, of any length of Tube or Scale
to special Order and drawings.
381 Reference Standard Thermometers. See page 158, fig. 282,
and page 32 . . . . . . . from 220
382 Hydrometer Thermometer, with Ivory Scale . 076
383 Saccharometer Thermometer, with Expansion Scale on
Silvered Metal (fig. 348) ...... 0 14 0
384 Incubating Thermometers, Low range on long Metal Scale 98° to 100° 036
385 Ditto ditto, High range, Short Metal Scale 190° to 210° . .036
386 Ditto ditto, Low range divided on the Stem 90° to 130° . .026
387 Ditto ditto, High range divided on the Stem 150° to 220° .036
388 Ditto ditto, 8-inch Metal Scale Thermometer, in japanned case 026
389 Ditto ditto, 10-inch ditto ditto, without case . . .036
390 Ditto ditto, Small Bent Tube in Metal Mounting . . .046
391 Incubating Thermometers, extra sensitive, for Experimental purposes.
Made to order.
392 Thermometers, Extreme Low range, for Refrigerating Chambers, ditto ditto.
391* Petroleum Testing Thermometers (fig. 391*) 0 10 6
393 The Elaeometer, for testing Olive oil or Oil of Almonds. The O at the bottom
of the scale is the point at which this instrument floats in Pure Oil of Poppy Seeds.
The point at which it floats in Pure Olive Oil is made the 50th degree, and the
space between these two points is divided into 50 equal parts and numbered
accordingly. It floats at 38 or 38|Q in Pure Oil of Almonds. Price, 5s. 6d.
394 COMPARISON OF THERMOMETER SCALES.
Fahrenheit. Centigrade. Eeaumur.
4-212° +100°'0 + 80°'0
100' 37-8 30-2
50' 10- 8-0
32- 0-0 0-0
-i-10- -12-2 -9-8
0- -17-8 -14-2
-10- -23-3 -18-6
-20- -28-9 -23-1
-50- -45-5 -36-4
-70- -56-6 -45-3
Value of one degree of these Scales.
1° Fahrenheit = £ Centigrade = % Reaumur
1° Centigrade = 1-8 Fahrenheit = 0'8 Reaumur
1° Reaumur = 2-25 Fahrenheit = 1-25 Centigrade
Elementary Meteorology, B. H. SCOTT, F.R.S.
170
KEGRBTTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN" VIADUCT,, E.C.,
FIG 395. FIG-. 395. FIG. 396.
395 Paraffin Testing Apparatus, with Thermometer and Spirit Lamp £ B. a.
(fig. 395) 0 15 6
Fig. 395 shows a simple Apparatus for testing Petroleum to ascertain the
temperature at which it gives off inflammable vapour. It consists of a sheet-iron
vessel to hold the Petroleum to be tested ; this is placed in an outer vessel to hold
water (somewhat in the manner of an ordinary gluepot) with a metal support, so
arranged that the water can be gradually heated by a Spirit {Lamp, and the
temperature of the Petroleum conveniently observed by a reliable Thermometer.
396 Petroleum Testing Apparatus, for testing the Flashing Point of Illuminating
Oils. Sir Frederick' Abel's Government Pattern, as supplied to the
Government Inspectors under the Petroleum Act, 1879.
Complete in Box, for use with Oil or Gas only (fig. 396) 6 10 0
Do. do., arranged for use with either Oil or Gas . 7 10 0
Including Verification at Standard Department.
An Act to continue and amend the Petroleum Act, 1871. [August llth, 1879.]
1. This Act may be cited as the Petroleum Act, 1879.
This Act shall be construed as one with the Petroleum, 1871, and together with that
Act may be cited as the Petroleum Acts, 1871 and 1879.
2. Whereas by the Petroleum Act, 1871, it is enacted that the term " petroleum to
which this Act applies " means such of the petroleum denned by that Act as, when tested
in manner set forth in Schedule One to the Act, gives off an inflammable vapour at a
temperature of less than one hundred degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer, and it is
expedient to alter the said test : Be it therefore enacted that —
In the Petroleum Act, 1871, the term " petroleum to which the Act applies " shall mean
such of the petroleum defined by section three of that Act as, when tested in manner set
forth in Schedule One to this Act, gives off an inflammable vapour at a temperature of
less than seventy-three degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer.
Every reference in the Petroleum Act, 1871, to Schedule One to that Act shall be
construed to refer to Schedule One to this Act.
Petroleum Act of 1879 giving description of the above Apparatus and instructions
for using it, price per post, 6d.
45, COENHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
171
FIG. 398.
FIG. 399.
FIG. 400*.
FIG. 400. FIG. 402.
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA'S
PATENT SELF-REGISTERING MAXIMUM THERMOMETER
For ascertaining Underground Temperature, the Temperature of Mines, Thermal
or Boiling Springs, Air Shafts, Atmospheric Temperature, &c., &c.
397 The above engravings represent various forms of Negretti and Zambia's
Patent Self-Registering Thermometers, each adapted to a special purpose ; these
can be made available in many other ways not here specified. The principle on
which these instruments is constructed, and the ^manner of using them, are fully
set forth on pages 42 and 43.
Particular instructions are supplied with each Thermometer.
Fig. 398 represents a Brewer's or Drying Room Self-Registering Thermometer,
by which accurate temperatures may be ascertained in positions inconvenient
of access, or where Steam, Heat, or Darkness render the true readings of an
ordinary Brewer's Thermometer almost impossible to be obtained.
Price in Stout Copper Case, £110
Fig. 399 shows another form of the Thermometer divided on its stem,
arranged in a Glass Sheath mounted on a Mahogany Board or Metal Plate,
for ascertaining temperatures in Hot Air or Drying Chambers, Baths,
Ovens, &c., &c., serving as a check on temperatures during absence ; or, as
described pages.43 and 46, as a Marine Atmospheric Maximum Thermometer.
Price, £110
398
399
172 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, B.C.,
400 Fig. 400 and fig. 400* are other arrangements of this Thermometer, made by
Negretti and Zambra under special instructions from Professor Everett, for
the Committee of the British Association on Underground Temperatures,
401 Fig. 401 is the Thermometer, enclosed in a Glass Tube or Sheath, fitting into
a hinged Copper Protecting Case ("Well Thermometer), as seen in fig. 400*.
Price, £1 10 0
402 Fig. 402 is a Thermometer of very Slow Action for taking direct Earth
Temperatures, The bulb of this Thermometer is shown in its Glass Sheath
surrounded by a good non-conducting substance as suggested by Professor
Everett. The Thermometer being lowered down to the desired depth by a
cord, is allowed to remain a considerable time in the earth so as to attain
the existing Temperature. It is then withdrawn quickly, and the reading
noted, the non-conductor around the Bulb preventing any rapid change
taking place for a sufficient time to ensure accuracy. Price, £0 18 6
See also pages 35 and 43.
The Range of Scale of these Maximum Thermometers can be varied to suit the
requirements of the experiments to be carried out.
At the meeting of the British Association in 1872 (Brighton), Prof. Phillips when speaking on the
subject of the use of his own form of Thermometer for ascertaining underground temperatures, said>
" There would be difficulty in using such instruments where the light was bad, and he thought the
instrument exhibited by Prot'. Everett (Negretti's Vertical Thermometer; was better adapted to the
purposes of the Committee."
Beneath the surface of the Earth the Temperature increases at the rate of 1°
Fah. for every sixty feet. Another authority states it 1° Fah. for every forty-nine
feet. The temperature for the first sixty feet is influenced by the Seasons.
In deep caverns, the effect of the great heat of summer has been only felt at
mid-winter, and vice-versa, the cold of winter only reaches them at mid-summer.
The subjoined list of Temperatures compiled from various reliable authorities
is inserted as well illustrating the above observations.
Artesian Well, Hanwell, 290 ft. deep, 55 9.
Grotto del Cane, Italy. 68°.
Earth Yokutsk, 50 ft. deep, 18°.
Hecla Earth at Summit, 153°.
Geyser Springs, Iceland, 179°.
Thermal Spring, Tajurah and Shoa, 152°.
Thermal Spring, Island of Lucon, 174°.
Volcanic Mud, Jorullo, South America, 203°.
Ournastok Spring, Greenland, 103°.
Comagillas, Mexican Springs, 205°.
Eaux Bonnes, Pyrenees, 89°.
Aix-la-Chapelle Spring,
Maximum Temperature. 180°.
Aix-la-Chapelle Spring, Spa, 143°.
Baden Baden Springs,
Maximum Temperature, 157°.
Bagneres-de-Bigore Spring, 123°.
Mariana Springs, South America, 138°.
Wiesbaden Spa, 149°.
San Germano Bath, Naples, 181°.
Buxton Spring, 82°.
Matlock Spring, 66°.
Bristol Spa, 66°.
King's Bath, Bath, 114°.
Hot Pump, Bath, 116Q.
Bath Springs, Maximum Temperature 117°.
supposed depth, 3,350 ft.
Monkwearmouth Mine, 1,500 ft. deep, 72°.
Consol Mine, Cornwall, 1,740 ft. deep, 93°.
Cumberland Coal Mine, 600 ft. deep, 66°.
Salt Mine, Cracow, 730ft. deep, 509.
Guanaxato Mines, 1,700 ft. deep, 999.
On page 48 of Mr. Scott's Book on Elementary Meteorology will be found a Chronoisothermal Diagram
representing the Monthly Mean Temperature at Greenwich for every hour of the day through the range of
years 1849 to 1868. " This diagram was devised by M. Leon Lalanne— it exhibits many most interesting
facts in connection with the climate of London, amongst others, that the highest mean temperature (70)
only occurs in the latter part of July and between one o'clock and half-past three p.m., and the lowest
mean temperature (38) is observed during the night-time from about January 5th, to March 20th.
Also it will be seen that the coldest time in summer is from three to five in the morning, while in
winter there is not much change between four in the afternoon and eleven in the morning. It will be also
noticed how much colder the Spring equinox is than the Autumnal, for on April 1st the temperature
ranges from 40° to 50° F., while on October 1st the range is from 50° to 61° F."
t Prof. Everett, D.L.C., of Belfast.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
173
MARINE THERMOMETERS.
403
404
405
406
FIG, 407.
FIG. 408.
FIG. 404.
FIG. 406.
SELF-REGISTERING THERMOMETERS,
ADAPTED FOR DEEP SEA SOUNDINGS.
Board of Trade Marine Thermometer, the scale divided on its stem,
Each.
and mounted on Negretti and Zambra's PATENT PORCELAIN SCALES, £ s. d.
in japanned Metal Case 0 10 6
ditto in COPPER CASE (fig. 404) 0 12 6
1 10 0
Board of Trade Marine Thermometer, in round Copper case . . 1 10
Johnson's Registering Metallic Marine Thermometer. The indications are
obtained by the varying expansion of brass and steel bars acting upon an
index on the principle of the Thermostat (fig. 401) . . . 550
For description see N. and Z.'s Treatise on Meteorological Instruments.
407 Deep Sea Sounding Thermometers, Self-Registering, the original double tube
principle, as invented by Negretti and Zambra, specially constructed for
and supplied to the Board of Trade and Admiralty (fig. 407). Warranted
to stand a pressure of 450 atmospheres 2 10 0
Many have been the contrivances for obtaining correct deep sea indications. Thermometers and
machines of various sorts have been suggested, adopted, and eventually abandoned as only approximate
instruments. The principal reason for such instruments failing to give correct or reliable indications has
been that the weight or pressure at great depths has interfered with the correct reading of the Instrument.
Thermometers have been enclosed in strong, water-tight cases to resist the pressure ; but this contrivance
has only had the tendency to retard the action, so much as to throw a doubt on the indications obtained
by the instrument so constructed.
408 Negretti and Zambra's Small Deep Sea Sounding Thermometer, Dr. Miller's
pattern in Copper Case (as fig. 403). Price £2 10s. £3 3e.
The Deep Sea Sounding Thermometers (Nos. 406, 407 and 408) having all been
found defective in their indications, their use is not recommended for reasons
stated in pages 60 to 70.
174
NEGBETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 414. FIG. 415.
STEAM PRESSURE GAUGES.
FIG. 414*.
409 The almost daily occurrence of frightful accidents from the explosion of
steam boilers calls for the utmost vigilance and care from owners and employers of
steam power. One of the most important precautions is that of having accurate and
reliable gauges. Too much stress cannot be laid upon this point, for if, from motives
of false economy, cheap and carelessly made gauges are used, their indications can
never be depended upon, and their use may lead to fatal and costly results. It has fre-
quently come under the notice of Messrs. Negretti and Zambra that Steam Gauges
have been supplied or repaired by persons without the slightest knowledge of their
construction, or having any means of proving or testing ; consequently they have
been found fearfully in error, and worse than useless because unsafe.
410 Steam Gauges, Mercurial, from 10 to 140 Ibs., with union joint at £
either side of the frame, in polished Mahogany frame . . .2
411 Ditto, ditto, Brass ditto 3
412 Thermometric Pressure Gauge, for showing the pressure of Steam
by taking its temperature (fig. 372), Iron mountings . . .1
413 Ditto ditto, Brass mountings (figs. 362 and 367) 2
414 Ditto ditto, ditto with Bent tubes, as figs. 409 and 409*,
screw flanges and stuffing boxes, &c., for high pressures from 330
415 Angle Thermometers, for Yacuum Sugar Pans, Brass Mounted
(fig. 415) 1 16 0
416 Thermometric Pressure Gauges with Temperature and Pressure
Scales made of any length to order or drawings, with either English
or French divisions.
10
10
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
175
417 Negretti and Zambra's Saturometre or Thermometrical Salinometer for
determining the amount of Salt held in solution in the water of Marine Boilers.
It is well known that pure water boils at 212° Fahr. at the level of the sea, and
if water is impregnated with salt, the point of ebullition is materially raised ; hence
the water in a marine boiler can be accurately tested as to its saline properties by
observing at what temperature the ebullition is taking place within the boiler. The
apparatus consists of a metal reservoir attached to the boiler by a stopcock, R, and
union joint, B ; this reservoir carries a thermometer. T, whose bulb, A, reaches nearly
to the bottom of the chamber ; the graduations on the scale commence at 212°, the
boiling point of pure water. At the bottom of the reservoir is an outlet tap, S, and
there is also a tap, X, inserted a little above the bottom of the reservoir, with a tube
connected with it reaching nearly to the top of the interior of the reservoir.
The apparatus is used as follows : the reservoir having been emptied by the
tap S, it should be closed, and the taps R and X opened ; the water from the boiler
will then flow into the chamber A, partly fill it, and pass out by the pipe and tap X.
After the water has been allowed to escape for a few seconds, the thermometer is to
be examined, and according to the temperature indicated so will be the specific
gravity of the water in the boiler, or, in other words, the percentage of salt dis-
solved in it. This fact is quickly and conveniently ascertained by simply opening
three taps and reading the thermometer (fig. 416) . . . . £440
Our table in connection with the description and use of Salinometers (page 189)
will give the relative degrees of Saltness and Temperature.
Messrs. Negretti and Zambra very strongly advise the use of the Thermonietric
Pressure Gauges (No. 409) in conjunction with the Mercurial and Spring Gauges
as a comparative and precautionary measure of safety. When steam is generated
and confined in a boiler, the pressure upon the boiling water may be twice or thrice
that of the atmosphere. Experimentally it has been found, that if the pressure in
the boiler be 251bs. on the square inch, the temperature of the boiling water, and of
the steam likewise, is raised to 241° ; and under the exhausted receiver of an air-
pump, water will boil at 185°, when the pressure is reduced to 17 inches of mercury.
The following table, compiled by Dr. A. S. Taylor, gives the relative temperatures
and pressures up to 12 atmospheres or 180 Ibs. pressure.
Water boils. Barometer 30 inches.
320 degrees Fahr. 6 Atmospheres.
327 6'5
Water boils. Barometer 30 inches.
212 degrees Fahr. 1 Atmosphere.
234 „ 1-5
251 „ 2 „ 332 7 '„
267 „ 2-5 „ 337 7'5 „
275 „ 3 „ 342 8
285 „ 3-5 „ „
295 „ 4 ., 359 10
300 „ 4-5 „ 368 11
307 „ 5 „ 374 12
315 „ 5-5 „
ON COMBINED STEAM. By the Hon. J. WETHERED.
" In its passage through the super-heating apparatus a portion of steam is raised by the
waste heat to a temperature of 500° or 600° Fahrenheit. The heat thus arrested is conveyed
to and utilised in the cylinders by its action on the other portion of the steam from the
boiler, which is more or less saturated, according to circumstances. The combined steam is
used in the cylinder at from 300° to 450° Fahrenheit, at which steam is generally employed,
The effect of using the two kinds of steam is, that the super-heated steam yields a portion of
its excess of temperature to the ordinary steam, converting the vesicular water which it
always contains into steam, and expanding it several hundred-fold ; whilst at the same time,
the ordinary steam yields a portion of its excess of moisture, converting the steam gas into
a highly rarefied elastic vapour — in other words, into pure steam at a high temperature."
176 NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.
HYDEOMETEES, &c.
418 HYDROMETERS, or Areometers, are instruments constructed to determine the
specific gravity of fluids. Their use has been traced back to a date about 300
years before Christ, the invention being ascribed to Archimedes, the Sicilian
philosopher. Their action is dependent upon the law " that a body immersed in
any liquid sustains a pressure from below upwards equal to the weight of the
volume of liquid displaced by such body."
First on our list of Hydrometers we place those showing Specific Gravity,
because all other Hydrometer scales are referable to it ; and as the figures
indicated are absolute and definite quantities, or values without possibility of
dispute, it is the best both for scientific and manufacturing purposes.
The Specific Gravity of Fluids may simply be described in a few words.
A very light glass flask is accurately adjusted and stoppered to hold
exactly 1,000 grains of pure distilled water at a temperature of 60° Fahrenheit.
If this flask be filled with highly rectified asther, and then carefully weighed in
a delicate balance, it will be found that the flask instead of holding 1,000
grains will only weigh say 713 or 715 grains at 60 degrees of temperature.
This is the specific gravity of pure a9ther, or as written in chemical language,
0*713 or 0*715. On the contrary, if the flask be filled with concentrated sul-
phuric acid it will be found to hold 1842 or 1845 graine, or specific gravity,
1-842 or 1*845, at 60 degrees temperature. In these readings water is repre-
sented by one thousand, I'OOO.
All other fluids (save Mercury) will be found to be of intermediate specific
gravity, say between 600 and 2*000.
Our list embraces the whole of the Hydrometers in use in the United
Kingdom and most of the Foreign instruments. The comparative value of
these may be ascertained by reference to a valuable series of carefully compiled
tables described at the end of Hydrometer Section.
As a rule all Hydrometers made in England are adjusted to a temperature
of 60° Fahrenheit, but if they are required for use in the East or West Indies,
they must be specially adjusted at 84° Fahrenheit, and should be ordered
accordingly.
45, COKNHILL; E.C , AND 122, BEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
177
FIG. 419
FIG. 481.
FIG. 424.
FIG. 423.
FIG. 436.
FIG. 420.
Each.
£ s. d.
Each.
£ s. d.
419 Hydrometer from 700 to 1-000 for Specific Gravities
lighter than water (fig. 419) 066
420 Hydrometer from 1-000 to 1-850 or 2-000, for fluids
heavier than water (fig. 442) 066
421 Beaume's Hydrometer '0 to -70, for fluids lighter than
water 050
422 Ditto Hydrometer, '0 to *40, for cane-juice
and similar fluids heavier than water (fig. 422) . 050
423 Beaume's Saccharometer, Brass Gilt, for sugar boiling,
range '0, '40 176
Beaume's Hydrometers are used extensively in England as well as in France,
and are applicable for testing all kinds of liquids.
There are two distinct instruments, one for fluids lighter than water, and the
other for fluids heavier than water.
The latter is for distinction called the Acidometer or Saccharometer
(pvse-acide or pese-sirop), the former the Spirit Hydrometer (pese-espritj .
N
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, B.C.,
FIG. 425*.
FIG. 425.
£ s.
424 Government Proof Hydrometer, Glass, showing percentages of proof
spirit from 60 over proof to 40 under proof (fig. 397) . . .056
425 Ditto ditto Hydrometer, Glass, in mahogany box with Thermometer
(fig. 398) with Printed instructions for use 0 15 0
426 Ditto ditto, with Ivory sliding Computing Scale . .110
427 Sikes'* Hydrometer is the instrument used by the government officers in
the collection of the spirit revenue in the United Kingdom. It is made entirely of
metal, usually strongly gilt to prevent corrosion.
It consists of a globular float with an upper and lower stem. The upper stem
is flattened and divided into ten parts, numbered 1, 2, 3, &c. These are again sub-
divided into five parts.
The lower stem is tapering, and terminating by a pear-shaped bulb. There are
nine weights numbered from 10 to 90, each weight being pierced in the centre, so
that it can be placed on the conical stem at the smaller end and slid down towards
the bulb until it becomes securely fastened.
428. Sikes' Hydrometer is adjusted to spirit Specific Gravity -825 at 60Q Fahr.,
this being considered Standard Alcohol. In this spirit the instrument floats at the
first division 0 on the stem without a weight. In weaker spirit, having a greater
density, the Hydrometer will not sink so low, and should the density be greater,
one of the weights must be added to cause the entire immersion of the bulb of the
instrument.
Each weight represents so many principal divisions of the stem. Thus the
heaviest weight, marked 90, is equal to ninety divisions of the stem, and the instru-
ment with this weight attached floats at 0 in distilled water.
Each principal division on the stem being divided into five, the Hydrometer
has a range of 500 degrees between alcohol, sp. gr. '825 and water.
On one side of the upper stem, near to the division 1, will be found a line, at
which the instrument will float with the weight 60 attached in spirit exactly of the
strength of proof at a temperature of 51° Fahr., and if the square weight (sent with
the instrument) be placed on the top of the stem, the weight 60 still being attached
to the lower stem, the instrument will float at the side line in distilled water of the
same temperature. This square weight being precisely one-twelfth part of the total
weight of the hydrometer and weight 60, the above indication is in conformity
with the definition of proof spirit stated in the act of parliament, " Proof spirit
to weigh at 51° temperature exactly twelve-thirteenth parts of an equal bulk of
distilled water."
In using Sikes' Hydrometer, it is immersed in the spirit and pressed down
to 0 until the whole of the divided stem be wet. The amount of force required to
* We have consulted several authorities for the correct spelling of this name ; Dr. Tire and Professor
Redwood spell it Sikes. An act of parliament, 26th June, 1858, 18 and 19 Viet., has Sykes— many writers
adopt this. The same difference occurs with the name of the inventor of a Maximum and Minimum
Registering Thermometer— Six or Sixe. In both cases there appears to be some doubt which is correct.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
179
FIG. 429. FIG. 429*.
sink it will determine the selection of the requisite weight to be attached to the
lower stem. Again immerse the hydrometer in the spirit, and allow it to float
freely and settle, and then keeping the eye in a line with the surface of the spirit,
notice the division cut by the surface as seen from below. The number indicated
by the stem is added to the numbers of the weight, and the sum of these, together
with temperature of the spirit (which should be very carefully noted) will, by
reference to a Book of Tables accompanying the instrument, give the required
strength per cent, of the spirit under test.
The strength is expressed in numbers denoting the excess or deficiency per
cent, of proof spirit in any sample, and the number itself having its decimal point
removed two places to the left, becomes a factor, whereby the gauged contents of
a cask of such spirit being multiplied, and the product being added to the gauged
contents if over proof, or deducted from it if under proof, the result will be the
actual quantity of proof spirit contained in such vessel.
The commercial term above or below proof is partly derived from the govern-
ment having fixed a certain strength of spirit as mentioned above as Proof Spirit
by which the strength of all spirit is comparable. It is also said that the term
proof is derived from an ancient method of testing the strength of spirit by pouring
the sample over gunpowder in a metal cup and then setting fire to the spirit ; if,
when the spirit had burnt away, the powder exploded, the spirit was said to be over
proof; if , on the other hand, the gunpowder did not ignite, owing to the large
portion of water left behind, it was said to be under proof.
The weakest spirit capable of firing gunpowder by this method was called proof
spirit, but it required a spirit of nearly the strength of what is now called rectified
spirit to stand this test.
The Standard Proof Spirit of the excise is defined by law (56 Geo. III. cap.
140) to be " that which at a temperature of 51° Fahrenheit's Thermometer, weighs
exactly twelve-thirteenth parts of an equal measure of distilled water"
This will have a specific gravity of '923 at 51° Fahrenheit, or about -920 at 60°
Fahrenheit.
The Standard Alcohol of the Excise is spirit of the specific gravity '825 at 60Q
Fahrenheit. By " Spirit 60 degrees over proof " is understood a spirit 100 measures
of which added to 60 measures of water will form Standard Proof Spirit, specific
gravity '920.
By " Spirit 10 degrees under proof " is understood a spirit 100 measures of
which mixed with 10 measures of standard alcohol, specific gravity '825, will form
Standard Proof Spirit.
NOTE.— We are indebted to Professor Bed wood for most of the figures given in connection with
Sikes' Hydrometer. The British Pharmacopoeia of 1864 orders that the Specific Gravity of liquids is to be
taken at a temperature of 60 degrees by Fahrenheit's Thermometer, and gives the Specific Gravity of
absolute Alcohol as 0795, Rectified Spirit (Spiritus Eectificatus) as 0'838. and Proof Spirit ( Spiritus Tenuior)
as 0-920, at a temperature of 60 degrees Fahrenheit.
N 2
180
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOUN VIADUCT, EC.,
5 5
0 7
0 10
0 15
1 10
429 Sikes1 Hydrometer, Double Gilt Metal, with silver soldered joints, Each.
as used by the Excise and Customs, with weights, enamel tube £ s. a.
Thermometer, Test Glass, and Book of Tables (figs. 429 and 429*) 400
430 Ditto ditto, with Comparative Rules 4 10 0
431 Sikes' Hydrometer Standard, Gilt Metal, 5-inch range on stem,
divided to l-10ths
Book of Tables for use with Sikes' Hydrometer to 80° Fahr .
Ditto ditto ditto to 100° Fahr. .
432 Sikes' Pocket Hydrometer in German Silver ....
433 Ditto with Thermometer, jar and case
434 Dicas's and Allan's Hydrometers are very similar in construction
to Sikes' instrument, but are now very rarely used.
Saccharometer for Brewer's use. Shows the weight of wort per barrel heavier
than water. Thus 36 gallons of water weighs 360 Ibs., but 36 gallons of wort of
specific gra,vity 1'050, weighs 18 Ibs. heavier than water, viz., 378 Ibs.
Printed instructions for use accompany each Saccharometer.
436 Brewer's Saccharometer Glass, showing pounds per barrel (fig. 436) 056
437 Ditto ditto with Extra Scale showing Specific Gravity and
Ibs. per barrel 076
438 Ditto ditto Glass Testing Jar with Tables of Temperature
Corrections, in Mahogany box, with Thermometer as fig. 425 . 0 15 6
439 Saccharometers, Glass Standard, comprising two instruments in
mahogany case, one Saccharometer ranging from 0 to 25 Ibs., and
the other 25 Ibs. to 50 Ibs., very carefully adjusted . . .220
s»
_«0
70
en
-ao
—20
FIG. 440.
FIG. 441*.
440
Saccharometer, Double Gilt Metal, with silver soldered joints, with one
weight, metal scale, enamelled tube, compared Thermometer, with expansion
scale and rule, in mahogany case, with lock and key, Glass assay jar
(figs. 440 and 441*), and book of directions for use . . .500
This Saccharometer can be strongly recommended both for strict accuracy and
the very highest class of workmanship.
441 Saccharometer, Metal, Improved with double Scales extending from water to
25 Ibs. per barrel on one side of the upper stem, and by the use of the
weight, the opposite scale will test wort from 25 Ibs. to 52 Ibs. per
barrel not Gilt, Glass assay jar . . . . . . .330
Ditto, ditto, Double Gilt, including Thermometer, Rule, and Book
of instructions, in box 400
442
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
181
FIG. 444.
444 Negretti and Zambra' s Patent Saccharometers, as supplied to the Excise
Department of the Inland Revenue.
The changes in the scale divisions of Saccharometers, required by the New
Beer Act, having been completed, Messrs. Negretti and Zanibra are now prepared
to supply their Patent Glass Saccharometers, and also a new form of Brass
instrument, made in accordance with the models supplied by them to the Excise
Department of Inland Revenue. Negretti and Zambra having been favoured with
instructions to furnish designs for special instruments, have introduced those
mentioned above, each kind being of Standard accuracy, and moderate in price.
Fig. 444 consists of two Patent Standard Glass Saccharometers, with
strengthening rods, one with divided scale ranging from 1,000 to 1,050 Specific
Gravity; the other from 1,050 to 1,100 Specific Gravity; also a brass scale
Thermometer. The three instruments are fitted in a strong, well-made Mahogany
Box as supplied to the Excise Price £220
A set of three Patent Glass Saccharometers, the scales ranging from 995 to
1,150, also a Brass scale Thermometer. The four instruments fitted as above £2 15 0
Glass Saccharometers being much more accurate than those made of metal,
Negretti and Zambra strongly recommend their use, especially as the risk of
breakage is now much diminished by the introduction of their Patent arrangement
for strengthening the weak parts of the instruments.
FIG. 445.
In most of the large breweries the Standard instruments used are invariably
Glass ones, as greater reliance can be placed upon them, more especially when
indicating the fractional parts of gravity.
Fig. 445 is a Gilt Metal Saccharometer, the scale on one side of its stem ranging
from 995 to 1,025 Specific Gravity ; and on the opposite side, by the addition of a
182
NEGKETTI AND ZAMBKA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G..
Each.
£ B. d.
Poise (or Weight) is a scale indicating from 1,025 to 1,060. This also has a
Thermometer supplied with it, and is fitted in a Mahogany Box, being arranged
for use in Distilleries (fig. 445) Price £2 5 0
The same instrument is supplied with a range of scale suitable for Brewers'
use, viz. : 1,000 to 1,050, and 1,050 to 1,100 Price £2 10 0
Messrs. Negretti and Zambra also supply a simpler form of Saccharometer, the
whole range of scale being contained in one instrument.
Any modification of the above arrangements can be made to suit the require-
ments and convenience of purchasers.
446 Combined Glass Hydrometer and Saccharometer,
2 Scales showing Specific Gravity and Ibs. per barrel,
with Thermometer, in mahogany case ....
Saccharometer Thermometer, with enamelled tube and
expansion scale, mounted on Silvered Brass Scale
Saccharometer Can, for testing Wort, Copper, tinned
inside
Ditto, ditto Tin Japanned
Glass Saccharometer testing or sample jars (fig 417)
450* Graduated Glass Blending Jars, for wine, spirits, or
beer (figs. 450 and 441*) .... 4s. 6d.
451 Small Glass Hydrometer, specific gravity scale, with
sample glass and thermometer in case (figs. 418 & 418*)
447
448
449
450
Each.
£ s. d.
220
0 14 0
026
0 10
0 4
0 3
056 076
0 15 0
452 Small Glass Hydrometers in Pocket cases of various scales and range made to
order.
200-
300-
400-
500 -^-j
fioo-
700
800
900-
FIG. 456. FIG. 512. FIG. 453. FIG. 450. FIG. 453*. FIG. 512. FIG. 462.
453 Small Glass Hydrometers, two in the set, Specific Gravity Scale,
from water to sulphuric aether, or from water to sulphuric acid,
in neat case with Thermometer and Test jar (figs. 453 and 342*) 1 10 0
454 Sets of eight small Glass Hydrometers, specific gravity, full range
from tether to sulphuric acid, with Thermometer and sample jar in
case . . . . . . .
456 Twaddell's Hydrometers, Nos. 1, 2, 3 (fig. 456) . '. * each
457 Ditto ditto, Nos. 4, 5, and 6 do.
458 Set of six Twaddell's Hydrometers, in mahogany case with
Thermometer graduated on the stem, and test glass . . .220
10
3
4
45, COBNHILL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 183
459 Twaddell's Hydrometers, so named after their inventor, Mr. Twaddell of
Glasgow, are very largely used by Dyers, Bleachers, and Paper manufacturers,
the six instruments having an extended or very open scale, figured from
0, Water, to 170, about the gravity of the strongest Sulphuric Acid. Each
degree or division of Twaddell's scale being equal to five degrees of specific
gravity.
460 7 Comparative Scale showing the values of Twaddell's Hydrometers, Nos. 1 to 6
in Specific Gravity.
No. Twaddell's Scale. Specific Gravity.
1 0 to 25 1-000 to -125.
2 25 „ 50- 1-125 „ -250.
3 50 „ 75 1-250 „ 1-375.
4 75 „ 100 1-375 „ -500.
5 100 „ 125 1-500 „ -675.
6 135 „ 170 1-675 „ -850.
Twaddell's Hydrometers if for use in hot climates are specially tested and
adjusted at 84° Fahrenheit at an extra cost of 6d. on each instrument. Each.
461 Aquarium Hydrometer, for showing the density of Salt or Sea Water £ s- d-
(fig. 424°) . . .036
462 Board of Trade, Marine Hydrometers, for taking the specific gravity
of Sea Water '0 to '40 (fig. 462) 056
463 Ditto ditto, 2 Hydrometers with very open scale, 0 to 40°
and 20 to 40° 0 10 0
464 Sea Water ranges in Specific Gravity from-1-020 to T036, the ordinary gravity
varying between T026 to 1'028. Mediterranean Sea Water about T030, and that of
the Caribbean Sea, 1-040. The water of the Dead Sea has the extraordinary density
of 1-200 to 1-250, the saltest water known.
THE SALTNESS OF SEA- WATER. — Professor Chapman, of University College,
Toronto, says that the object of the saltness of sea-water is to regulate evaporation.
If any temporary cause raises the amount of saline matter in the sea to more than
its normal value, evaporation goes on more and more slowly. If the value be
depreciated by the addition of fresh water in undue excess, the evaporation power
is the more increased. He gives the results of various experiments in reference to
evaporation on weighed quantities of ordinary rain-water and water holding in
solution 2'6 per cent of salt. The excess of loss of the rain-water compared with the
salt solution was, for the first twenty-four hours, 0'54 per cent., at the close of
forty-eight hours, T46 per cent ; and so on in an increasing ratio.
Analysis of sea-water taken from the English Channel : —
Chloride of Sodium 1891-6
Chloride of Magnesium 228-4 '
Chloride of Potassium 47*8
Iodide and Bromide of Magnesium . . . 15-4
Sulphate of Magnesia 145-4
Sulphate of Lime 94-5
Grains per gallon . 2423-1
These quantities vary with the locality as well as the percentage of - Organic Matter
also found in Sea Water.
The ordinary surface Temperature of the Sea in temperate climates is 45° to
51-5° Fahr.
" In most parts of the world the average temperature of the ocean's superficial water is
nearly that of the air upon its surface. In the tropics the temperature of the sea water
ranges from 70° to 80° Fahr. or more, and the air is much the same. In some limited parts
of the globe the surface water is as warm as 86P, for instance, near the Galapagos Islands ;
184 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
and in some very confined localities even more than 90°, as for example in parts of the Eed
Sea and Indian Archipelago. But although so warm on the surface it is very much colder
at a few hundred fathoms below, the temperature decreasing to 35°, and even less."
£ s. d.
465 Universal Hydrometer, for all fluids from -700 to 1-900 . . . 0 12 0
466 Confectioners' Hydrometer for Ice making ... 3s. 6d. and 056
467 Ditto ditto for Syrups (see also No. 396) . . .056
468 Hydrometer for Brine. A saturated solution of sea salt varies between
1-1962 and 1-205 at 60° Fahrenheit 056
469 Hydrometer for British Wines (Roberts' scale, 0 to 26°) . . .056
470 Ditto, for Syrups (Specific Gravity) 056
471 Ditto, for Soap (Beaurne's) 056
472 Ditto, for Soap Lye (Specific Gravity) 056
473 Olaeometer, for fixed oils, such as Sperm, Linseed, Rape, &c. . .056
From a competent authority we quote the following gravities : —
474 Linseed Oil , . . . 0-9347
Almond Oil . . . . 0-9180
Castor Oil . . . .09611
Palm Oil .... 0-968
Oil of Turpentine . . . 0-870
Olive Oil .... 0-9176
Rape Seed Oil . . . 0*9136
Colza Oil .... 0-9136
Nut Oil 0-9260
Whale Oil , 0 923
475 Acidometer, for estimating the strength of Acids (fig. 420) . .066
476 Acetometer (or Acetimeter), for Vinegar . . . . . .066
" Specific Gravity if determined by a Sensitive Hydrometer is a good test of
the strength of genuine Yinegar. The following table of Messrs. Taylor is nearly
correct, or sufficiently so, for commercial transactions.
" Revenue Proof Yinegar, called by the English manufacturer "No. 24, has a
Specific Gravity of
1*0085, and contains of real acid in 100 ... 5
1-0170 „ „ ...... 10
1-0257 „ „ „ .... 15
1-0320 „ „ „ .... 20
1-0470 „ „ „ .... 30
1-0580 „ „ „ .... 40
DR. URE."
It should be observed that all Malt Yinegars contain mucilage, gluten, or
saline particles, which would, to a certain extent, veil the indications of the
Hydrometer ; therefore, if precise accuracy be required, recourse must be had to
Chemical Tests such as will be found described in all modern Chemical Books.
477 Barktometer Glass for Tanner's use, from 0 to 50 . . . .076
478 Ditto ditto, 0 to 80, divided to i degrees 0 10 6
479 Barktometer, Gilt Metal, 0 to 80, divided to | degrees with
Thermometer, in Mahogany Box 330
480 Citrometer, for Lime or Lemon Juice, as used by the Commissioners
of Customs, specific gravity scale from 0 to 100 in two instruments
for greater accuracy, complete with computing rule, and a delicate
Thermometer in a case 1 16 0
Like Yinegar, Lime or Lemon Juice often contains a very large percentage of
mucilage, so that the indications of the Citrometer should only be regarded as
approximate and not absolute. We also find that by the Act of Parliament
August 26th, 1867, 30 & 31 Yict., cap. 124, Lime or Lemon Juice for sbip's use
is to contain " fifteen per centum of proper and palatable proof spirits." Chemical
Tests must therefore be resorted to where definite results are desired.
481 Negretti and Zambra's Hydrometer with Thermometer in the stem
showing density and temperature in one instrument. Fig. 481 . 1 10 0
45, CORNHILL, E.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, TT., LONDON. 185
FIG. 482, FIG. 491.
FIG. 486.
* " ^
FIG. 489. FIG. 484.
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBIA'S LACTOMETERS
FOB ASCERTAINING THE DIFFERENT QUALITIES OF MILK.
IT is a matter of great importance in rural and domestic economy that we have a
ready means of ascertaining the Quality of Milk yielded by different cows. The
richness of milk^depending upon the quantity of oil or butter, and curd or cheese
which it contains, it becomes necessary that we be able to determine these quantities
with facility and precision.
To attain these ends, Messrs. NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA have introduced a simple
form of Lactometer, by which the richness of milk may be determined by simply
taking its temperature and specific gravity.
The Lactometer consists of a glass ball and stem containing a graduated scale
ranging from 0° (water) to 40Q specific gravity, adjusted to a temperature of 60°
Fahrenheit. A Glass Jar and Thermometer usually accompany the instrument.
482 Lactometer of a simple form for household use. The top of the scale is
marked O and W, indicating water, and at the lower end P signifying pure milk.
Intermediate between these two points are marks indicating ^ milk and f water,
£ milk and ^ water, f milk and i water. These marks must not be taken as abso-
lute, for pure milk will vary in quality or density according to the particular kind
of food upon which the cows have been feeding (fig. 482) . ' . .£036
483 Lactometer similar to above but with an additional scale on the back
showing specific gravity £050
484 Lactometer, Negretti and Zambra's Lactometer of superior accuracy, with
absolute Specific Gravity scale, with printed instructions for use (fig. 484) £0 5 0
186 NEGEETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, B.C.,
Each.
485 Lactometer Tubes, or Creamo-meters, graduated to show the
percentage of cream ; a set of six in mahogany frame . . . 0 16 6
486 Ditto, a set of three tubes in frame (fig. 486) . . . 0 10 6
489 Cream Test Jars, graduated to show percentage (fig. 489) .056
Ditto ditto, smaller . . . .036
490 Thermometer, add or subtract, for use with above. (See also Dairy
Thermometers) 076
491 Lactometer Glass, with Thermometer and Test Jar, in Mahogany
Box (as fig. 425) 150
492 Thermometers for Dairy Use entirely mounted in glass (fig. 492)
3s. 6d. and 056
493 Lactometer, Gilt Metal, Specific Gravity Scale . . . 12s. 6d. 1 5 0
494 Ditto, ditto Gilt Metal with Thermometer and Test Jar, in
Mahogany Box (as fig. 425) , .220
495 Centesimal Galactometer, Glass (Dr. HassaU's) . . . . 0 10 6
Lactometers being adjusted to a temperature of 60° Fahr., all trials must be
made at that temperature. Should, however, that be inconvenient, then for every
five degrees of diiference in temperature, make a difference of one degree on the
Lactometer scale, adding the degrees of temperature if above 60°, and subtracting
them if below GO0. For greater convenience, Thermometers are made by NEGRETTI
and ZAMBRA to show at a glance the amount to add or subtract for difference of
temperature.
FEOM EXPEEIMENTS MADE, IT IS POUND THAT THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY INDICATED BY
496 THE LACTOMETER SHOULD BE AS FOLLOWS :
For Cows' Milk . . . . 26 to 38
„ Cows' do. (grass-fed) before
being Creamed . . . 32
„ Cows' milk (grass-fed) the
cream being taken off . 38
„ Woman's ditto . . . 28'— 38
„ Ass's ditto , 30 — 34
For Goat's do. (house-fed) . .30 — 34
„ Milk of Ewes (grass-fed)
before being creamed . . 36
,, Ditto ditto, the cream being
removed . . . . 46
„ Mare's milk . . . . 36
DR. HASSALL.
497 Sheffer's Hydrometers, one from '700 to 1000, the other from 1000 to T900
with solution tube, per pair (figs. 453 and 453*) . . . . 0 15 0
498 Cartier's Hydrometer, chiefly used in France for testing fluids lighter than
water. It is a modification of Baume's spirit hydrometer, the same point
being taken as the zero of the scales. The space which in Baume's scale is
divided into 32°, is in Cartier's divided into 30° . . . .060
499 Gay Lussac's Alcohometer or Hydrometer, for testingjthe strength of spirits —
mostly used in France. The scale is divided into 100 parts, the lowest
division, marked 0 at the bottom of the scale, denotes the specific gravity of
pure water at a temperature of 15° Cent, or 59 Fahr. The highest division
at the top of the scale indicates the specific gravity of absolute alcohol of
sp. gr. '796 at the same temperature. The intermediate degrees indicate
the number of volumes of such alcohol in 100 volumes of the spirit
tried 060
500 Baumes' Saccharometer floats at 30° in a solution the Specific Gravity of which is
1'26 — this is the density of Simple Syrup when boiling ; hence if the Saccharometer floats
at 30° in a solution of Sugar, when boiling it is inferred that such solution will be exactly
saturated when cold. The scale is sometimes graduated to indicate the proportion of
Sugar in the solution under examination.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 187
Q O
FIG. 492.
PAGE 168.
FIG. 514.
FIG. 517.
FIG. 513.
501 Fahrenheit's Hydrometer has two glass bulbs blown on a tube similar to the
ordinary hydrometer, the upper bulb being the larger. The top of the stem is
terminated by a small cup or dish. The lower bulb is weighted with mercury
sufficient to cause the partial immersion of the instrument when placed in water
without any weights being placed in this cup. In the middle of the stem is
a mark, to which point the hydrometer is adjusted in water by placing weights in
the cup. Its use is similar to that of Nicholson's Gravimeter. £0 10 6
502 Densimeter, a modification of Fahrenheit's instrument,
chiefly used in France 0 12 6
503 Richter's and TraUe's Hydrometer, with Thermometer . . . 0 15 6
504 Normal Alcoholometer, Tralle's, used in Prussia and the United
States, has a scale figured from 0° to 100°, each degree repre-
senting one per cent, by volume of Alcohol, Specific Gravity
07939 in any mixture of Alcohol and Water at 60 degrees temper-
ature Fahrenheit 0 14 0
505 Wooley's Hydrometer. This instrument has 2 scales, viz.,
Government Proof and Specific Gravity 066
506 A set of five Standard* Glass Hydrometers. Government Proof
Scale, forty under Proof to sixty over Proof, with a very accurate
Thermometer in a Mahogany Box, with Book of Tables as used
with the metal Hydrometer 400
507 Hermbstadt's Hydrometer and Saccharometer, having two Scales,
one showing Specific Gravity, I'OOO to T321 and percentage of
Sugar 0 to 67 066
188 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT. E.G.,
FIG. 515. . FIG. 515*.
Each Each
£ s. d £ s. d.
508 Volumeter (Gay Lussac's), for liquids lighter or heavier
than water 066
509 Densimetre (Gay Lussac's), for liquids lighter or heavier
than water, in two spindles simple form ... 086
510 Ditto • (Rousseau), for ditto ditto ditto . 086
511 Photographic Hydrometer, or Argentometer, showing
grains per ounce of nitrate of silver in solution . 036
512 Hydrometer Test Glasses, or Jars, on foot
(figs. 512 and 515*) 2s. 0 3 6 056
513 Salinometer Glass, for ascertaining the density of salt
water in steam-boilers, to prevent incrustation (fig 471.) 056
514 Ditto ditto, Gilt Metal, in tin case (fig. 466) 0 18 0
515 Ditto Ditto, Gilt Metal or German Silver in Box, fig. 467 1 1 0
516 Ditto with Thermometer in Mahogany box ... 1 12 0
517 Salinometer Thermometer (fig. 469) . 066
518 Ditto, Testing Pot, Stout Copper, with division for
Thermometer. 086
The Salinometer used for testing the density of water in Marine Steam Boilers
has a scale with five principal divisions marked upon it, the first division on the
top of the stem is marked 0, representing pure water, the others marked 3'2 |2 3$
and 345 signify that when the Salinometer floats at any of these divisions, that the
water contains 1, 2, 3, or 4 parts of saline or solid matter in 32 of water.
Between 525 and 335 is engraved the word Blow, indicating that when the Boiler
Water has reached that density, a portion of it should be blown out of the boiler
and replaced with fresh water. The temperature at which the water is to be tested
is 200° Fahr.
At the 325 the word " Limit " is marked, when, at that indication, it becomes
dangerous to work it beyond that strength or density.
Thus, this Instrument purports to indicate the precise time at which Marine
Steam Boilers should be blown off, not only to prevent waste by blowing off too
frequently, but to avoid the possibility of the Boiler being injured by the deposition
or incrustation of the salt, which is a bad conductor of heat, and frequently the
cause of the Boiler being burst. The engineer, by merely looking ab the scale of
the Salinometer as it floats in the water, can at once ascertain the saline density
of the water with the greatest accuracy.
45, COENH1LL, E.G., AND 122, BEGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 189
TO USE THE SALINOMETER.
5 1 9 Fill the Assay Jar from the Boiler, suspend the Thermometer in the side
partition of it, and immerse the Ball in the water ; then at whatever division on the
stem it rests level with the snrface, will be the degrees of saline matter contained
in the water at the temperature of 200° ; but if the heat of the water varies below
that degree, the following scale of temperature will be the blowing-off point : —
TEMPERATUKE. 200° -^1
180° |f } at surface for Blowing-ofC point.
160° sf I
Under the circumstances at which fresh water boils at 212°, sea water boils
at 213'2°. The boiling temperature is raised by the chemical solution of any
substance in the water, increasing with amount of matter dissolved. For this
reason, marine engineers use a Thermometer to determine the amount of salts held
in solution by the water in the boilers of sea- going steamers. Common sea water
contains about -|s of its volume of salt and other earthy matters. As evaporation
proceeds, the solution becomes proportionally stronger, and more heat is required
to produce steam. The following table by Messrs. Main and Brown shows the
relation between the boiling point under the mean pressure of the atmosphere, or
30 inches of mercury, and the proportion of matter dissolved in the water.
When the salts in solution amount to || the water is saturated. It has also
been ascertained that, when a solution of -§\ is attained, incrustation of the sub-
stances commences on the boiler. Hence it is a rule with engineers to expel some of
tlie saturated water, when the thermometer indicates a temperature of 216° F, and
replace it with fresh water, in order to prevent incrustation and injury to the boiler.
520 The Boiling point of Saturated Solution of Salt varies from 218 degrees to
226 Fahr.
Proportion of Salt in 400 parts of water 0 . . Boiling point 212°
-53 • • „ 213-2
214-4
215-5
3V
*
216-6
217-9
219-0
220-2
221-4
222-5
223-7
224-9
if . . „ 226-0
For further information on this subject, see Temperature Thermometer in
conjunction with pressure gauges, page 151.
521 Salinometer, or Salt Water Guage, (How's Patent), constructed of strong Gun
Metal and Brass, for attaching to the Boilers of Marine Steam Ships, to
ascertain at any moment the specific gravity of the water contained in the
Boiler. Complete, with Metal Salinometer, Thermometer, and Lamp ; best
finished Gun Metal Tap Unions and Yalves. £880
522 Salinometer, Saunders £880
523 Ditto, Gambles . .£880
190 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
624 Spirit Gravity Beads are small light hollow spheres made of white or coloured glass
about half-an-inch in diameter, with a stem or tail of about a quarter of an inch in length.
The use of this stem is for adjusting each bead to a certain degree of Specific Gravity, or
to a given degree of Sike's Hydrometer Scale. The degrees are engraved upon each Bead,
thus forming them into rough Hydrometers for ascertaining the Gravity of various Fluids of
Spirits. When the Bead floats about half-way in any sample of liquid to be tested, the
density or specific gravity of such liquid is indicated by the figures or numbers engraved
upon the bubble.
525 Salt Water Beads, or bubbles, for Aquaria . . . in pairs £020
The average Specific Gravity of Sea Water is T026 to 1/028.
Gravity Beads for Aquaria are made of different coloured glass, one adjusted to float
upon the surface of the water, and the other to remain at the bottom of the tank when the
water is of suitable density for the healthy growth of fish or plants.
Each.
£ s. d.
526 Specific Gravity Beads, (or Spirit Bubbles, Glasgow
Beads), for showing the strength of spirits,
set of twelve, in japanned tin box .... 066
527 Ditto, ditto . . . . set of eighteen 0 10 6
528 Specific Gravity Beads, for heavy and! light fluids, such
as aether, alcohol, ammonia, oil, naphtha, acids, each . 010
529 Specific Gravity Bottles, 1,000 grains' capacity, in tin case
with counterpoise weight. (See also Chemical Section.) 0 10 6
530 Ditto ditto 500 grains 086
531 Ditto ditto 250 grains 066
532 Nicholson's Gravimeter, for ascertaining the specific
gravity of metals or other solid substances,
Japanned tin (fig. 532) with Metal Case ... 0 10 0
533 Nicholson's Gravimeter, larger size, accurately made in
BRASS, fitted in case, with weights ranging from l-10th
to 1,000 grains (fig. 533) .... 330
Nicholson's Hydrometer or Gravimeter is a modification
of Fahrenheit's instrument, and is made either of very light tin
japanned, or gilt brass ; its form will be seen in fig. 532. A
mark is made on the stem supporting the cup to which the
instrument is adjusted by weight to float in water. The weight
of the loaded instrument when sunk to this point is the weight
of the volume of liquid displaced by it. It gives, therefore, the
relative weights of equal volumes of the liquids into which it is
placed. The Gravimeter is usually made to displace 3,000 or
4,000 grains of water, and is sensible to the tenth of a grain in
this quantity. With this instrument the 'specific gravity of
„...,., solids may also be ascertained. By placing the solid to be tested
IG* ifilllpl in the cup on the top of the stem and adjusting the additional
weights required to sink the Hydrometer, the weight of such
solid body in air is found. Then by placing the solid in the
lower cup immersed in the water, and again adjusting the
weights as before, the weight of the solid in water is ascertained;
F 533 ^ and f rom tliese two resuits tne specific gravity is calculated.
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STBEET, W., LONDON.
191
DIRECTIONS FOR USING NICHOLSON'S GRAVIMETER.
534 To find the specific gravity of a mineral or other solid, place weights in the upper cup
sufficient to sink the Hydrometer to the mark on the stem when the Hydrometer is floated in
distilled water, and call this weight A. Now take a piece of mineral of less weight than A ;
place this in the upper cup, and add weights until the Hydrometer sinks to the same mark
as before. Call the weights added B. Remove the solid from the upper cup to the lower,
allowing the weights to remain in the upper cup. Add weights until the Hydrometer sinks
to the mark on the stem, and call the additional weights C. Subtract B from A, and divide
the remainder by C, and the quotient is the specific gravity.
Thus, suppose the specific gravity of a specimen of fluor-spar is required. First, on
trial, we find that 460 grains placed in the upper cup will sink the Hydrometer to the mark
on the stem when floated in distilled water — consequently, A is equal to 460 grains ; and
that when the fluor-spar is placed in the upper cup, 92 grains must be added to sink the
Hydrometer to the same level as before — then B is equal to 92 grains. Now, on removing
the fluor-spar to the lower cup, 115 grains must be added to the 92 grains still remaining in
the upper cup to sink the Hydrometer to the same mark as before ; therefore C is equal to
115 grains. Then
460
92
115)368(3-2
345
230
230
Censequently, 3-2 is the specific gravity required.
In our Chemical Section will be found and described Balances arranged to
exhibit the same facts with extreme precision.
URINOMETERS.
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
FIG. 539.
FIG. 538.
Urinometer, for ascertaining the Specific Gravity of Urine, of two
forms, figs. 444 and 444*
Ditto, ditto, in round leather pull-off case, with graduated test glass
Ditto ditto, in hingedj.eatb.er case
Ditto ditto, with test glass and thermometer,
Ditto, ditto, in hinged Leather case, fitted up with thermometer,
spirit lamp, acid bottle, test tubes, dropping tube, graduated
jar, test papers, &c. (fig. 538)
Urinometer, larger case, and more complete, with extra stoppered
and cut test bottles and evaporating dishes, tube holder, &c.
(fig. 539) 2
Metal Urinometer, Gilt or Plated, in pull-off case . 0
Urinometer Test Papers, various per book 0
s. a.
2
15
0
1 10 0
192
KEGBETTI AND ZAHBRA, IIOLBORN VIADUCT, B.C.,
FIG. 445.
FIG. 444. FIG. 444*. FIG. 449.
544 The Urinometer originally suggested by Dr. Prout for ascertaining the density
of urine has a scale divided into 60 degrees, the zero being the point at which the
instrument floats in distilled water at a temperature of 60° Fahrenheit.
The numbers on the scale added to 1,000 (the assumed specific gravity of water)
give the specific gravities at the respective points. If the number cut by the sur-
face of the fluid under test be 30, it indicates a specific gravity of T030. On the
reverse side of this scale will be found the letter W at the top, on the same line as
the 0 indicating water. Lower down the scale is a space marked H, signifying
healthy standard, which ranges from 10° to 20° of the scale. The space from 30° to
60° is marked diabetes, the urine of diabetic patients generally ranging between these
points. See figs. 444 and 444*.
545 Dr. Lionel Beale's Clinical Cabinet arranged as a companion to Dr. Beale's
work, The Microscope in its Application to Urinary Analysis. &c., &c.
CONTENTS : — Urinometer in sheath, 2 oz. graduated measure, glass pipette, stir-
ring rod, test tubes, watch glasses, glass slips, and thin glass covers, glass spirit lamp,
test tubes, holder, test papers, 8 improved capped dropping bottles (fig. 489) in ebonite
rack, for containing the following re-agents : acetic acid, nitric acid, ammonia, potash,
nitrate of barytes, nitrate of silver, oxalate of ammonia, &c. (fig. 445) .£330
546 Urea Tubes divided to lOOths of a cubic inch
547 Improved Dropping Bottles, fig. 447
547* Dropping Tubes or Pippettes Glass .
.076
.016
6d., 8d. 0 1 0
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 193
FIG. 551.
FIG. 550.
FIG. 552.
FIG. 557.
548 Alcoholometer, Field's Patent, for ascertaining the original gravity of every
description of ale, stout, or porter, at any period after fermentation. This
apparatus is useful for testing comparatively various samples of beer,
returned beer, and also beer for export. Price, complete in mahogany box,
with directions for use, and correction tables of variation . £600
549 Wine or Spirit Analyser, Long's Patent, for ascertaining the quantity of
alcohol in wines, cordials, &c., in accordance with Treasury Order of
July 12, 1853, fixing the maximum of spirit in wine at 33 per cent. £4 10 0
Graduated Glass Measure Standard for use with above . . £036
550 Distilling Apparatus ; or, Phillips' Revenue Standard Still, for ascertaining
the original gravity of Beer after fermentation, &c.; of strong brazed copper,
with two Trial Jars and Thermometer, Pipette or Dropping Tube, &c.
(fig. 550) £550
This apparatus is also used for the Alcoholic Wine Test by the Board of
Customs for estimating the amount of Alcohol contained in Wines and Liqueurs.
Gas Burner, improved for above (fig. 551) £0 12 6
Gilt Metal Hydrometer, pocket size for use with above apparatus,
in neat case (fig. 552) £0 16 0
Gilt Metal Saccharometer, pocket size for ditto in case . . £0 16 0
Glass Flasks for Still, with metal screw fittings . . . . £046
551
552
553
554
555
Sikes' Hydrometers, for use in connection with the above, see pages 178, 179.
o
194 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.
METHOD OF USING THE DISTILLING APPARATUS.
556 Attach the water supply, which may be a Cistern or Cask placed four feet above the
Condenser, the connection being by Flexible Tube from the Tap of the Cistern ; the outflow
of water is to be conducted into a pail, the quantity used being regulated by the Cock in
the Cistern ; and the water having been found to flow through the Condenser in a con-
tinuous stream, the Gas Lamp should be connected also by means of Flexible Tube, with a
Gas Pipe, and lighted on the top of the Gauze. Where Gas is not obtainable, a large Spirit
Lamp can be used.
To Test a Sample of Wine.— Fill the Measure Flask with Wine to the highest mark,
adjusting the exact quantity by using the Pipette ; pour the measured Wine into the Still
Flask, rinsing out the Measure with a few drops of water which must be added to the Wine ;
the measure being quite clean, is placed upon the bracket, and adjusted to receive the
Distilled Wine Spirit; the Still Flask is then to be screwed tightly to the condenser,
interposing an Indiarubber Washer between the Flask and the metal shoulder of the Still
Pipe ; put the Lamp under the Still Flask, at first moderately burning, afterwards increase
the flame ; in a few minutes the Wine will boil, and the vaporised Spirit will begin to con-
dense, falling into the Measure. Repeated experiments have proved that with weak Wine,
such as contain under 26 per cent, of Proof Spirit, it is only necessary to distil over one-
half the bulk ; but stronger Wines, containing much extractive matter, require the
operation to be continued until two-thirds are distilled ; the Standard Measure is therefore
graduated at two-thirds as well as one-half. When the required point on the Measure is
obtained, the original measure of the Wine (up to the highest mark) is to be made up with
Water, then poured into the Trial Glass and stirred well, so that the Spirit and Water may
be perfectly mixed : with the Thermometer the temperature should be observed, the
strength being taken by Sikes' Hydrometer according to the usual tables.
To insure extreme accuracy, it is necessary that the temperatures of the Wine before
distillation, and the Spirit and Water before taking the strength by the Hydrometer, should
be the same, that the two bulks may be identical.
Accurate Balances and Weights, Specific Gravity Bottles, Test Jars, Graduated
Measuring Glasses, &c., &c., for use with the Distilling Apparatus. See sections
" Thermometers," " Hydrometers," and " Chemical Apparatus."
557 Negretti and Zambia's Patent Strengthened Glass Hydrometer, fig. 557
Of all glass instruments required by the exigencies of Science, the Glass Hydro-
meter is the most delicate and fragile. Very many of these instruments are broken
in carriage, and very recently the Government of India requiring a large number
of Hydrometers for fiscal purposes, applied to Messrs. Negretti and Zambra for
assistance in procuring an Hydrometer which could be safely sent to the interior
of India. Messrs. Negretti and Zamba submitted some instruments, which so far
fulfilled the conditions required, that 20,000 of Messrs. Negretti and Zambra's
Patent Hydrometers were ordered and supplied. The novelty consists in insert-
ing an inner tube down the stem, and reaching to the bottom, and there being
fastened securely to the neck of the lower bulb ; it will be seen that by these means
the weight of the instrument is supported from the bottom, and not at the juncture
of the stem with the large bulb, where usually the breakage of the old form of
Glass Hydrometers 'took place.
Any form of Hydrometer described in the preceding pages can be constructed
with Negretti and Zambra's improvement to order at a slightly increased expense.
45, COENHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STEEET, W., LONDON. 195
558 Comparative Scales (Baker's) compiled from tables of eminent authorities, for
the use of Chemists, Distillers, Brewers, Dyers, Bleachers, Paper makers, British
Wine makers, Confectioners, &c., &c.
It Comprises Specific Gravity Scale, TwaddeH'Sj'Baume's, Cartier's, Gray Lussac's,
Saccharometer scale of Ibs. weight per barrel, Extract per barrel, and the Govern-
ment Proof Spirit scale. Several percentage scales for Spirits, Acids, Chlorine,
Ammonia, Solutions of Potash, Soda, and four comparative Thermometer Scales; viz.,
De Lisle, Centigrade or Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Reaumur, — in all 34 scales,
containing a vast amount of most valuable and useful information. Price 2s. each.
Recent Acts of Parliament in connection with the adulterations of food, drugs,
&c., &c., will often necessitate strict investigation; in such matters, therefore,
Messrs. Negretti and Zambra cannot too strongly impress upon the minds of their
customers the great importance of accuracy in all apparatus used for analysing or
testing the purity or strength of the articles under examination.
For such purposes, N. & Z., from their great experience in this special branch
of their trade, can confidently recommend their instruments.
The various Areometers, &c., &c., used on the Continent to ascertain the
density of Liquids, made to order.
GAUGING INSTRUMENTS, RULES, Ac. See Scales and Rules.
Specific Gravity of fluid Mercury. The density of this Metal at 39-2° F., is 13-588,
according to Kupffer. Hence its Specific Gravity near the point of congelation will be
13-694. — MESSES PLAYFAIE AND JOULE.
The Specific Gravity of solid (frozen) Mercury is stated by Kupffer and Cavallo to be
about 14-0.
According to Dufour, the Specific Gravity of Ice is 0-9178 ; Bunsen states it at O91674.
" Sea Water freezes at— 2'5° to — 0° C. ; the ice which forms is quite pure, and a
saturated solution remains. If water contains Alcohol, precisely analogous phenomena are
observed ; the ice formed is pure, and all the Alcohol is contained in the residue." — GANOT.
" M. Despretz by the cold produced with a mixture of liquid Protoxide of Nitrogen,
Solid Carbonic Acid, and jEther has reduced Alcohol to such a consistence, that the vessel
containing it could be inverted without losing the liquid."
Lowest artificial cold produced by Chemical Combination, 187° below Zero F. —
A. S. TAYLOE.
Ditto ditto 140° C. — GANOT.
Mercury freezes, 37'9 Fah.— Kew. Carbonic Acid Gas Solid at 148° below 0°, F.
We are informed that lower temperatures have been recently produced ly Chemical
action.
o2
196
KEGBETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, B.C.
FIG. 562.
FIG. 563.
29 —
28-
97-
26-
25-
24-
23-
22—
*/ —
20—
19 —
18 —
17 —
16 —
15-
H—
IS —
)2 —
JO —
6^
l?34r
ife
3—
-14
-13
-1Z
-11
— —
HO
I-T
-2 o
FIG. 559.
FIG. 564.
Each
£ s.
2 2
2 10
MERCURIAL VACUUM GAUGES.
559 Vacuum Gauge, in Mahogany or Oak frame, form as fig. 459 .
560 Ditto ditto in Plain Brass frame .
561 Marine Vacuum Gauge, in Oak frame, iron cistern, stout glass tube,
gun metal unions, and OPAL GLASS SCALES, divided to 1- 100th
of an inch . 440
562 Vacuum Gauge, The tube and scale are enclosed in stout Glass
cylinder and Brass frame, with stop-cock and union (fig. 562) . 1 10 0
563 Sugar Pan Vacuum Gauge, as above, in Brass case, with Hinged
Door, ground plug, fitting with Stop-Cock, &c. (fig. 563) . . 2 10 0
564 Vacuum Gauge, to show 30 inches, in handsome Mahogany case,
with plate glass front, adjusting glass cistern, Gun Metal Tap, &c.,
suited for First-class Engine Rooms (fig. 564) . . . .550
For Circular Vacuum Gauges, see Bourdon's Gauges, pages 206 to 209.
45, COBNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STEMET, W., LONDON.
197
GUN" METAL WATER GAUGES.
565 On an improved principle, with Ebony handle spanners, complete mth glass
tube and vulcanised rubber rings : — fig. 565.
f -in. 30s, £-in. 35s. |-in. 40s. f-in. 42s.
GAUGE TUBES.
566 Gauge Tube, for Steam Boilers, &c., of stout annealed glass, manufactured
expressly for this purpose. Various lengths and diameters cut to order,
average Id. per inch
GAUGE TUBES of the best quality :—
SIZES.
12
10
12
H
10
12
14
PER.
DOZ.
SIZES
S.
d.
.
6
0
lObyf
.
7
0
12 „ |
.
7
0
13 „ *
.
7
6
14 „ f
.
8
0
15 „ f
.
8
6
16 ,, 1
.
9
0
12 „ f
.
10
0
PER DOZ.
SIZES
8. d.
. 8 0
13 by f
. 9 0
14 „ I
. 9 6
15 „ I
. 10 0
16 „ I
. 10 6
18 „ I
. 11 0
16 „ 1
. 11 6
18 „ 1
PER DOZ.
8. d.
. 11
. 12
. 12
. 16
. 17
. 20
. 22
Estimates given for large quantities
India Rubber Washers for Packing Water Gauges supplied to order.
GAS PRESSURE GAUGES.
FIG. 572.
FIG. 568.
FIG. 570.
567
568
569
570
571
572
Each.
£ B. d.
Gas Pressure Gauge, with 6 -inch glass syphon, Wood Scale divided to
inches and tenths, and brass mountings 0
Ditto ditto, with Stopcock 0 10
Ditto, with Ivory Scale and Stopcock (fig. 568), best finish . 0 14
Gas Pressure Gauge, large size (fig. 570), with Stopcock and Union 1 5
Ditto, of superior finish, as supplied to the Metropolitan
Board of Works, in Brass Mountings, with stopcock , . . 1 10 0
Gas Inspector's Gauge, with fittings complete, in leather pocket
case (fig. 572) , , . . -220
198 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
ini
FIG. 565.
FIG, 575.
FIG 573.
Each
£ s. d.
573 Steam Engine Indicator, in gun metal, for ascertaining the amount
of power exerted during any part of the stroke, Low Pressure
(fig. 573) 550
574 Ditto ditto . . . . High Pressure 660
575 Richard's Indicator with one Spring (fitted with Darke's Patent
Detent and Cord Adjuster) fig. 575 8 10 0
576 Extra Springs, ten varying scales each 0 10 0
577 Paper Cylinder Spring 016
578 Arrangement for Oscillating Engines 0 10 0
579 Metallic Paper per packet 040
580 Treatise on Indicator New Edition 090
581 Extra Stop Cock 080
582 A 3-way Cock for taking diagrams from top and bottom of cylinders without
shifting the Indicator made to order. Connecting Pipes made to order. Elbow
for attaching the Indicator to Horizontal Engines made to order.
583 Reducing Gears, for reducing the stroke of the Engine down to that of the
Indicator. Made to order.
584 Small size with Pulleys for strokes varying from 4 ft. 6 in. down to 1 ft, 6 in.,
price, £4 17s. 6d., can be attached direct to the Indicator.
Larger size for strokes from 6 ft. down to 1 ft. 6 in., £5 17s. 6d.
These instruments are packed in mahogany cases with their necessary
attachments.
585 Old Indicators (Richard's), fitted with Detent at . . . . 1 10 0
586 Patent Cord Adjusters . . . .... . .056
45, COBNHILL, E.C., AND 122, BEGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 199
FlG. 578. FIG. 587*.
587 The Patent " Concentric " Steam Engine Indicator, (figs. 587 & 587*) Negretti
and Zambra call the attention of Engineers to great improvements in the new " Con-
centric " Indicator, which reduces the vibration of the instrument to a minimum.
The paper drum is arranged in such a manner that it revolves concentrically
with the piston cylinder. The pull action is direct upon the coupling which
connects it to the cylinder of the engine. This arrangement causes less vibration
to the instrument than if the drum were fixed on an arm, as in the ordinary form
of Richard's Steam Engine Indicator.
A small instrument is made especially for high speeds, to which this indicator
is particularly adapted.
200
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, B.C.,
DIRECTIONS FOK USING THE INDICATOR.
588 Before working, a sheet of metallic paper is placed around the drum, and fastened to it
by means of the two clips, The cord is then attached to the most convenient part of the
piston rod — or other part of the engine working in unison with it. The Indicator is
fastened to the cylinder of the engine by means of the cock and coupling. The small
leading wheels may be turned in any direction required. To change the spring, unscrew the
nut at top, through which the piston rod (of Indicator) works, and by lifting the arm which
supports the parallel motion, the piston rod will come out. The pencil can be removed from
or pressed against the paper by lifting or pressing the stud connected to the slotted bar
which the pencil works.
It will be necessary, in sending orders, to specify particularly the number of springs
required and the pressure they will have to indicate.
All the springs will fit every instrument, and they can be readily changed by any one.
The springs are made to ten scales, as follows :
No.
1 i-in.
on
the
scale
represents 1-lb.
No. 5
a¥
. . •
15 ,+ 60
pressure
on the square in.,
indicates
>» 6
^
. «
15 ,
+ 80
from
.
.
.
15 to
+ 10
»» 7
•sSr
. Atmosphere ,
+ 100
2 ^
.
.
.
15 „
+ 22
» 8
-JL
.
,
+ 125
3 To
15 „
+ 35
„ 9
1
+ 150
: "SO
•
•
15 „
+ 47
„ 10
A
. . .
. „ + 175
each
£ s.
7 10
70
0 10
01
0 10
04
09
08
d.
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
PRICES.
Indicator with one spring, &c., in box, fig. 587
Ditto ditto, Smaller size . .
Extra Springs (with scales) . .
Paper Cylinder Spring ......
Arrangement for Oscillating Engines . . .
Metallic Paper ..... per packet
Treatise on Indicator . . . New Edition
Extra Stop Cock ...... .
Three-way Cocks for taking diagrams from top and
bottom of Cylinder without shifting the Indicator
Elbow, for attaching the Indicator to horizontal
Engines ........
Connecting Pipes made to order.
Spring No 1 has been specially adapted to indicate the vacuum on a large scale in
engines or pumps which work at high pressures. The springs showing pressures
above 80-lbs. will be made to indicate the vacuum also when so ordered, and springs
will be made also to any other scale desired.
COUNTING, TALLYING, MEASURING, AND REGISTERING
MACHINES, OR ENGINE COUNTERS.
589 Improved Engine Counter, for counting Oscillating motion, Reciprocating
200
066
Strokes, or Revolutions in machines.
4 figures, counts up to 10,000
5 „ „ 100,000
6 „ „ 1,000,000
7 „ „ 10,000,000
£ s.
2 16
33
3 10
4 10
590 Harding's Patent Speed Indicator. — This instrument has been designed for
showing without counting or the use of a watch, by the position of an index on a dial,
the actual rate of speed at which any Machine or Engine is at any moment revolving.
The Speed Indicator enables the Engineer to see at a glance the variation in
the rate of speed at which his machinery is running and detect causes of irregularity
and run his engine at normal speed, Price, £5 10 0
45, CORNIIILL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
^
201
FIG. A.
FIG. c.
HARDING PATENT CIRCULAR DIAL ENGINE COUNTER.
591 The ease with which the record of these Counters can at any time be read off
is a great advantage which they possess over all dial counters (such as those on
water and gas meters), in the difficult reading of which important errors are often
made.
Other advantages of these Counters are, — great simplicity of parts and solidity
of construction, in consequence of which it is almost impossible for the apparatus
to get out of order.
It consists in an ingenious combination of wheels and pinions. Each number
wheel carries on the right edge of its rim twenty teeth, and on the left edge only
two. The pinions are provided with eight unequal teeth, four being as broad and
four half as broad as the pinion. Thus, as each number wheel completes its revo-
lution, it moves the next one on one-tenth, and all the wheels are safely locked,
except at the moment when they are being moved forward by their pinions. Some
idea of the perfection of this arrangement may be gathered from the fact that the
Pocket Counter or Speedometer, of which the mechanism is a mere reduction of that
of the large Counters, may be used at speeds over 5,000 per minute.
PRICE LIST FOR CIRCULAR AND SQUARE ENGINE COUNTERS.
No (A) Large Engine Counter, 7 figures, to count to ten millions, with £ s. a.
rotary or reciprocating motion, and -arranged so as to readily
set back to zero (fig. A) . . . . . . . . 5 10 0
Square Engine Counter, ten inches long, 5 figures 5 10 0
Ditto Ditto with superior Clock lever movement for use in
Marine Engine rooms. The Patent Enamelled Number Wheels
shew indelible black figures on a white ground specially useful
in dark positions 11 11 0
No. (B) Small Machine Counters (with rotary action only), with 6 figures 2 10 0
Ditto ditto with 4 figures 330
No. (c) Pocket Counter or Speedometer (plated, and in handsome case),
with 4 figures, and steel friction bits (fig. c) . . . 2 10 0
No. (D) Turnstile Counters, 5 figures 3 15 0
Harding's Improved Engine Counters to suit customers' special requirements made vp to
order. Full details should be supplied as to what is desired.
202 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.C.,
592 Duckham's Patent Suspended and Self - Acting
Weighing Machines and Dynamometers, adapted to the
Standards of all nations.
They are entirely self-acting, and indicate the weight of
even the most ponderous goods, during the ordinary operation
| of loading or unloading.
They combine extreme simplicity and unlimited power
I with general utility, accuracy, low price, and economy in
I working.
They are invaluable to MERCHANTS, SHIPPERS, DOCK
AND RAILWAY COMPANIES, as a ready and costless means of
ascertaining the weight of merchandise in transit ; to IRON-
MASTERS, that they may ascertain the weight of material even
Fm. 592. during the process of manufacture ; to CHAIN, WIRE, AND
ROPE MANUFACTURERS AND PURCHASERS, thab the strength as well as the weight
of such material may be proved ; to SHIP OWNERS, that the weight of cargo and
stores may be checked by the simple operation of lifting the same on board ; to
ENGINEERS, BOILER-MAKERS, HARD-WOOD MERCHANTS ; and in fact, to ALL and
any who deal with goods by weight, or are interested in knowing the strength, of
materials or machinery, that the goods may be weighed, and strains and strengths
tested, by a process which is entirely free of expense.
" The inventor provides an open-top cylinder, which is filled with water or oil,
and fitted with a piston and pressure gauge. For the purpose of weighing goods
the cylinder is slung from an ordinary crane hook. The goods are attached to the
piston rod, and immediately these are lifted as in process of loading or unloading
ships or wagons the weight is denoted on the dial. Nothing can be more simple." —
Mechanic's Magazine.
PRESENT PRICES FOR PATENT SUSPENDED WEIGHING MACHINE.
£ B. a.
12 cwt. to 3 tons capacity, 45 Ibs. weight 17 17 0
5 tons ditto 56 „ 24 0 0
10 tons ditto 85 „ 30 0 9
30 tons ditto 280 „ . . . . . 50 0 0
593 Hearson's Strophe-meter, or Revolution Indicator. This Instrument indi-
cates, by means of a pointer on a marked dial, the number of revolutions per minute
an Engine is, at the time, revolving.
It is so designed that when Engines are subject to incessant momentary
fluctations of speed, the needle points steadily at a number expressing the mean
velocity.
It will be found particularly useful for Locomotives (the dial being graduated
in miles per hour), for Spinning Machinery, and for Ships.
The Instrument is worked by means of a rope passing round a pulley on the
shaft of the Engine, or in connection with a friction roller against a coupling of
the shaft.
For description of the Instrument see paper read at the Institute of Naval
Architects, and published in the Transactions for 1874, and also article in No. 4
Annual of Royal School of Naval Architecture.
PRESENT PRICES.
£ s. d.
Strophometer with 9-inch Dial 10 10 0
Leading Pulleys for ditto 036
Connecting Arrangements for ditto .... from 2 10 0
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
PYROMETERS.
594 Gauntlett's Pyrometer. — This Pyro-
meter is constructed of metal bars expanding
in a different ratio upon the application of
heat, by which can be ascertained tempera-
tures above the range of the mercurial ther-
mometer. Its form is that of a long tube,
surmounted by a dial with an index or pointer
to indicate to 300° for fluids, or to 1,009° for
furnaces, ovens, &c. (fig. 594) ....
595 Chronometrical Pyrometer Thermo-
meter (Gauntlett's), with 8-day time-piece to
indicate to 300° or 1,009° .
596 Daniell's Pyrometer, for indicating high
temperatures, such as the melting point of
metals, temperature of furnaces, &c., by the
expansion of a bar of Platinum enclosed in a
black lead cylinder, and measured by an index
arranged with a spring and lever, to show
upon a divided arc very small changes .
597 Wedgwood's ditto, for the same
purpose, by the expansion of a Cylinder of
earthenware ......
Each
£ 3 d.
440
8 10 0
550
550
598 Ferguson's ditto, for showing the differ-
ence of expansion in metals, suited for the
lecture table as an experimental instrument .550
599 Hydro Pyrometer, Captain O. Bystrom's (Swedish
Artillery), for ascertaining the heat of furnaces, &c.
A ball of platinum, or other metal, is arranged upon a
metal rod in such a manner that it can be inserted into
the furnace to be tested, and when heated equal to the
FIG. 594. temperature of the furnace quickly withdrawn and
dropped into a given quantity of water. By observing the temperature of the water
before and after the above-mentioned procedure, the difference obtained will be th^
value or amount of heat of the furnace 1 15 0
This Pyrometer is the most simple and practically useful of any of the above at
very high temperatures. Price for Thermometer, Copper Bolt and Wooden
Water Vessel.
Further details respecting Pyrometers will be given in our section on"
Chemical Apparatus.
204
NEGBETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
SIEMENS' WATER PYROMETER.
JFiyl,
600 The PYROMETER is shown in figs. 1 and 2 in
margin (fig. 1 being a vertical, and fig. 2 a horizontal
section), and consists of a copper vessel capable of
holding rather more than a pint of water, and well
protected against radiation by having its sides and
bottom composed of a double casing, the inner com-
partment of which is filled with felt. A mercury
thermometer, b, is fixed in it, having, in addition to
the ordinary scale, a small sliding scale c, graduated
and figured with 50 degrees to 1 degree of the
thermometer scale ; 6 solid copper cylinders are
provided with the Pyrometer, each accurately
adjusted in size, so that its total capacity for absorb-
ing heat should be l-50th that of a pint of water.
In using the Pyrometer, a pint (0*568 litre, or
34'66 cubic inches) of water is measured into the
copper vessel, and the sliding pyrometer scale c is
set with its zero at the temperature of the water as
indicated by the mercury thermometer b ; a Copper
Cylinder d is then put into the furnace or hot blast
current the temperature of which it is wished to
ascertain, and is allowed to become heated for a time
varying from 2 to 10 minutes according to the
intensity of the heat to be measured.
It is then to be withdrawn and quickly dropped
into the water in the copper vessel, where it raises
the temperature of the water in the proportion of
1° for each 50° of the temperature of the copper. The
rise of the temperature may then be read off at once
on the pyrometer scale, and if to this is added the
temperature of the water as indicated on the mercury
thermometer before the experiment, the exact tem-
perature required is obtained.
For very high temperatures Platinum cylinders
may be employed instead of Copper.
Price of Siemens' Water Pyrometer, with Thermometer and six copper
cylinders, complete £440
Water Pyrometer, with Thermometer and six wrought-iron cylinders,
complete . . . . , . .£400
45, CORNHILL E.G., AND 122 REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 205
FIG. 602.
SCHAFFER'S STEAM PRESSURE AND VACUUM GAUGES *
Gauges of any Pressure not exceeding 300 Ibs. per square inch, SQQfeet of water,
and Vacuum Gauges :
Each
601 For Portable Engines, Brass Case. 4-inch with wire £ *. a.
guard ' 1 15 0
602 No. 1. In Metal Case, with Brass Rim 6-inch dial 226
No. 2. In Brass Case . . . (fig. 602) „ 2 10 0
603 No. 3. In Metal Case, with Brass Rim 7 276
No. 4. In Brass Case .... „ 2 10 0
604 No. 1. Patent Steel Tube Metal Case, with Brass Rim,
above 300 Ibs. up to 1,000 Ibs. . . 6-inch dial 2 15 0
605 No. 2. Ditto Brass Case, above 300 Ibs. up
to 1,000 Ibs 6 330
606 12-Inch with Transparent Dial for Dark Engine Rooms,
Metal Case, with Brass Rim 330
507 Combined Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, at a slight increase of these prices.
608 Hydraulic Gauge, above 1,000 Ibs. up to 10 tons, with
Maximum Pointer and loose nuts for connecting
10-inch Dial 550
Ditto ditto .... 6-inch Dial 4 10 0
Ditto ditto to 4 Tons . ... 400
For each additional ton, 5s. extra. Maximum Finger applied to any gauge, 10s. extra.
609 Dynamometer, Schaffer's. The dial showing the weight is accurately divided,
by applying dead weight. Two solid curved steel bars act as springs. Weight or
strain applied has the tendency to straighten these springs, and the slightest motion
of the same is multiplied and transferred by a suitable arrangement to a pointer
which indicates the correct weight on the dial. Two strong rods outside the
springs, moving loosely in their joints, act as safeguards in case the springs break.
Price, up to 20 tons . . £25 0 0
* Schaffer't Gauges, Sfc., not kept in stock, but are supplied to order.
206
KEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, B.C.
FIG. 4.
FIG. 5.
FIG. 2.
FIG. 7.
FIG. 8.
FIG. 6.
FIG. 1. FIG. 9. FIG. 3.
E. BOURDON'S STEAM PRESSURE AND VACUUM GUAGES.
35, CORN11ILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 207
610 PRICES FOR
E. BOURDON'S
OWN-MAKE STEAM AND VACUUM GAUGES.
E. BOURDON ,
TEADE U -, MAEK.
Gauges not bearing above Trade Mark are not of
M. Bourdon's Manufacture.
Diameter of
,Dial.
PEESSUEE GAUGES.
Vacuum
Figs. 3 and 7.
Compound
Gauges.
Figs. 4 and 8.
Number.
With
Eccentric Hand.
Figs. 2 and 6.
Number.
With
Centrai;Hand.
Figs. 1 and 5.
10 inches.
7 „
6 „
5 „
4 „
3 „
5 inches.
No. 0
No. 3
No. 5
No. 8
No. 7
No. 6
Each.
£2 18 0
1 16 0
1 14 0
180
150
140
No.O
No. 4
No. 50
No. 8c
No. 70
No. 60
Each.
£300
200
1 18 0
1 10 0
170
150
Each.
£320
220
1 18 0
1 10 0
1 7 0
150
Each.
£3 13 0
260
240
1 14 0
1 12 0
1 10 0
Above Gauges in round cases of polished brass with Or without
flange, graduated to all pressures up to 300 Ibs. per square inch, and
fitted with gun-metal cocks and union complete.
Gauges above 300 Ibs. per square inch are without cocks.
No. 2, Fig. 9, Oblong Iron case (9x6 in.) with connecting screw joint,
each, £160
Above prices are for all pressures up to 300 Ibs. per square inch. From 300
to 1,400 Ibs. pressure per square inch there will be an additional charge of
Two Shillings for every 100 Ibs. above 300 Ibs.
Cocks for 5 in., 7 in., and 10 in. Gauges, for pressure above 300 Ibs. per square
inch, up to 1,400 Ibs. will be Twelve Shillings each.
NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA,
AGENTS, LONDON.
208
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 14.
FIG. 10. FIG. 11.
E. BOURDON'S HYDRAULIC GAUGES.
FIG. 12.
FIG. 16. FIG. 13. FIG. 15.
E. BOURDON'S STANDARD AND DUPLEX GAUGES.
611
FIG. 18. FIG. 17.
E. BOURDON'S DOUBLE AND REGISTERING GAUGES.
45, COBNHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGETNT STEEET, W., LONDON. 209
612 BOURDON'S HYDRAULIC GAUGES*.
With Central Hands, divided from 300 Ibs. up to 5 tons per square inch.
Diameter
of
Dials.
With
Connecting
Screw Joint.
Fig. 10. -
With
Maximum
Pointer.
Fig. 11.
With Valve,
Union, and
Maximum
Pointer.
With Valve,
Union, and
Electrical
Contact.
Each.
Each.
Each.
Each.
10 inch.
7 „
5 „
£400
350
2 10 0
£4 10 0
3 10 0
2 16 0
£5 10 0
480
380
£600
500
400
613
d.
0
Cocks for above Gauges (if required) 30s. each, extra.
BOURDON'S STANDARD AND DUPLEX GAUGES.
Used by Inspecting Engineers for Testing Gauges and Boilers.
Fig. 12. Pocket Standard Gauge, with open face, in polished
brass case, engraved dial, graduated to 300 Ibs. per
square inch, in morocco case and clamp screw each
Fig. 13. Two Gauges as the preceding, but fixed on the same
union and in a mahogany box . . . per pair
Fig. 14 Pocket Standard Duplex Gauge, in polished brass
case (5 inches diameter) engraved dial graduated to
300 Ibs. per square inch, in Leather case with clamp
screw ........ each
Fig. 15. Standard Duplex Gauge, with two concentric hands,
polished brass case, graduated to 300 Ibs. per square
inch, with gun-metal cock .... each
Fig. 16. Standard Duplex Gauge, with independent hands,
&c., as last
DlAMKTER.
3 inches. 5 inches.
3 0
7 inches.
3 16 3
7 13 0
6 5 0
10 inches.
500
3 14 0 4 15 0
EXTRA CHARGES.
Diameter of
Gauge.
Maximum
or Minimum
Pointer.
Second Scale
of Feet of
Water or
Atmospheres.
For 3-way
Cock
Writing Name
on Dial.
Open Face
Each.
Each.
Each.
Each.
Each.
10 inch.
s. d.
s. d.
s. d.
s. d.
B. d.
7 „
10 0
5 0
2 0
1 0
10 0
6 ,,
7 0
5 0
2 0
1 0
10 0
5 „
7 0
5 0
2 0
1 0
8 0
4 „
5 0
3 0
2 0
1 0
8 0
3 „
5 0
3 0
2 0
1 0
8 0
5 0
3 0
2 0
1 0
8 0
614
615
Fig. 17. Bourdon's Registering Gauge, in japanned case, graduated to
100 Ibs. per square inch, with gun-metal Cock and Union, and 100 printed
cards £7 15 0
Extra cards, (if required) per 100 080
Fig. 18. Bourdon's Double Gauge, to be set in Engine-rooms, and showing
on the same dial (10 inches diameter), pressure of Steam in the Boiler,
and the amount of Yacuum in the Condenser, Polished brass case, and two
Cocks with Union . £600
* A Table of Hydraulic Pressure will be found in the Appendix.
210
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN YIADUCT, B.C.,
FIG. 24.
FIG. 20. FIG. 21.
FIG. 19.
FIG. 23. FIG. 22.
616 FITTINGS AND CONNECTIONS FOR BOURDON'S GAUGES.
Fig. 19. Connecting Screw Joint
Figs. 20 & 21. Gun Metal Cock
Figs. 22 & 23. Three-way Cock for Standard Test Gauges
Fig. 24. Iron Syphon, with Union ....
Fig. 24. Copper Syphon, with Union
£
each 0
s. d.
1 6
040
060
040
046
Purchasers are desired to examine and compare M. Bourdon's Gauges. They
will find the works to be constructed and finished like a watch, whilst the majority
of imitations are put together ROUGH FROM THE CASTINGS, consequently liable to
adhere and give erroneous indications.
NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA, SOLE AGENTS FOR BOURDON'S GAUGES.
GUN-METAL FITTINGS FOR MARINE, LOCOMOTIVE, AND OTHER
STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS.
Gun-metal Steam and Water Taps of all sizes and shapes, Safety Valves, Steam
Whistles, Gauge Taps, High Pressure Water and Steam Yalves, Gas Yalves, Boiler
Fittings of all kinds, Feed Pumps and Valves, Wrought Iron Steam, Gas, and
Water Tubes, Boiler Tabes, Hand Force Pumps, Fire Engine and Brewery fittings,
Pump fittings, Caps and Screws of every form, Hydraulic Presses and Force
Pumps, Hydraulic Rams of various sizes and construction, Turning Lathes and
Tools, Portable Forges and Smiths' Tools, &c., &c., Fencing Wire, Railway Metal
Bars, Tools and appliances of all kinds supplied to order by Negretti and Zambra,
of the very best manufacture.
Foreign Correspondents sending particulars of their requirements to Negretti and
Zambra may rely upon thepersonal attention of the Firm in carrying out commissions
entrusted to them in this special branch of their Shipping Business.
At pages 95 to 110, will be found Anemometers for testing Yentilating or
Furnace Shafts and Wind Pressure, Recording Anemometers, and Tide Gauges, &c.
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
fVl-
211
FIG. 617.
617 Improved Combined Portable Steam Engine and Boiler. These Engines are
fitted with governor, throttle valve, safety valve, feed pump, water and steam gauge,
&c., &c., complete, ready for immediate use. Recommended for simplicity and
economy ; well suited for Exportation.
Consumption of fuel, 7£ Ibs. of coal j per horse power,
1 cubic foot j per hour
Boiler.
Ditto ditto
* Horse Power Cylinder. Diameter.
2 „ 4-in.
4 5l-in.
water,
Stroke.
10-in.
10-in.
12-in.
14-in.
Height.
5-ft. 0-in.
Diameter.
2-ft. 4-in.
£73 0 0*
5-ft. 6-in.
2-ft. 4-in.
85 0 0*
7-ft. 0-in.
2-ft. 4-in.
105 0 0
8-ft. 0-in.
2-ft. 8-in.
165 0 0
* 2 and 3, if not fitted with Governors, less £5.
The fly-wheel shaft is made sufficiently long to admit of a drum being fixed on
if required, which can be supplied (to any diameter ordered) along with the
Engine, at an extra cost according to size.
The above Engines occupy a very small space, and will be found admissible
in places where no other form of engine and boiler could be fixed. They are con-
structed in an exceedingly substantial and simple manner, every part being
perfectly easy of access, and consequently can be readily understood and managed.
The boilers are fitted up with strong welded tubes (varying in number
according to the size of the boiler), intersecting the fire-box, and a mud hole is
placed opposite each tube, for the purpose of cleaning them out. They are tested
up to 200 Ibs. pressure to the square inch.
The foundation plate answers the purpose of feed water tank, in which the
water is heated before passing into the boiler ; and also of an ashpit.
No brickwork or foundation is required.
N. and Z. will forward special quotations to Foreign Correspondents for Steam
and Gas Engines or other Machinery upon receiving details of the nature and amount
of work to be performed.
p 2
212 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
OPTICAL INSTEUMENTS.
THE science of .Optics, which consists in the examination of the phenomena of light
and vision, is one of the most important and most useful branches of physical
science. By the aid of its appliances we are permitted to obtain a glimpse' of the
immensity of the universe, and are enabled to reveal wonders of creation, of which
but for this power granted to us we should be in perfect ignorance. By means of
the Telescope we are made acquainted with the existence of spheres and worlds
floating in boundless space, illustrating in the most sublime manner the perfect
harmony that exists in the motions of the heavenly bodies.
The Microscope affords an insight into the minute structure of animal and
vegetable life, and discloses to the wondering spectator forms of life, the variety
and beauty of which display in the most convincing manner the infinite power of
the Great Creator.
But of all the gifts which science has so freely lavished on humanity, and all
tending to its benefit and improvement, perhaps there is none that can rank higher
than the means afforded of assisting the natural vision, and of enabling us to correct
in a most simple and perfect manner the irregularities of sight, which are conse-
quent on alterations silently going on in the structure of that wonderful and deli-
cately constructed organ, the Eye. The sight has in all time been justly accounted
the greatest of blessings, and it deserves our strictest attention in order that the
advantages of it may not be lost to us at an earlier period than is absolutely
necessary from physical decay.
Those beginning to require the aid of Spectacles are obliged, before distinct
vision can be obtained, to hold the candle or to have the source of light
between the eye and the book they read, in order to force the pupils of their eyes
into a proper state of contraction, that they may see distinctly the characters
before them. Now this is a state of things that should never occur, for if indulged
in, and the eye be tampered with, it will eventually lead to great impairment of
vision. The power of adjustment in the eyes varies exceedingly in different
individuals and also at different periods in the life of each person ; being strongest
in youth, and gradually diminishing with advancing years.
From this circumstance it is easy to see the reason of the fatigue caused by
the strain on the ciliary process of the eye in bringing it to a proper adjustment
for objects at different distances, and an individual who has habitually to make an
effort to adjust his eye to these variations of circumstances, should lose no time in
applying to the Optician to obtain assistance from the use of glasses.
From what we have said above, let it not be supposed that the indiscriminate
use of Spectacles is recommended ; very far from it. We must, before resorting
to Spectacles, ascertain the nature of the defect in the visual organs, and then
have the amount, and only the exact amount of correction applied ; just in the
same manner as with a telescope, we are obliged to draw out the eye-tube until
a perfect image appears in the field of view, nothing more or less will suffice to
this end.
SPECTACLES.
READING & EYE GLASSES, EYE PRESERVERS, &c.,
TO SUIT ALL AGES AND SIGHTS, GLAZED WITH THE FINEST
BRAZILIAN PEBBLES OR BEST OPTICAL CROWN GLASS.
NOTICE.
N. & Z. devote especial care and attention to Oculists' Prescriptions, and no
advance in prices is made unless extra deep lenses, Cylindrical lenses, or Prisms
are ordered. N. & Z. cannot specify within the limits of this List the various
combinations which influence the price, but if desired, the price may always be
ascertained before ordering.
The greatest care taken that the Pebble, or Glass Lenses, are correctly
worked and polished, as well as carefully tested and suited to the sight of the
Purchasers, and also that the Frames are formed to fit the face.
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
FIG. 61
FIG. 618*.
Each.
£ a.
Each.
£ s. d.
Fine Blue or Bronzed Steel Spectacles, with straight or
turn pin sides (figs. 618 and 618*) . . . . 0 10 6 0 12
Ditto ditto ditto, with Pebbles . 15s. 0 17 6 11
Fine Blue or Bronzed Steel Spectacles, with straight or
turn pin sides (figs. 618 and 618*), extra large lenses . 0 12 6 0 15
Ditto ditto ditto, extra large Pebbles . 1 5
Blue Steel Spectacles, with straight sides (fig. 618) .026 03
Blue or Bronzed ditto ditto 056 07
Cataract Spectacles, in various mountings . 10s. 6d. 0 15 0 11
Cataract Spectacles are mostly made specially to meet the requirements
of the Patient.
214
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOKN VIADUCT, B.C.
FIG. 019.
FIG. 619'
Each.
621
622
623
624
£ s.
0 10
1 1
619 The Patent Pantoscopic Spectacles are so constructed as to enable the wearer
to read or write with comfort. When the Spectacles are on the face, the position
of the lenses is such that the light passes through them at right angles to their
urfaces, and the upper part of the lenses being slightly straightened, enables the
earer to converse with anyone, or see distant objects, without looking through
he lenses or drawing the Spectacles down upon the face, Figs. 619 and 619*.
N". & Z. strongly recommend this form of Spectacles.
620 Patent Pantoscopic Spectacles, in light blue steel, for £ Es?h'a.
ladies or gentlemen, with the best Periscopic Lenses
Ditto ditto, with best Brazil Pebbles . . . 0 15 6
Ditto ditto, in Solid G-old, with best Brazil Pebbles
42s. 2 10 0
Ditto ditto, in Solid Silver, with ditto .110
Invisible Steel Spectacles, blue or bronzed, with straight sides.
The lenses are grooved to receive the frame, which, being extremely
light, is scarcely visible. These Spectacles are specially adapted for Concave
lenses worn by short-sighted persons. Straight or turn pin sides
10s. 6d., 12s. 6d., 15s.
Ditto ditto ditto, with Pebbles . . . 15s. 0 18 0 150
Invisible Steel Spectacles, with Curled sides to fit behind
the ears (fig. 626) 10s. 6d. 0 12 6 0180
Ditto ditto ditto, with Pebbles . . . 15s. 0 18 0 150
625
626
627
628
Gold Spectacles, fitted with Pebbles, Light Frames :—
10 Carat. 12 Carat. 15 Carat. 18 Carat.
Single Sides £1 7s. 6d. £1 17s, 6d. £2 12s. 6d. £3 15s. Od'
Turn Pin do. £1 11s. 6d. £2 4s. Od. £3 Os. Od. £4 5s. Od.
Ditto ditto ditto, Strong Frames : —
Single Sides £1 Us. 6d. £2 8s. Od. £3 Os. Od. £4 4s. Od.
Turn Pin do. £1 17s. 6d. £1 12s. 6d. £3 7s. 6d. £5 Os. Od.
Ditto ditto ditto, Extra Stout Frames .—
Single sides £2 2s. Od. £2 15s. Od. £3 15s. Od. £5 Os. Od.
Turn Pin do. £2 5s. Od. £3 3s. Od. £4 10s. Od. £5 15s. Od.
631 Either of the above Spectacles may be had with Patent Pantoscopic Frames
without extra cost, as Fig. 619.
629
630
45, COfliniILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 215
FIG. 626.
632 Invisible Gold Spectacles, with Curled Sides to fit behind the ears.
The lenses grooved to receive the frame (as Fig. 626), 12 Carat,
with glasses £1 to £2, with Pebbles, £2 to £2 10s.
N. & Z. do not recommend a higher quality gold for these Spectacles, it being
too soft for durability.
633 Sterling Silver Spectacles—
12s. 6d. 15s. £1, and upwards, according to weight.
634 Ditto ditto, with Pebbles, 18s. £1 Is. £1 5s.
Gold and Silver Spectacles are strongly recommended to persons residing in
Tropical Climates, or at the Seaside, as they resist the action of moisture.
635 Gold Double Eye Glasses, (folding). — The frames and the springs are of
Gold throughout, and with shell placquets to those parts which touch the
nose. Fitted with Pebbles.
Light Frames : —
10 Carat. 12 Carat. 15 Carat, 18 Carat.
Figs. 640* & 640f £1 Is. Od. £1 10s. Od. £2 2s. Od. £2 10s. Od.
Fig. 640 £1 5s. Od. £1 15s. Od. £2 5s. Od. £3 Os. Od.
Strong Frames : —
Figs. 640* & 640 £115s. Od. £2 Os. Od. £2 10s. Od. £3 5s. Od.
Fig. 640 £2 Os. Od. £2 7s. 6d. £3 3s. Od. £4 Os. Od.
Fig. 646 £2 2s. Od. £2 10s. Od. £3 5s. Od. £4 4s. Od.
Extra Stout Frames : —
Figs. 640* & 640 £2 5s. Od. £3 3s. Od. £3 15s. Od. £4 15s. Od.
Fig. 644 £2 15s. Od. £3 10s. Od. £4 4s. Od. £5 10s. Od.
Fig. 646 £3 3s. Od. £4 Os. Od. £5 Os. Od. £6 6s. Od.
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 636. ^=s^ FIG. 636*.
636 Gold Double Eye Glasses (folding), with round or oval eyes, with Pebbles.
(Figs. 636 and 636*).
Strong Frames :—
10 Carat. 12 Carat. 15 Carat. 18 Carat.
£2 5s. Od. £2 15s. Od. £3 15s. Od. £4 15s. Od.
Extra Strong Frames : —
£2 10s. Od. £3 3s. Od. £4 Os. Od. £5 10s. Od.
637 Ditto ditto ditto, with Spring and Catch, round or oval eyes, with
Pebbles, (Figs. 636 and 644). Extra Strong Frames :—
£2 15s. Od. £3 10s. Od. £4 5s. Od. £5 15s. Od.
638 Ditto ditto ditto, with Rigid Bridge, folding, but used open and
held in the hand. Round eyes only, with Pebbles (Fig. 636°).
Extra Stout Frames : —
£5 15s. Od. £4 4s. Od. £5 5s. Od. £6 6s. Od.
FIG. 640. FIG. 640*.
DOUBLE EYE GLASSES (Folding).
VARIOUSLY-CONTRIVED SPRINGS TO SUIT DIFFERENT FORMS OF FACE.
639
640
Blue or Bronzed Steel Double Eye Glasses (Fig. 640*) .0
Best Nickel Plated Steel Ditto ditto (Figs. 640 and 640f)
having Shell Placquets to those parts which touch
the nose ..... . . . 5s. 6d. 0
Each.
£ s. d.
36
Each.
£ s. d.
056
641 Ditto
ditto
ditto, with Pebbles . 12s. 6d. 0 15
0 10
1 1
45, GORNHILI, B.C., AND 122, BEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
217
Each. Each.
£ s. d. £ a. d.
642 Best Nickel Plated Steel (Figs. 640 and 640*), highly
finished invisible frames, with Grooved lenses . . 0 10 6 0 12 6
643 Ditto ditto ditto with Pebbles . . 15s. 0 18 0 150
FIG. 650.
FIG. 646.
FIG. 644.
644 Tortoise-shell Double Eye Glasses [(Pig. 644) Round
or Oval 7s. 6d. 0 10 6
645 Ditto
ditto
ditto, with Pebbles
646 Tortoise SheU Double Eye Glasses (Fig. 646), with
Solid Steel Bridge
ditto
ditto
12s. 6d. 0 15 0
12s. 6d. 0 15 0
ditto, with Pebbles . . .110
ditto, with Solid Gold Bridge .150
ditto, with Pebbles . . . 1 10 0
ditto (Fig. 650), Bound or Oval
. 7s 6d. 0 10 6
0 12 6
0 17 0
0 17 6
150
1 10 0
1 15 0
647 Ditto
648 Ditto
649 Ditto ditto
650 Ditto ditto
Eyes . . . ' 7s 6d. 0 10 6 0 12 6
651 Vulcanite Double Eye Glasses (shape as Figs. 644 and 650)
2s. 6d. 3s. 6d. 0 4 6 056
652 Figs. 640, to 650 show recent improvements in Clip-Nose, (Pince-Nez)
Spectacles, or Folders. The Cushions, or Placquets, on th'e inner edges of
the Frame distribute the pressure over a large surface, causing the Folder
to fit exceedingly firm on the face, and parallel to the eyes. These forms of
Folders, known as Chinese, Japanese, American Extension, or Non-Pressure,
are found to be the most comfortable in wear yet introduced.
218
NEGRETTI AND ZA.MBRA, HOLBORN YIADUCT, E.G.,
SINGLE EYE GLASSES.
FIG. 653.
FIG. 654.
FIG. 657.
653 Gold Eye Glasses, single (fig. 653), fitted with Pebbles Each. Each.
i for short sights, according to quality and substance £ s. d. £ s. d.
10s. 6d. 0 12 6 0 15 0
654 Gold Eye Glasses, single (fig. 654), fitted with Pebbles
for long sights, ditto ditto, 21s., 30s. 200 2 10 0
655 Shell Rim Eye Glasses, (fig. 653), fitted with Convex or
Concave glasses 2s. 0 2 6 036
656 Ditto ditto ditto, (fig. 654), fitted with Convex or
Concave glasses 3s. 6d. 0 5 6 0 10 6
657 Rimless Eye Glasses, (fig. 657), Concave or Convex glass 010
658 Ditto ditto ditto, Meniscus Concave or Convex glass 016 026
GOLD HAND SPECTACLES (Folding).
FIG. A.
FIG. B.
FIG. C.
FIG. D.
659
Gold Hand Spectacles (folding), with Spring Joints, richly engraved,
chased, enamelled or inlaid ; fitted with Pebbles for long or near sights —
10 Carat, £4 4s.; 12 Carat, £5 5s., £5 10s., £6 6s.; 15 Carat, £6 6s.,
£6 10s., £7 7s. ; 18 Carat, £7 7s., £8 8s. and upwards (figs. A, B, C, D).
660 Silver Gilt ditto ditto ditto, fitted with Pebbles
(figs. A, B, C, D) 40s., 45s. 2 10 0 330
661 Tortoise-shell or Mother-o'-Pearl Fronts, with Silver-gilt
settings, fitted with Glasses . 18s., 21s., 25s. 1 10 0 200
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
219
SPECTACLES AND EYE PROTECTORS FOR PRESERVING THE EYES
FROM EXCESSIVE LIGHT, GLARE FROM SNOW, AND FROM
WIND OR DUST.
662
663
664
665
666
667
FIG. 663.
Each.
£ s. d.
Each.
£ s. d.
Best Solid Steel Frame Eye Protectors or Dust
Spectacles, (fig. 662) with wire gauze or crape cups,
and fitted with smoke or blue tinted flat glasses of
the finest quality 10s. 6d. 0 15 0
Best Solid Steel Frame Eye Protectors, (fig. 663) with
wire gauze cups, and fitted with large smoke or blue
tinted Cup Shaped or Spherical Glasses of the finest
quality 10s. 6d. 0 15 0
Best Steel Spectacles, (fig. 663), fitted with large smoke
or blue tinted spherical -glasses of the finest quality
10s. 6d. 0 12 6 0 15 0
Ditto ditto, fitted with large smoke or blue
tinted spherical glasses 7s. 6d. 0 10 6 0 12 6
110
110
FIG. 666.
Best Steel Frame D Eye Preservers, (fig. 666) fitted with
best smoke or blue tinted glasses, both in front and
at the sides . 10s. 6d. 0 12 6 0 15 0
Ordinary Steel Frame D Eye Preservers, fitted with
smoke or blue tinted glasses and with gauze side shades
5s. 6d. 0 6 6 076
220
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, B.C.,
FIG. 671.
Each.
£ s. d.
668 Best Steel Spectacles,"(fig. 618) with large smoke or blue
tinted glasses of the finest quality . . . .076 0 10 6
669 Ordinary Steel ditto ditto fitted with smoke or
blue tinted glasses .... 2s. 6d., 3s. 0 3 6
670 Goggle Spectacles, steel frame, with wire gauze
cups, fitted with smoke or blue tinted glasses
3s. 6d., 5s. 6d. 066
671 Goggles, (fig. 671) to fit the head by means of an elastic
band, fitted with smoke or blue tinted glasses from 0 1
Each.
£ 8.
056
076
6 to 0 10 6
FIG. 683.
FIG. 682. FIG. 689.
672 Best Nickel Plated Steel Folding Eye Glasses, (fig. 640*)
with smoke or blue tinted Cup Shape or spherical glasses 0 10 6
673 Ditto ditto ditto, with smoke or blue
tinted flat glasses .... ...0760 10 6
0 12 6
FIG. 675.
FIG. 678.
FIG. 676.
674 Steel Folding Eye Glasses, with smoke or blue tinted
glasses 036 to 056
675 Shooting or Hunting Eye Glasses, steel mounted, with
joints and screws for attaching to the Hat (fig. 675) .076 0 10 6
676 Ditto ditto ditto double (fig. 676) . 150
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 221
FIG. 687. FIG. 686. FIG. 685.
678 French Pattern Spectacles, (fig. 678) with Single or & as° ' a. £ &B. ' d.
Double sides, Gold " . . 1 10 0 to 3 3 0
679 Ditto ditto ditto Best Steel , 0 10 6 0 12 6
It is not generally known that vrhat are termed " Pebbles," as used in the construction
of spectacle lenses, are cut from Rock Crystal. For such no better substance is obtainable
when free from impurities, being much harder and brighter than glass. The difficulty,
however, of obtaining " Pure Pebbles " is great, and not until much labour has been
expended in cutting and polishing can any of the many defects be discovered which
ultimately cause their rejection. It is in consequence of a large percentage of loss in the
production of " Pebble Lenses " that the cost is so much greater than glass ; but it is
only apparent, as the advantages of a higher polish, the non-liability to scratch or break,
well compensate for the outlay.
For the information of those who sometimes imagine their Spectacles no
longer serviceable, Negretti & Zambra beg to say that a little expense will often,
for all practical purposes, make them equal to new. The re-working of a pair of
pebbles to a higher power, a new glass, soldering a broken frame, or a new spring
to an eye glass, will frequently accomplish this end.
These repairs are executed at moderate charges and returned by post in the
shortest possible time from their receipt with instructions.
Spectacles made to order of any shape or material, and fitted with lenses worked
to any particular form. Pebbles re-worked and altered to suit the variation of
sight.
Spectacles or Eye Protectors, Gilt Plated or Nickeled, to prevent rust, at a
slight advance on prices quoted.
Spectacles suited to the Sight by sending an old Lens or piece of a broken one.
680 " SPECTACLES, WHEN TO WEAR AND HOW TO USE THEM : " addressed to
those who value their sight. Published by NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA.
Price (post-free), 6d.
222 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
Each. Each.
681 Spectacle Cases, Leather, various forms and mountings
6d. 0 1 0 050
682 Oval and Bound Reading Glasses, in Horn cases
(fig. 682) 2s. 6d. 0 5 0 076
683 Ditto ditto t Tortoise -shell case (fig. 683) . . 1 10 0 220
684 Ditto ditto in Pearl, with Silver mountings
(fig. 682) 110 220
685 Cylindrical Lenses, in oblong Horn, Yulcanite, or Metal
Frames (fig. 685) .... 15s. 6d. ; 17s. 6d. 1 1 0 150
686 Print Lenses, of various sizes, in turned Wood Frames,
for viewing large Maps, Engravings, Photographs, &c.
(fig. 686) ....... 21s. 1 11 0 220
687 Magnifying Lenses, mounted in German Silver, with
Wood Handles, suited for examining Photographs,
Engravings, &c. (fig. 687) 2s. 6d., 3s., 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d.,
5s. 6d., 7s. 6d., 8s. 6d., 10s. 6d., 12s. 6d. 0 15 0 150
688 Ditto ditto with Ivory Handles and Gilt
mountings 6s. 6d., 8s. 6d., 10s. 6d., 12s. 6d., 15s. 6d. 1 1 0 150
689 Ditto ditto mounted in buffalo Horn or Ebonite
(fig. 689) 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d., 5s. 6d., 6s. 6d., 7s. 6d. 0 10 6 0 12 6
NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA'S THERMOSCOPIC SPECTACLES,
FOR THE RELIEF OF WEAK, DIM, AND IMPERFECT VISION.
Enabling the wearer to read or work with comfort by Gas or Candle-light.
690 These Spectacles are the result of a series of experiments, undertaken with the
view to the manufacture of a glass that should possess the power of arresting the
heat that proceeds from gas-light and other sources of artificial illumination.
This desirable end having been attained by Messrs. NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA,
they are enabled to supply Spectacles, the glasses of which possess this peculiarity;
that is to say, that the great heating power of gas and other artificial light is
rendered imperfectly inert as far as regards vision, and the amount of light that
enters the eye nearly equal to that which would do so through ordinary glasses ;
by this means the unsightly dark glasses are superseded, and greater comfort is
secured while reading or working by gas-light; at the same time the sight is
preserved from the pernicious effects of the heat, and the eyes are kept as cool as
when reading by ordinary daylight. The Thermoscopic Spectacles will be found,
therefore, to recommend themselves to those whose avocations require great
application to the desk, more especially during 'the winter months, in the banks
and public offices generally, where of necessity a vast amount of writing and
accountants' work has to be done by gas-light.
Price, in Best Steel Frames, with either Convex or Concave Lenses
£0 15 0 to 1 1 0
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
5, COKNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STRKET, W., LONDON.
k D
223
FIG. 700*.
FIG. 696. FIG. 691. FIG. 695.
'MAGNIFIERS AND POCKET MICROSCOPES.
Flower Microscopes, folding up into convenient size,
with neat cases for the pocket (fig. 691)
Gardener's Microscope in case (fig. 692) ....
Seed Microscopes, with glass body, in case . . 2s.
Beetle or Insect Microscopes, convenient for examining
living insects . '. . . . 3s. 6d.
Ditto ditto large size, best mounted
(fig. 695)
Botanical Microscopes, with three powers, mirror, &c.,
in pocket case (fig. 696)
6
£
0 10
0 5
0 7
046 076
0 10 6 0 15 0
FIG. 692.
FIG. 698*.
FIG. 698.
FIG. 697.
FIG. 697
026
Cloth Microscopes or Linen Provers, for ascertaining
the number of threads in a given space of linen, cloth,
&c., in round case (figs. 679 and 697*)
Ditto ditto folding for Pocket (figs. 698 and 698*)
2s. 6d.
Ditto ditto for Coarse Goods, extra large
Watchmakers' and Engravers' Magnifiers (fig. 700) Is.
Pocket Magnifiers, in Horn mountings (fig. 701) .
Ditto ditto two lenses
Ditto ditto, three ditto (fig. 703) . . .3s.
Ditto ditto one, two, or three lenses, in Tortoise-shell
mountings (fig. 704) 5s. 6d. 0 10 6 0 15 0
Ditto ditto Tortoise-shell and Gold. Pearl and
Silver mountings with Single or Double lenses,
(fig- 705).
Prices various.
224
NEGKETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.
FIG. 701.
FIG. 705.
FIG. 703.
FIG 706. FIG. 708.
706 Stanhope Lenses, in German Silver mountings
(figs. 706 and 706*) 036
Ditto ditto in Tortoise-shell ditto 0 10 6
Each. Each.
£ s. d. £ s. d.
707 Ditto
050
0 12 6
ditto, in Silver ditto 0 10 6 0 15 0
FIG. 704.
708 Stanhope Lens, mounted with shade for the eye, and
tube for improving the definition, magnifying power
180 diameters (fig. 708)
This powerful and convenient lens
is the invention of Lord Stanhope.
The portability, low price, and the
facility with which iti can be used,
recommend it strongly. With it may
be seen the animalcule in water, eels
in paste and vinegar, farina of
flowers, the down of moths, &c. ;•
and if a drop of solution of salt be
spread lightly over the end of the
lens, and viewed without delay, the
formation of crystals will be
beautifully seen.
709 Coddington's Spherical Lens, in German silver
Mounting 3s. 6d. 0 5 0
710 Ditto ditto in Tortoise-shell . . . . 0 10 6
711 Ditto ditto in Silver 0 15 0
712 Pocket Magnifier, with two plano-convex lenses,
diaphragm, and a Stanhope or Coddington lens,
in Tortoise-shell mountings (fig. 712) . . 12s. 6d., 0 16 6
0 12 6
FIG. 712.
0 10
0 15
1 5
150
The most useful pocket magnifier or microscope introduced, magnifying power 10 to 80 diameters.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
225
VARIOUS OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS,
FIG. 743.
FIG. 741,
FIG. 742.
713 Concave and Convex Mirrors, Silvered Glass, in turned
Wood Frames 16s., 21s.,
714 Multiplying Mirrors 10s. 6d.
715 Black Mirrors, for Artists
716 Burning Glasses, in Horn mountings . . .2s.
717 Glass Prisms, for showing Decomposition of Light,
of various sizes . . . ' . . 2s. 6d., 5s.
718 Glass Prisms, two in a neat box for exhibiting the
Decomposition of Light into the Prismatic Colours
and their Recomposition into White Light, &c.
719 Prism Compound of Flint, Crown, and Plate Glass
720 Prisms mounted with Ball and Socket joint adjustment
on Brass foot . . ,
721 Hollow Glass Prism, for experiments on the refraction
of Fluids, and for Spectroscopes ....
722 Multiplying Lenses, in frame .... 2s. 6d.
723 Claude Lorraine Glasses, for studying the effect of
colour upon Landscapes, &c
724 Colour Tops, a simple contrivance for exhibiting the
recomposition of white light from colours
725 Apparatus for ditto ditto, on a larger scale, with
multiplying wheel, on Stand with Circular Prismatic
Disc (fig. 725)
726 Kaleidoscopic Colour Top, with perforated discs
and coloured diagrams, complete ; in box .
727 Concave Lenses, in frame, for viewing Engravings, &e.
Each. Each.
£ s. d. £ s. d.
220
150
110
026
1 1 0
030
0 15 6
500
1 10 0
1 16 0
050
0 10 6 160
066
1 10 6
1 16 0 220
1 10 0
050
1 1 0
0 10 6
2 10 0
0 12 6 110
0-10 6 to 2 2 0
Q
226
NKGKETTI AND ZAMBRA, UOLBOKN VIADUCT, E.C.,
FIG. 725.
FIG. 736.
Each.
£ s. d.
Each
£ s. d.
33
0 15 0 22
20
1 10
33
728 Graphoscopes, see page 228
729 Diagonal Print Machines, for viewing Prints, &c. .
730 Cosmoramic Frames and Lenses . . . .
731 Print or Map Lenses, various mountings and sizes,
see page 222
732 Cylindrical Magnifying Lenses, in Yulcanite mount-
ings, 10s. 6d., 12s., 14s., 16s,, 21s., 25s., 30s., 35s. 2
733 Cylindrical Mirrors, with 6 diagrams ....
734 Mirrors, Conical, with 12 diagrams .....
735 Camera Lucida, Wollaston's (Chambre Claire}, for
drawing in true perspective, in case (fig. 735) .
736 Ditto ditto, best form with Shades, &c., (fig. 736)
737 Portable Stand for ditto .
738 Camera Lucida, for Microscope .... See Micro Section
739 Beale's Neutral Tint Camera or Reflector, for ditto. See also
740 Draughtsman's Camera Obscura (Chambre Noire),
for sketching (fig. 740) ..... 21s.
741 Ditto ditto improved Portable (fig. 741) .
742 Cosmorama or Camera Obscura, for Gardens, r&c.,
fitted up to order (fig. 742)
743 Prisms, Piano-Convex, in Brass mountings, with sliding
adjustment ( fig. 743 ) for constructing Garden
Cameras (as fig. 742), of various dimensions and
foci . . . 38s., 45s. 2 10 0 5 10 0
33
1 10
1 15
2 10
55
22
1 15 0 220
660
45, COBNHILL, E.G., AND T22, REGENT STREET, W.; LONDON".
227
FIG. 760.
744
FIG. 744.
FIG. 761.
Each.
£ s. d.
056
0 15 0
1 10 0
Set of Five Lenses of various forms and curves,
(fig. 744), with a small Prism to illustrate the Science
of Optics, in a hinged case ......
745 Model of the Human Eye, showing the position of
various humours and Lenses, and for demonstrating
the cause of Presbyopia or Long Sight ; Myopia, Short
or Near Sight, &c., &c. In Mahogany Box
746 Kaleidoscopes, with two or three reflecting planes 2s. 6d.
Ditto ditto, on Table Stand 7s. 6d., 10s. 6d.
747 Chromeidoscope, a modification of the Kaleidoscope
748 Debuscope, or Table Kaleidscope, with Plated Metal
Reflectors
749 Spectroscope, for Chemical research. See Chemical
Section
750 Photometers, Wheatstone's
751 Ditto for Gas Testing . . See Chemical Section
752 Radiometer, Crook's . . . ditto ditto
753 Goniometer, Wollaston's, for measuring the angles of
Crystals .........
754 Anorthoscope, with twelve diagrams (fig. 725)
755 Praxinoscope, a novel and pleasing arrangement of the
above with six coloured pictures . . . 16s.
756 Polemiscope, by means of which any object may be seen,
though an opaque body be placed before it
757 Phantascope, for exhibiting the illusion effected by a
concave mirror, projecting figures in air .
758 Polyorama, with six views, so constructed that day and
night effects are produced by means of reflected and
transmitted light
759 Videoscope, for Reading, Drawing, Engraving, &c.,
having a clamp to screw the Instrument to the table,
with joint and sliding adjustment with clamp .
760 Visuometer, Photographic (fig. 760), for enabling the
artist to judge the effect of a landscape, folding for
the pocket .........
761 Focussing Glass, Photographic (fig. 761), for obtaining
a perfectly sharp image on the focussing Screen of
the Camera .........
Lenses or Prisms of all kinds made to order.
Models and Diagrams to explain and demonstrate the Elementary
Optics, the Theory of Vision, the construction of Refracting and Reflecting
Simple, Compound, and Solar Microscopes, &c., &c, supplied to order.
Q
150
0 12 6
Each
£ s. d.
150 1 16 0
£ 6 0
1 10 0
110
220
0 10 6
2 10 0 330
550
220
1 15 0
330
440
220
1 10 6
046
0 16 0
Laws of
228 NEGEETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORX VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 762.
NEGRETTi AND ZAMBRA'S GRAPHOSCOPE,
FOR VIEWING PHOTOGRAPHS, DRAWINGS, AND PICTURES OF EVERY KIND,
As constructed and Patented by its Inventor, Mr. C. J. ROWSELL, and shown in the
class " Scientific Inventions," at the International Exhibition (1871).
So simple is this instrument, that little need be said as to the mode of using.
It can be focussed to suit any sight — the oldest or youngest, the longest or
shortest. Plain or Coloured Photographs, when viewed through the Large Lens,
will be found to stand out with the roundness and reality of natural objects. It
occupies little space, cannot get out of order, and is an ornament to any
drawing-room. The G-raphoscope may be used either by day or night.
In the beautiful Photographic "Nature Printing," there is much that the
unassisted eye cannot perceive, but which appears among the distincter portions
portrayed, as a dark or light mass only. The Graphoscope, by a simple but
effective arrangement, and a powerful Lens easily adapted to any focus, " brings
out " and gives a Stereoscopic life-like effect to this, and to the whole subject in
a very pleasing and beautiful manner ; also, by a simple combination, it forms a
perfect Stereoscope for both Opaque and Transparent views. The Graphoscope,
with an appropriate selection of Coloured or Plain Photographs, forms a most
elegant Wedding or other Present.
Each. Each.
£ s. d. £ s. d.
762 No. 1. Graphoscope, Ordinary Size, with Stereoscope,
Mahogany (figs. 762 and 762*) 2 12 6
763 No. 2. do. do. Walnut . . 330
764 No. 3. Large Size do. do. . . 550
No. 3*. Extra do. do 660770
765 No. 4. The Piccolo, a small Instrument . . . 1 10 0 1 16 0
Negretti and Zambra have always in Stock a collection of Photographic Yiews
of London and various parts of the World — Photographic Flowers and views of
the Crystal Palace, Sydenham — both coloured and plain, Statuary, &c., &c.
766 Plain Photographic Yiews, 2s. 6d., 4s. 6d. ; Coloured Flowers and Yiews,
4s. and 5s.
A vase containing a bouquet of Natural Flowers placed in the field of the large
lens forms an exceedingly interesting object. When the Graphoscope is used for
this purpose it should have the easel turned down flat upon the base.
Cartes de Visite, Portraits, &c., are very effective under the Instrument.
STEEEOSCOPES.
FIG. 767.
FIG. 768.
767 Stereoscopes, plain metal or mahogany (fig. 767) .
768 Ditto ditto mahogany, with adjusting eye-pieces (fig. 768) .
769 Stereoscopes, divided form (fig. 769), papier mache body, covered
with leather, and brass adjusting mounts, with glass mirror
Each.
£ s.
0 5
0 10
1
770 Ditto ditto Walnut or other woods, with ornamental mountings 2
FIG. 769. FIG. 771.
PATENT COSMORAMIC STEREOSCOPES.
771 Cosmoramic Stereoscopes, Mahogany or Walnut wood,
with Prismatic Lenses (fig. 771) 7s. 6d., 10s. 6d. 0 15
772 Ditto ditto Japanese Mounting (fig. 772)
FIG. 772. FIG. 773.
PATENT STEREOSCOPES WITH ADDITIONAL LENSES ADAPTED FOR SHORT SIGHT.
230
NEGBETTI AND ZAMERA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
Each. Each.
£ s. d. £ s. d.
773 Stereoscope, with extra Lenses for Short Sight, in
Mahogany or Walnut wood (fig. 773) ... 220
774 Ditto ditto in Papier Mache, divided form, covered
with leather and ornamental mounts of various forms 2 10 0 330
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA'S PATENT MAGIC STEREOSCOPES.
The great advantage offered by the
" Magic Stereoscope " over all other descrip-
tions of the instrument is its power of en-
larging the slides seen through it to such
an extent as to render them perfectly real
in appearance, as though the scenes
themselves were actually presented to view.
Speaking of the Magic Stereoscope, the
writer in the Art Journal says : — " This
instrument possesses advantages over every
modification which we have yet examined.
After a careful examination of all the
conditions of the Magic Stereoscope, we are
bound to state that it is by far the greatest
improvement which has been made in this
most interesting instrument."
The prominent position the Magic
Stereoscope has now for more than twenty-
five years held, the favourable opinion ex-
pressed of its merits by its numerous pur-
chasers, and the steady and increasing de-
mand, not only in Great Britain, but in all our
Colonies, in America, and on the Continent,
and, moreover, the entire absence to the
present time of any competing instrument
of higher pretensions, — all combine to estab-
lish its great superiority, and to confirm the
opinion concerning it expressed in the
critique in the Art Journal quoted above,
Messrs. NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA are
the Sole Manufacturers of Mr. COOK'S
Patent Magic Stereoscope.
FIG. 775.
774° Patent Magic Stereoscope, in Walnut, with Achromatic
Lenses, on sliding telescopic stand (fig. 774*), with
rackwork adjustment for focussing . . . .
10 10 0
45, COKNIIILL, E.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
231
FIG. 780.
Each.
£ s. d.
775 Negretti and Zambra's Patent Magic Stereoscope,
in its most perfect form, with Extra Sized Lenses
throughout, the intermediate lenses, Patent Cylindrical,
for insuring a perfectly flat, colourless field and
freedom from distortion (as fig. 775) . . from
Each.
£ s. d.
18 18 0
777
778
779
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA'S ACHROMATIC STEREOSCOPES.
Achromatic Stereoscopes, with Opera Glass adjustment
(fig. 776), in various plain mountings . . 25s. 1 15 0 2
Ditto ditto ornamental mountings . . .220 3
Achromatic Stereoscopes, with Rackwork Adjustment
and extra large Achromatic Lenses, high magnifying
power, suited for Glass Stereoscopic views . . 2 10 0 3
Ditto ditto mounted on Adjusting Stand . . .440 5
780 The Cabinet Form Stereoscope, in Walnut with
Rackwork adjustment, mounted on adjusting stand,
with Brass Slides and Clamps (fig. 780) ... 5
50 660
232
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN TIADUCT, E.C ,
FIG. 782.
PATENT REVOLTING OR MAGAZINE
STEREOSCOPES.
781 Magazine Stereoscopes, to hold and
exhibit twenty-five transparent
Glass, or fifty Paper Slides.
£440 £550
782 Ditto ditto with Achromatic
Lenses (fig. 782), to hold fifty
Glass Yiews.
£770 £880 £10 10 0
783 Magazine Stereoscope, to hold 100
Glass Yiews, with convenient
adjustments . from £12 12 0
783* Magazine Stereoscope, very hand-
somely Carved and Ornamented,
to hold 100 Glass Yiews.
£25 0 0 to £30 0 0
FIG. 784
Each. Each.
£ s. d. £ s. d.
784 Hand Stereoscope (fig. 784), for rapidly looking over
a series of Stereographs 0 15 6
784* Folding or Book Stereoscope, with Leather cases . . 0 10 6 0 15 0
GLASS STEREOSCOPIC YIEWS.
785 Negretti and Zambra's Series of Glass Stereoscopic Views,
Price 3s. 6d. and 5s. each : —
England. Venice.
London and Environs. Germany and the Rhine.
Scotland. Belgium and Holland.
Ireland. Denmark.
France. Norway.
Spain. Sweden.
Italy. Russia.
Rome. Constantinople and Athens. India.
Switzerland. America. Pompeii.
Egypt and Nubia.
Holy Land and Syria.
China.
Japan.
Siam.
Moluccas.
Java.
45, CORNI1ILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 233
STEREOSCOPIC YIEWS OF THE CRYSTAL PALACE.
786 Negretti 'and Zambra's Collection'of Crystal Palace Views, upon Glass and
Paper, comprising all the most interesting views of the building and various
Courts, Statuary, &c.
Glass £036 each
Paper £010,,
PAPER STEREOSCOPIC YIEWS.
787 Paper Stereoscopic Views of the following places, price Is. each.
England. Holy Land. France.
London and Suburbs. India. Belgium.
Scotland. China. Spain.
Wales Italy. Holland.
Ireland. Switzerland. Pompeii and Herculaneum.
Egypt and Nubia. America. &c., &c.
BOXES AND CABINETS FOR PRESERVING STEREOSCOPIC
PICTURES. Each.^ £Easch-d
788 Plain Mahogany Boxes, to hold 100 Paper Views . . 0 10 6 to 1 5 6
789 Ditto ditto better quality for Glass Views .220 330
790 Elegant Cabinet Boxes, to hold a Stereoscope with a
selection of Glass and Paper Views, &c., &c. ; of
various forms and mountings . . . £3 3s. 4 4 0 550
Messrs. Negretfci and Zambra received a Prize Medal, 1851.
Honourable Mention, Paris, 1855. The Austrian Gold Medal
For Stereoscopic Views on Glass.
Two Prize Medals, 1862, "For beauty and excellence of Photographic
Transparencies, and adaptation of Photography to Book Illustration ; " and
"For many Important Inventions and Improvements, together with accuracy
and excellence in Objects Exhibited."
790* NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA'S NEW MILITARY BINOCULAR.
This Binocular is specially designed for Service in the Field. Optically, is of
high power ; gives a large field of view, abundance of light, and perfect definition.
A Glass, to be really useful for Active Service, should possess the characteristics
of mechanical strength, optical perfection, and be handy either on foot or in the
saddle ; these qualities are pre-eminently united in the New Military Binocular.
For Price, See Series IV., No. 796, page 236.
234
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOKN VIADUCT, E.C.,
NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA'S
OPERA, RACE, FIELD, AND MARINE GLASSES,
FIG. A. & 791.
NOTICE.
All Binocular Glasses named in the present List are comprised in Series and
Numbers, ranging from 1 to 7 ; but as some of the numbers are omitted in certain
Series, it will assist in the selection of any particular Glass if reference is made to
the following Table, where the approximate size of the Object Lenses is marked
opposite each Number. These Numbers apply to any one of the Fourteen Series.
Glass No. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Size of Object Lenses, 1£ inch.
„ If „
IS
4
If
791 Twelve-lens Achromatic Binocular Race Glass (fig. A), (having Triple
Combination Eye and Object Lenses) very powerful, great field of view.
with Solid Leather Case and Strap £660
Aluminium ditto ditto £12 12 0
See also No. 6, Series I.
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
235
SERIES I.
792 Binocular Field or Race Glasses, 12-lens Combination. The eye-lenses in
these Glasses being larger than those usually supplied, a much greater field
of view is obtained. They are mounted in bronzed metal, the bodies covered with
leather, and are made in seven sizes, all equally adapted for land, sea or in-door
use. (Fig. c.)
Nos. 1, 2, and 3 are supplied in Soft Leather Cases, and admit of being carried
in the pocket, where larger glasses would be inconvenient.
No. 1 £2 10 0 No. 5 £55
,,2 330 ,,6 66
,,3 3 15 0 ,,7 6 15
,,4 440
No. 6, fitted with Double-Draw Arrangement, giving higher power, (fig. B.)
£7 7
No. 4, 5, 6, and 7 are supplied in Solid Leather Cases, with sling straps.
These Glasses are also mounted in ALUMINIUM (about half the weight of
those in ordinary metal). (Fig. E and p.)
No. 1
„ 2
3
£5
6
7
No. 4
„ 5
6
£88
10 10
12 12
No. 6, fitted with DOUBLE-DRAW ARRANGEMENT, £14 14 0. (Fig.
236
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
SERIES II.
793 Binocular Glasses for Races and general out-door use, fitted with 12 lenses,
giving very great power and definition. (Fig. A.)
They are mounted in metal, Enamelled black. The bodies and sunshades
covered with leather.
These Glasses are made in 3 sizes, and supplied in Solid Leather Cases with
sling straps.
No. 4 £440
,,5 550
,,6 660
If mounted in Aluminium (either bright or Enamelled black)
No. 4 £880
,,5 10 10 0
„ 6 . . 12 12 0
794 Binocular Glasses, with MOYEABLE CENTRES to change the position of
the lenses to adapt them to suit the width between different eyes, from 10s. to 15s.
each extra.
SERIES III.
795 The " Staff-Officer " Binocular Field Glass, 12-lens Combination. This
celebrated Glass is made in No. 6 size only.
It has great power and gives very fine definition. N. & Z. strongly recommend
this Glass to Officers in the Army, where there are no restrictions as to size.
The mounting and sunshades are of bronzed metal, and the bodies covered
with Russia Leather. Price, including Solid Leather Case, £7 7 0. (Fig. H.)
Ditto with Double-Draw arrangement, giving higher power, £8 8 0. (Fig. G.)
SERIES IY.
796 The " New Military " Binocular.— This is made in the fifth size only, to fit the
Army Regulation Pouch. (Fig. i.)
The mountings and shades are of bronzed metal. The bodies covered with
black or buff leather, with Solid Leather Cases to match. Price, £550
Ditto, in Bronzed Aluminium, £9 9 0. An allowance of 7s. 6d. is made if the
Case is not required.
Regulation Pouches supplied to order.
45, COSNHILL, E.C , AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
237
SERIES Y.
797 Binoculars, for Marine, Field or Theatre use. The magnifying power and field
of view of these Glasses can be varied to suit near or distant objects by means of a
Revolving Eye-Piece containing Three Powers. (Fig. K.)
The mounting is metal, japanned black. The bodies covered with Black
leather.
These Binoculars are all supplied in Solid Leather Cases and are made in
four sizes.
No 3
„ 4
D
No. 3
, 4
.
.
. .
.£4
4
0
No
5
,
.
.
. 5
5
0
6
ill
Aluminium —
. .
.£8
8
0
No.
5
, 10
10
0
6
£6
7
£12 12
. 14 14
SERIES VI.
798 Binoculars intended chiefly for Marine Service.— Fitted with 6-lens combina-
tion, and strong bronzed metal mounting, No. 7 size, £5 5 0. (Fig. J.)
Ditto, 12-lens Combination, Government Pattern, No. 7 size, £5 5 0.
(Fig. L.)
Ditto, 6-lens Combination, No. 6 size, £4 4 0.
All Glasses in this Series are supplied in Solid Leather Cases, with Strap.
The Glasses in Series I. are also adapted for Marine purposes.
SERIES VII.
799 BinoculariField Glasses.— 6-lens Combination, fitted with extra long adjusting
tubes, by which greater power is obtained. (Fig. Q.)
N. & Z. recommend this Series where a 12-lens Glass would be too costly.
They are mounted in metal, japanned black, and the bodies covered with leather.
Prices, including Solid Leather Cases, with Strap : —
No. 3 size
4,
99 ** 99
£2 2
2 10
No. 5 size
.* 6
£3
4
OPERA GLASSES
SERIES VIII.
800 Opera Glasses, very highest quality, fitted with 12-lens combination, and
mounted in ALUMINIUM. The bodies covered either with Mother-o' -pearl or
Tortoiseshell. (Figs. M. and N.)
These Glasses are very suitable for Wedding or Birthday Presents, and are
made in 5 sizes.
No. 1
, 2
sizes.
£5
5
0
No.
3
6
6
0
,,
n
5
£770
880
10 10 0
P Q R
SERIES IX.
801 Opera Glasses, similar to those in Series VIII., but mounted in ALUMINIUM
(either bright or enamelled black) the bodies being covered with Morocco leather.
p-
No. 1
2
£4 10
5 10
No. 3
„ 4
,,5
£6 10 0
7 10 0
8 10 0
An elegant Morocco leather or Velvet Flexible Case given with each of the
above Opera Glasses.
SERIES X.
802 Negretti & Zambra's best quality Opera Glasses, with Ivory bodies and Gilt
Metal Mountings, fitted with 12-lens combination. Suitable for presents where
aluminium mounted glasses are too expensive. (Fig. o.)
No. 1 £2 10 0
,,2 330
,,3 440
Ditto with 6-lens combination.
No. 1 £1 10 0
,2 ,220
No. 4
„ 5
No. 3
£5
6
£2 10
3 3
4 4
NEGHETTT AND ZAMI5RA, HOLBORX VIADUCT, B.C.
239
SERIES XL
803 Opera Glasses, best quality, with Mother-o'-pearl bodies and Gilt Metal
Mountings, fitted with 12 Lenses.
No. 1 £3 3 0 I No. 3
,.2 4 4 0 I „ 4
Ditto with Dark Pearl Bodies and Mountings Enamelled Black.
No. 1 £2 10 0 I No. 3
,2 3 3 0 „ 4
£5
5 0
.
.
. 6
6 0
lamelle
d Black.
£4
4 0
5
5 0
SERIES XII.
804 Negretti & Zambia's new pattern, 12-lens Achromatic Opera Glasses. (Fig. E.)
The mountings are Bronzed Metal and the bodies covered with Morocco
leather.
N. & Z. strongly recommend this Series, where a best instrument is required
in plain but strongly made mountings. No. 3 size . . . .£330
No. 1 size . . . .£220 „ 4 „ . . . . 3 10 0
,,2 2 10 0 I „ 5 440
SERIES XIII.
805 Negretti & Zambra's 6-lens Opera Glasses, made in 5 sizes, either of
which can be recommended as a good and useful glass for general purposes.
(Figs, s T TJ.)
.£110
.150
. 1 15 0
No. 4 size . . . .£220
„ 5 330
SERIES XFV.
806 Monocular Field or Opera Glasses, best quality, mounted
in metal, japanned black, and body covered with Morocco
leather. , (Fig. v.)
No. 1 size . . . £0 10 6 No. 5 size . . . £1 10 0
„ 2 „ • . . 0 15 0 „ 6 „ . . . 1 15 0
„ 3 „ . . .110 „ 7 „ (Fig. v.) . 2 2 0
, 4 , 150
Prize Medal, 1851. Two Prize Medals, 1862,
FOR MANY IMPORTANT
INVENTIONS, ACCURACY,
AMD EXCELLENCE.
FIG. 810.-
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA'S ALUMINIUM BINOCULARS.
807 The only novelties in Opera and Field Glasses exhibited at the International
Exhibition of 1862 were two by Messrs. Negretti and Zambra ; viz., the use of
Rock Crystal for lenses, and Aluminium for the mountings ; the extreme hardness
and brilliancy of the one, and the wonderful lightness of the other, render them
eminently useful in the construction of Field Glasses, &c.
The principal use of Rock Crystal is for instruments required for service in
Tropical climates, where the great heat, combined with moisture, cause the ordinary
glass lenses to become dull and stained. The Rock Crystal retains its polish, gives
a very brilliant image, and is not so liable to become scratched as Glass.
808 Rock Crystal 12-lens Combination Binocular Field Glasses, with
Solid Leather Sling Cases and strap .... £10 10 0
The difference of weight between Aluminium and the usual metal mountings
of Field Glasses, &c., is so great as always to excite astonishment, certainly one-
third less ; so that a very large instrument can be used with the greatest ease and
comfort. This extraordinary lightness is very valuable in hot climates, where the
slightest exertion becomes distressing, and a useful instrument is often thrown
aside on account of its weight. Negretti and Zambra are now manufacturing
Aluminium Opera and Field Glasses in a variety of sizes and forms, fitted with the
very finest lenses, weighing about one-third less than the ordinary instruments.
809 Aluminium Opera Glasses. See Series YIII. and IX.
810 Ditto Field Glass, as fig. 810 .. . . £10 10 0 12 12 0
NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA'S
IMPROVED YACHiTING AND DEER-STALKING
811 These Binocular Telescopes are, from the adjustments,
suitable to every sight and width of eyes. The Field is large
and clear, with an abundance of Light, while the Magnifying
Power is great. By the new adjustment, the circles of the
two Fields are made to coincide exactly, so that all strain
is taken from the eyes in looking through them; while the
breadth of the Field enables the observer to " pick up "
any object at once.
Negretti and Zambra recommend their Binocular
Telescopes for Yachting, Deer-Stalking, Military Service
or general Field use.
PRICES. (Fig. 811.)
IN BRONZED METAL.
FIG. 811.
No. 1, Binocular with Leather Sling Case
» 2
„ 3
« 4
Magnifying
Power.
100 times
150 „
200 „
250
Diameter of Height when
Object Lens. Closed up.
. IJ-in. . 9£-in.
If
Hi
IN ALUMINIUM.
(About half the Weight of those in Ordinary Metal.)
No. 1, Binocular with Leather Sling Case 100 times . l£-in. . 9§-in.
„ 2 „ „ „ . 150 „ . If „ . 10| „
„ 3 „ „ „ . 200 „ . 1$ „ . 11* „
,4 .250 U „ 14^ „
£ a. d.
850
9 15 0
11 10 0
13 10 0
12 15 0
16 0 0
18 10 0
20 5 0
812 Negretti and Zambia's new "Binocular" Telescope. By
a further improvement in the arrangement and combination of
Lenses NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA have now produced a Glass of
only eight inches in length, possessing all the advantages of the
largest Binocular Telescopes.
Great Reduction of bulk and weight, combined with High
Magnifying Power, and large Field of Yiew are the special
points recommending these New Binocular Telescopes.
PRICES. (Fig. 812)
Mounted in Bronzed Metal, with Leather Sling Case. £12 10 0
Mounted in Aluminium „ „ „ 16 10 0
FIG. 812.
NOTE. — Negretti % Zambra also manufacture a smaller Binocular Telescope, No. O, with
Object Lenses 1 inch diameter ; "but the field of view being extremely limited, they
recommend in preference their 12-Lens Binocular Field Glasses, No. 6, at £6 6s. and
£7 Is. Sec Series 1 and 3, pages 234 and 236.
B
242
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, B.C.,
TELESCOPES.
FIG. 817.
POCKET TELESCOPES.
Each.
£ s. d.
813 Perspective Glasses, with mahogany or japanned body,
and one, two, or three draws . . Is. 6d., 2s. 6d. 0 3 6
814 Pocket Telescopes, two or three draws, with Achromatic
object lens, Mahogany or Leather Covered body
(figs. 814) 0 10 6
815 Ditto ditto
Each.
£ s. d.
070
0 12 6
with Sun Shade 0 15 0 0 16 0
FIG. 8H.
FIG. 819.
FIG. 814.
816 Achromatic Telescopes, with Leather Case and Sling
Strap 150 1 10 0
817 Achromatic Telescopes, with Screw and Jointed Clip
for fixing to a tree or at side of Window, &c.
(fig. 817) '21s. 150 1 10 0
Ditto Ditto with Astronomical Power, in
a neat Mahogany Box 150
818 Pocket Rifle Telescope, Achromatic, one draw, body
covered with leather, with light sling, small, portable,
and very powerful, to show Bullet marks at 300 to
500 yards 1100 220
819 Pocket Achromatic Telescope—
3 draws 24-inch, If -inch Object Lens (fig. 819) . 220
820 Ditto, with Sun Shade 2 10 0
821 Pocket Achromatic Telescope —
3 draws 30-in., If -inch Object Lens . 330
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
243
FIG. 822.
Each.
Each.
£ s. d.
822 Pocket Achromatic Telescopes, with Mahogany or
Rosewood body (fig. 822) :—
Two, three, or four draw Brass Telescopes with Lenses
of the VERY FINEST QUALITY AND BEST MOUNTING —
12-inch 1 15 0
18-inch ditto ditto 2 10 0
24-inch ditto ditto 3 10 0
30-inch ditto ditto 440 550
36-inch ditto 4 -draw, Extra Large Object Lens 7 It) 0
823 Pocket Achromatic Telescope — solid German Silver
Mountings, with Sun Shade, 21-inch three draw,
best quality (fig. 822) 4 10 0
824 Ditto Ditto 30-inch 5 10 0
825 Pancratic Eye Tubes (Dr. Kitchener's), to above extra 0 12 6 110
822 and 823 are very suitable for Rifle Prizes, especially if fitted with Pancratic Eye Tubes.
826 Solid Leather Cases and Sling Straps for any of above,
from each extra 0 10 6
FIG. 827.
827 12-inch Pocket Military Reconnoitring Telescopes,
best quality, six draws, very portable, brass tubes
Ditto ditto German Silver tubes (fig. 827)
18-in. ditto six-draw Brass tubes
24-in. ditto seven- draw ditto ....
30-in. ditto eight-draw ditto . . ...
1 10
2 2
2 10
3 10
4 10
FIG. 828.
828 Negretti and Zambra's Improved Achromatic Military Reconnoitring
or Deer-Stalking Telescope, two or three draws, with Sun Shade, bronzed
tubes, and mounted in strong leather body with sling strap, or in Leather
Case with Sling (fig. 828)
No. 1
o
£1 15 0
2 10 0
440
No. 4
£550
6 10 0
880
JVbs. 3, 4, 5, and 6 are fitted with Pancratic Eye-pieces.
244
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
THE "MAC LEOD" DEER-STALKER.
829 Fitted with three draws, Taper Body, with Sun Shade
and Pancratic Eye-Piece, Object Glass 2^-in. dia-
meter. Supplied in solid leather case, with sling
strap ..........
Ditto, ditto Bronzed German Silver, with Leather
Case and Sling, exceedingly light but strong .
N. & Z. recommend this pattern as being one of the finest Telescopes it is
possible to employ for Deer Stalking.
Each. Each.
£ s. d. £ s. d.
6 10 0
10 0
830 Aluminium Telescopes, two or three draws, very light,
Large Object Lenses. Suitable for Presents, or for
Ladies' use, fitted in leather cases, with sling straps . 10 10 0
12 12 0
MARINE TELESCOPES.
FIG. 832.
831 Marine or Day and Night Achromatic Telescopes,
yielding a large field and full body of light, adapted
for Coast Service .... 21s., 30s., 40s. 2 10 0 330
832 Day or Night Achromatic Pilot Telescopes, with one,
two, or three draws (fig. 832) 220 2100
FIG. 833.
833 Pilot Telescopes, One draw with Shade Tube (fig. 833) 330 440
834 Erect Night Telescope, with one draw and Shade Tube,
Object Lens of large diameter and best quality .550 660
835 Large Inverting Night Telescopes 550
FIG. 838.
Navy Telescopes, Taper Bodies, covered with leather, bronzed Tubes, and
Sunshades, one draw tube, best Achromatic Object Glasses.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Length when closed.
12 inches
15 „
18 „
21 „
24 „
26 „
30 „,
45
Diana, of O. G.
1^ inches
If „ .
If „ .
1* „ .
Price.
£2 2
2 10
3 0
3 10
4 10
5 5
6 10
7 10
45, CORNHILL, E.C., AND 122, REGENT STEEET, W., LONDON. 245
837 Navy Telescopes as above, but with polished German Silver tubes and
Sunshades. £3 30, £44 0, £550, £660 and £880
838 Deck Telescopes, one draw with Spray shade, as fig. 838.
No. of
Draws.
1
1
1
Diameter of
Object Glass.
1 inches
Body covered
with leather.
£1 16 0
2 10 0
3 10 0
or Mahogany.
£220
330
4 10' 0
FIG. 840.
Each.
£ s. d.
Each.
£ s. d.
1 16 0 220
839 Deck Telescopes, large sizes of above with Hackwork and Sliding
adjustment (fig. 839) £5 10 0 £7 10 0 8 10 0 10 10 0
840 Midshipman's Telescope, 18-inch Brass taper body
covered with leather, and Navy Signals inserted, sling
strap (fig. 840)
841 Ditto Ditto, Regulation pattern, German Silver,
with Navy Signals, Sun Shade, and sling strap
842 Marryat's Code of Signals fitted to Telescopes
843 Navy Code of Signals to ditto
844 Straps and Slings to ditto
845 Mariners' Compass, with Bar Needle or Floating Card
fitted to cap of Telescopes, to order from
3 3
0 10
0 10
0 10
0 18 0
FIG. 839.
846 Signal Station or Target Practice Telescopes, for Telegraphic and Look-out
puposes, or for distinguishing bullet marks on targets at the longest
ranges with one draw, the bodies covered with leather, and with
rackwork and sliding adjustments to eye-pieces (fig. 839).
No.
1
2
3
4
Size of Object Glass.
2 inches
. . 21',,
. . 2* „
. . 2| „
. . 3 „ . .
Tripod Stands for above, see over.
Price.
£4 10 0
5 10 0
8 10 0
10 10 0
12 10 0
246
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBKA, UOLBOKN VIADUCT, E.C.,
FIG. 848.
FIG. 850.
847 Portable Tripod Stands} for Telescopes, of Wood, with
Brass Bolts and Nuts
848 Ditto ditto with Vertical and Horizontal
adjustments (fig. 848)
849 Ditto ditto Brass head, with jointed Clip, or Cradle
Telescope-holder, mahogany legs (fig. 849)
850 Improved Alt -Azimuth Stand (fig. 850), for
Astronomical Telescopes, well suited for Telescopes
Nos. 853, 856, and 857 ; Strong Metal Mountings, very
rigid, and conveniently portable ....
Each.
£ s. d.
Each.
s. d.
1 12 6 1 16 0
2 10 0
330 4 10 0
12 0 0 15 0 0
851 Captains' or Pilots' Binocular Night or Look-out Glasses (see pages 234 to 237).
FlG. 852.
852 Negretti & Zambra's Traveller's Telescope consists of a highly-finished
portable Telescope, with Folding Table Stand (fig. 852).
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 247
It is fitted with Terrestrial or day eye-piece of high magnifying power and
brilliant definition, and one Astronomical eye-piece of sufficient power to exhibit
all the phenomena of the planets and divide the more easily resolved of the double
stars.
The whole instrument is compactly arranged in a mahogany box with lock and
key, forming one of the most useful and convenient Telescopes for Tourists or
Sea coast visitors.
It can be used without the stand, as an ordinary pocket Telescope.
Price, complete in case . . . . £7 7 0, £8 8 0, £10 10 0
ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPES.
FIG. 853.
853 Negretti & Zambra's Universal Telescope (fig. 853), with 2^-inch Object
Glass, brass body, japanned black, fitted in case . . . .£550
Ditto, with 3-inch Object Glass . . . . . . .£660
Ditto, with polished brass body and extra Astro, eye-piece . .£880
N. & Z., in view of the increasing demand for Astronomical Telescopes of
moderate price, have constructed one that, while it accomplishes eifectually all
required in an elementary study of the heavenly bodies, is equally useful as a
Telescope for Terrestrial objects, or for marking in Rifle practice.
It will show Jupiter's moons, Saturn's ring and moons, and resolve some of the
double stars ; while for terrestrial objects, it will define well at a distance from
10 to 15 miles, and will show bullet marks on a target at the longest ranges.
For Astronomical purposes, an extra eye-piece can be had, magnifying 80
diameters, price 12s. 6d. Can be added at any time.
Firm Garden Stands for above, see page 246.
248
NEGBETTI AND ZAMBKA, HOLEORN VJADUCT, B.C.,
FIG. 854.
854
Negretti & Zambia's Signal Station or Telegraph Look-out Telescope,
having Rackwork and Sliding Adjustments to the eye-tube, mounted on a
strong steady tripod table stand, with universal movements and hinged clip
for holding the Telescope, so contrived that when not in use, the Telescope
can be quickly removed from its stand, and both be securely packed away
in the stout case supplied with the instrument (fig. 854).
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Length.
30 inches
36 „
40 „
44 „
48
Diam. of O. G.
2 inches
These Telescopes have sufficient magnifying and defining power for distinguishing
bullet or shot marks on a target at the longest ranges. Also well suited for
Coast-Guard stations, or as a Sea-Side Look-out-glass.
855 Achromatic Astronomical and Terrestrial Telescope (fig. 855), bright Brass
Body, Rackwork and Sliding Adjustment to eye-piece, mounted on a
pillar and brass claw Table Stand, having Horizontal and Vertical motions ;
fitted in polished mahogany case, with lock and key.
Size of
Object Glass. Terres.
2 inches. 1
2* „ .1
2* „ .1
3 1
Eye-pieces.
Astro.
Power.
With Terres. Eye-piece. With Astro. Eye-piece. Price.
. 20 diameters 45 diameters . £10 10 0
. 30 „ 55 „ . 11 11 0
. 40 „ 70 „ . 14 14 0
50 85 18 18 0
Tripod Out-of-Door Stands suited for above, see page 246.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 249
FIG. 855.
ACHROMATIC ASTRONOMICAL AND TERRESTRIAL TELESCOPE, No. 855.
FIG. 856.
856 Achromatic Astronomical Telescope (Fig. 856), on handsome brass pillar and
claw Table Stand, with Rackwork and Sliding Adjustments to Telescope,
elevating and steadying rod, and Achromatic Finder, fitted in polished
mahogany case, with lock and key.
Size of Eye pieces. Power
Object Glass. Terres. Astro. With Terres. Eye-piece. With Astro. Eye-pieces. Price.
3 inch .1 2 . 45 diameters 65 & 80 diameters . £25 0 0
3i „ .1 2 . 50 „ 75 & 90 . 30 0 0
3i „ . 1 2 , 60 80 & 95 35 0 0
250
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.
857
FIG. 857.
Achromatic Astronomical Telescope (Fig. 857), same as No. 856, but with
Tangent Screw and Hook's Universal Joint for horizontal adjustment, and
extra Steadying Rods to Telescope ; fitted in polished mahogany case, with
lock and key.
Power.
With Terres. Eye-piece. With Astro. Eye-pieces.
. 50 diameters
. 55
. 60 „
70
Size of
Eye-pieces.
Object Glass.
Terres. Astro.
3£ inch
. 1 2
3i „
. 1 2
3f „
. 1 2
4 „
. 1 2
75 & 90 diameters
80 & 95 „
85 & 105 „
90 & 110
Price.
£36 0
42 0
48 0
66 0
EDUCATIONAL
ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPES ON IMPROVED
TRIPOD STANDS.
858 Astronomical Telescope, on Taper Iron Tripod Stand, object glass 3 inches
diameter, 3-ft. 9-in. focal length, one Terrestrial eye-piece magnifying 20
diameters, and two Astronomical eye-pieces, magnifying 60 and 125
diameters, vertical rack motion and Achromatic finder, fitted in stout case,
with lock and key £25 0 0
859 Ditto ditto, on improved Tripod Stand, with object glass 3£-in. diameter,
4-ft. 9-in. focal length, one Terrestrial eye-piece, magnifying 25 diameters,
and three Astronomical eye-pieces magnifying 80, 155 and 230 diameters.
Fig. 859 £45 0 0
860 Ditto ditto, but with object glass 4^-in diameter, 5 -ft. 3-in. focal length,
one Terrestrial eye -piece, magnifying 30 diameters, and three Astronomical
eye-pieces magnifying 85, 170 and 255 diameters . . . £60 0 0
861 Telescope Stand, similar to Fig. 861, for large instruments, complete, with
Vertical rack, Steadying rod and Horizontal tangent rack . £15 15 0
45, COKNHILL, E.G., AXD 122, BEGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 251
FIG. 861.
861 Negretti and Zambra's Educational Astronomical Telescope, No, 861, with
Vertical and Horizontal screw adj ustments, Steadying Rod, &c.
252
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 862.
Each.
£ s.
150 0
NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA'S EQUATORIAL TELESCOPES.
862 Negretti & Zambia's Universal Equatorial Telescope (fig. 862),
with Object Glass 4-in. diameter, 4-f t. 9in. focal length, and four
eye-pieces, magnifying 80, 155, 230, and 310 diameters
863 Ditto, ditto, but with Object Glass 4| in. diameter. 5 ft. 3 in.
focal length, and four eye-pieces, magnifying 8*5, 170, 255, and
350 diameters, mounted on bronzed iron pillar 5 ft. 6 in. high . 200
864 Ditto, ditto, with Object Glass 5 in. diameter, 6 ft. focal length,
and five eye-pieces, magnifying 65, 190, 195, 240, and 390
diameters ........... 275
865 Ditto, ditto, with Object Glass 6 in. diameter, 8 ft. 6 in. focal
length, with five eye-pieces, magnifying 90, 140, 275, 410, and
550 diameters ; also an improved Diagonal Eye-Piece for Solar
Observation and for viewing objects near the Zenith . . 420
Estimates given for Larger Instruments on application.
Equatorial Telescope Stands From 42
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
45, COBNHILL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 253
FIG. 867.
Each.
£ s. d.
866 Transit Instrument, 14 in., with Telescope having 1| in- aperture 880
Ditto ditto 24 in., on portable Iron Stand, with engine divided
circle, Spirit Levels and Tangent Screw Adjustments . . 27 0 0
867 Ditto ditto 30 in., with Telescope having 2| in. aperture (fig. 867) 50 0 0
Ditto ditto with two Setting Circles and Brass Stand . . 60 0 0
868 Ditto ditto 36 in 70 0 0
869 Astronomical Clock, dead beat escapement, jewelled pallets, and
Compensated Pendulum, with steel rod and Mercurial Cistern,
in Plate Glass Case for hanging on wall 42 0 0
870 Mean and Sidereal Time Clock, showing both times on the
same dial with dead beat escapement and jewelled pallets, with
compensated pendulum and small bell to strike the minutes, in
case, with Plate Glass top, sides and front . . . . . 88 0 0
871 Small Equatorial Star Finder, for the use of Students, 4-in divided
circles, achromatic Telescope, with 1^ in. object glass . . 12 12 0
"With this instrument any Star or Planet can be found with facilty, and many
important facts in astronomical science demonstrated.
NEGRETTI & ZANBRA'S IMPROVED TRANSIT
INSTRUMENTS.
FIG. 868.
FIG. 869.
FIG. 870.
868
Portable Transit Instrument for the Determination of True Time.
Plain Mounting with Box (fig. 868) .... Price £880
869 Ditto ditto ditto, with vertical divided Circle, with Box (fig. 869) 12 12 0
870 Ditto ditto ditto, with Illuminating Apparatus, the most com-
plete form (fig. 870) with Box 15 15 0
Pull instructions for setting up and using the above Transit Instruments will
be found in A Treatise on the Transit Instrument, by Latimer Clark, M.I.C.E., &c.,
price 5s.
871 Object Glasses, best quality, for Astronomical Telescopes,
mounted in brass cells.
1 inch clear aperture
10
. 150
. 220
.350
. 4 15 0
. 700
. 9 10 0
. 14 0 0
. 22 0 0
. 42 10 0
. 75 0 0
. 125 0 0
. 200 0 0
. 300 0 0
. 400 0 0
Quotations for larger sizes may be had on application.
NEGEETTI AND ZAMHRA, HOLBOEN YIADUCT, E.C. 255
Each
£ s d
871° Telescope Eye-Pieces, Huyghenian .... 16s. to 1 5 0
872 „ „ Dawe's Solar 800
873 „ „ Transit 300
874 „ „ Terrestrial . . . ... 1 15 0
875 „ „ Comet 1 10 0
876 „ „ Diagonal 4 10 0
877 Sunshade and Brass Cap fitted to eye-piece 060
878 Micrometer, Double Image, with Eye Pieces, &c., in Box . . 20 0 0
879 Micrometer, with Position Circle, &c 15 0 0
880 Reflecting Telescopes, for Students' use, mounted on improved
stand, with endless screw motion to follow the stars with
Equatorial Motion, Silvered Glass Speculum, 5£ in. diameter,
with two eye-pieces 25 0 0
881 Ditto, Ditto on Equatorial stand, with 6^ in. speculum . 80 0 0
«82 Ditto, Ditto with 85 in. Speculum and three eye-pieces . 110 0 0
883 Silvered Glass Specula (unmounted) best quality.
5J inch diameter 7 10 0
63 „ „ ..900
8* „ 17 10 0
10 „ „ . 38 0 0
Prices of larger sizes may be had on application.
884 Foucault's Reflecting Telescope, for Terrestrial or Astronomical observations.
The improvements of this telescope are principally in the use of a Glass
Speculum coated upon the surface with pure Silver. The eye-piece is
an achromatic microscopic arrangement of lenses mounted on the side
of the telescope, the image being received from the large speculum by
a prism, and the reflected image examined by the Microscope Eye-Piece,
which is fitted with rack-work adjustment. With these arrangements, high
powers can be used, and large field of view, combined with light, obtained.
Mounted on a table stand, with simple adjustments (fig. 884).
Supplied to order . . £20 0 0
With simple instructions for re-silvering the speculum.
Gregorian or Newtonian Reflecting Telescopes constructed to order.
NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA'S
MICEOSCOPES.
FIG. 889.
SIMPLE AND COMPOUND MICROSCOPES.
Each Each
£ s. d. £ s. cl.
885 Botanic or Dissecting Microscope, Simple Lenses, a
variety of forms, with pillar to screw into the top
of the box containing the apparatus . lls. 6d., 16s., 0 17 0 1 10 0
FIG. 892.
FIG. 891.
886 Botanic or Dissecting Microscope, with Hackwork
adjustment and apparatus, in Mahogany Box
(fig. 886) 150
1 10 0
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, BEGENT STEEET, W., LONDON.
257
FIG. 891.
887
891
802
Each.
£ s. d.
Compound Microscope, with sliding tube adjustment,
mirror, eye-piece, and magnifying power, forceps, and
one microscopic object ; in a Mahogany hinged box
Compound Microscope, with three magnifying powers
and two objects and stage glass for holding water.
&c., in Mahogany box (fig. 888) 0 16 0
Compound Microscope, with three magnifying powers,
a mounted lens for condensing the light on opaque
objects; in Mahogany box (fig. 889) . 110220
Compound Microscope, with sliding tube adjustment,
mirror, four powers, objects, forceps, water trough,
insect box, stage plates, glass tube, &c. (fig. 890)
Each.
£ a. d
0 10 0
0 18 0
2100
330
Large Compound Microscope, Martin's Improved, best finish, and lenses, with
Rackwork adjustment (fig. 891) ..... 440
Dissecting 'or Mounting Microscope, improved form, arranged for medical
or botanical investigation. The stage plate is made of stout glass, set in
a circular brass rim supported on three legs; beneath the stage is a
mirror, with convenient adjustment. This Microscope is fitted with three
simple powers, ^-inch, 1-inch, and 2-inch focus. Arranged in a neat
mahogany box, with brass forceps, &c. 220
Dissecting Microscope, similar to No 892, but with
Compound Body, as fig. 892, having Rackwork adjust-
ment, also 1-inch and ^-inch Achromatic Powers, in
Mahogany Box, with brass forceps, &c. ... 440
258
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
894
FIG. 894, FIG. 895*.
ACHROMATIC MICROSCOPES.
Achromatic Microscope, with Jointed Pillar, and firm circular foot, Hackwork
adjustment to the body, sliding clamp for objects on the stage, with a set
of Achromatic lenses, brass forceps, &c. ; in Mahogany case (fig, 894)
In three sizes, £1 10 0 £220 330
895
895°
896
Negretti and Zambra's No. 1 Microscope (suited for elementary instruction
or amusement). Bronzed Stand, rack adjustment to the body, slide holder
and diaphragm to the stage, forceps, stand condenser, two eye-pieces, and
two sets of Achromatic Powers, in Mahogany cabinet . . £3 10 0
Negretti and Zambra's No. 2 Microscope, similar to No. 1, with Fine
Adjustment to the body, and 1-inch and|-inch Achromatic Powers
(fig. 895*) £4 10 0
Negretti and Zambra's No. 3 Microscope, similar to No. 2, and fitted with
Polarising Apparatus £6 10 0
897 Negretti and Zambra's No. 1A College Microscope, with Brass stand,
rackwork adjustment to the body, sliding object stage and holder,
diaphragm plate, Achromatic object lens, dividing to ^-inch and ^-inch,
in brass box, Live Box, brass forceps, &c. ; in Mahogany cabinet with
lock and key and drawer (Fig. No. 1A), £3 10 0
898 Ditto Ditto Ditto, with Stand Condenser, Stage, Forceps .£440
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STEEET, W., LONDON.
259
No. 1 A
No. 2 B
899 Negretti and Zambra's No. 2B College Microscope, as 898, but with fine
adjustment and lengthening tube to the body, separate object lenses, 1-inch
and £-inch, in brass boxes ; in Mahogany Cabinet . . £500
900 Negretti ] and Zambra's No. 30 College Microscope, with Mechanical
Stage, giving adjustment in two directions, as No. 2 B, in Mahogany
Cabinet with Lock and Key £& 10 0
901 Negretti and Zambra's No. 4D College Achromatic
Microscope, similar to No. 3 C, but with Polarising
Apparatus .........
10 10 0
902 Negretti and Zambra's College Achromatic Microscope, No. 5. Brass stand,
with Mechanical Stage, Rackwork Adjustment and Lengthening Tube,
to the body, Fine adjustment for the Object lens, rotating object
holder, and diaphragm to the stage, two eye-pieces, three Achromatic
Powers, 1 inch, ^-inch, and ^-inch, Polarising Apparatus with Selenite
Spotted Lens, Stand, Condensing Lens, Animalculse Cage, Stage Con-
denser and Forceps, Curved Forceps, Dipping Tubes, Stage Glasses,
&c., &c. ; in Mahogany Cabinet £18 18 0
902° Negretti and Zambra's Student's Binocular Microscope, with convenient
adjustment for width of eyes, Plain Stage, two Eye -Pieces, and 1-inch
and |-inch Achromatic Object Lenses, Stand Condenser, Live Box,
brass forceps, &c. ; in Mahogany cabinet . . . . .£880
s2
NEGRETTI AND ZAHBRA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, B.C.,
NO. 3 C. N0.4D.
903 Student's Binocular Microscope, as 902*, with Rackwork Adjustment to
eye-pieces, and an extra pair of eye-pieces (fig 4D.) . . . £10 10 0
904 Negretti and Zambra's Student's Binocular Microscope, as No. 903, but with
extra i-inch Power £12 12 0
FIG. 905.
905 The Naturalist's Portable Field Microscope, mounted on Folding Brass
Tripod, with 1-inch Achromatic Object Lens, complete with Forceps, &c.,
in Mahogany Box (fig. 905) £3 10 0
906 Ditto ditto having 1-inch and i-inch
Achromatic Lenses, Live Box, Forceps, Fishing Tubes, Stage Glasses,
Stand Condenser, &c., &c., in Mahogany Box, very compact, invaluable, to
Mineralogists, Botanists, Geologists, Entomologists or Travellers £4 10 0
45, COBNUILL, B.C., AND 122, EEGENT STEEET, W., LONDON.
261
FIG. 907.
907 Brewer's Microscope, specially constructed for the Examination and Selection
of Hops, Yeast, Malt, Sugar and Water previous to use for Brewing.
Fitted with one Eye-piece, 1-inch and £-inch Achromatic Powers, Con-
denser, &c., &c., in Cabinet complete as fig. 907 . . . £880
908 Ditto ditto, one Extra Eye-piece and £ Objective giving increased
Magnifying Power from 425 to 525 Diameters ^with perf ect Definition and
Penetration, Extra Apparatus in Cabinet .... £15 15 0
The Microscopes Nos. 895 to 908 have been constructed to supply instruments of
moderate price, but with good workmanship, and solid mechanical
arrangements.
Larger and more perfect forms of Microscope are described in the following pages.
Instruments and Apparatus for Brewers' use will be found described with
prices in Sections, Thermometers, page 153; Hygrometers, page 68; Hydrometers and
Saccharometers, Glass and Metal, with Excise and Government scales, page
176 ; Polarising Saccharometers, page 278 ; Distilling Apparatus, page 193 ;
also an extended list of Chemical Apparatus at the end of this Catalogue.
262
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBBA, HOLBOKN YIADUCT, E.G.,
NO. 911.
909 Student's Microscope on Brass Stand, with one Eye-piece, one Object Glass
giving two powers, Live Box and Brass forceps, packed in Mahogany
Cabinet .£550
910 Student's Microscope, similar to No. 909, but with two Eye-pieces, two Object
Glasses, Condensing Lens on Stand, &c. £770
911 Student's Microscope, similar to No. 910, but with Fine Adjustment to the
Body, 2-inch, 1-inch, and i-inch Object Glasses, fig. 911 . . £8 15 0
912 Larger size Student's Microscope, similar to No. 911, but finished in the best
possible manner £13 13 0
913 Student's Microscope, similar to No. 912, but fitted with Polarising Apparatus,
Spot Lens, &c £16 16 0
45, COENHILL, B.C., AND 122, BEGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 263
NO. 914.
914 Negretti and Zambia's Student's Best Full-sized Monocular Microscope.
Brass stand, with Mechanical Stage, Hackwork adjustment and Lengthening
Tube to the body, Fine adjustment for the Object Lens, sliding and
rotating Object Holder, and Diaphragm to the stage, two eye-pieces, A and
B, three Best Achromatic Object Lenses, 1-inch, ^-inch, and £-inch, Polar-
ising Apparatus, with Selenite Plate, Spot Lens, Camera Lucida,
large Condensing Lens on Stand, two Live Boxes or Animalculae Cages,
Stage Condenser and Stage Forceps, plain and curved Brass Forceps,
Dipping Tubes, Stage G-lasses, &c., &c. ; in Solid polished Mahogany
Cabinet, with lock and key, fig. 914 £25 0 0
264
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.C ,
915 Student's Binocular Microscope, fitted with adjustment for width of eyes, a
pair of Eye-pieces, 2-inch and 1-inch Object Glasses, Condensing Lens on
Stand, Live Box, Forceps, &c., packed in Mahogany Case . £12 12 0
916 Binocular Microscope, similar to No. 915, but finished in superior manner, and
with 1-inch, 1-inch and |-inch Object Glasses (fig. 916) . £18 18 0
917 Binocular, similar to No. 916, but fitted with Polarising Apparatus, two pairs
of Eye-pieces, Spot Lens and Selenite Plate, &c. . . . £22 0 0
918 Binocular, similar to No. 917, but with Mechanical Stage, Fine Adjustment,
&c £25 0 0
920 Binocular, similar to No. 918, but with Larger Stand, Sliding and Rotating
object holder, spring side clamp, Clamping Arc for fixing at any angle,
extra large Condensing Lens on Stand, Glass Trough, two Stage Plates
Fishing Tubes, Frog Plate, &c., in Mahogany Cabinet . £42 0 0
45, COBNHILL, E.G., AND 122, BEGfciNT STREET, W., LONDON. 265
No. 921.
§21 Binocular Microscope, with Mechanical Stage, having rectangular motions,
sliding and rotating object holder, spring clamp slide, revolving
Diaphragm, Flat and Concave Mirrors arranged to give an oblique pencil of
light, Clamping Arm for fixing the instrument at any angle,. Coarse and Fine
Adjustments, two A and two B Eye-pieces, one C Eye-piece, Micrometer
Eye-piece, four best achromatic Objectives l^-inch, 1-inch, ^-inch, £-inch.
Polarising Apparatus, Rotating Selenite, Spot Lens, Stand Condenser,
Stage Condenser, Side Reflector, Camera Lucida, Reversible Com-
pressorium, Frog Plate, two Live Cages, two Glass Stage Plates, Stage
Micrometer, Stage Forceps, Straight and Curved Hand Forceps, and
Dipping Tubes in Case, complete in Solid Mahogany Cabinet with
Plate Glass door, fig. 921 £65 10 0
266
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
922
Negretti and Zambra's Large Binocular Microscope, with Mechanical
Stage, having motion in rectangular directions, Sliding and Rotating
Object holder, Spring Slide Clamps, Sub-stage with rectangular motions,
revolving diaphragm, flat and concave Mirrors, clamping arm to fix
instrument at any angle, coarse and fine adjustments, two A, two B, one
C, one D, and one Micrometer Eye-pieces, six Best Achromatic Object
Glasses, viz., 3-inch, 1^-inch, 1-inch, |-inch, £-inch, and £-inch. Polarising
Apparatus, Barker's revolving Selenite Stage, Paraboloid, Spot Lens,
Stand and Stage Condenser, Side reflector, Brook's double Nose-Piece,
Camera Lucida, Reversible Compressorium, Frog Plate, large and small
Live Boxes, two Stage Plates, Stage Micrometer, Stage Forceps, straight
and curved Forceps, Dipping Tubes in case, fitted in Solid Mahogany
Cabinet with Plate Glass door (fig. 922) £90 0 0
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOBN YIADUCT, E.C., 267
023 Negretti and Zambra Large Binocular Microscope, with graduated
rotating Goniometer stage with rectangular motions, graduated rotating
Sub-stage, flat and concave Mirrors, clamping arm to fix instrument at
any angle, coarse and fine adjustments, two A, two B, one C, one D,
one Micrometer and one Kellner's Orthoscopic Eye-pieces, eight best
Achromatic Object Glasses, viz., 3-inch, 2-inch, l|-inch, 1-inch, ^-inch,
£-inch, £-inch, ^-inch, three Lieberkuhns, Gillett's Achromatic Condenser,
large Paraboloid, large Spot Lens, Stand and Stage Condensers, side
Illuminator, Polarising Apparatus, Barker's Revolving Selenite Stage,
Brook's double Nose-piece, Lister's Dark Wells, Reversible Compressorium,
High Power Compressorium, large and small Live Boxes, Camera Lucida,
Stage Forceps, Stage Micrometer, straight and curved Forceps, two Glass
Troughs, two Stage Plates, two Dissecting Plates, Frog Plate, three
Modifiers, Dipping Tubes in case. Fitted in Solid Mahogany Cabinet for
the instrument and flat Case for the apparatus, with draw for containing
Mounted Objects, Form of Stand, &c., as fig. 922 . . . £150 0 0
924 Extra Large Binocular Microscope, with Goniometer Stage, Diaphragm and
seven Eye-pieces, 2 A, 2 B, 2 C, two 0 Orthoscopic Eye-pieces, one D,
one E Achromatic Eye-piece, one Centreing Eye-piece, best 4-inch, 3-inch,
2-inch, l^-inch, 1-inch, |-inch, ^-incb, ^-inch, -g-inch, -j^inch Achromatic
Objectives, 2-inch, 1^-inch, 1-inch, ^-inch Lieberkuhns in box, Silver
Side Reflector, Reversible Compressorium, Best Compressorium, Spring
Compressorium, Spring Compressorium for high powers, large, second size,
and small Live Boxes, Frog Plate, Brook's Double Nose-piece, Best Screw
Micrometer, Field's Ratio Polariscope with Rotating Body Prism, Large
Spot Lens, Large Paraboloid, Read's Hemispherical Condenser, Gillett's
Achromatic Condenser, Lister's Dark Wells and fittings, Amici's Prism,
Micro. Spectroscope, Stage Condenser, Stage Forceps, two pair Brass
Forceps, one Curved Bottle Forceps, Stage Micrometer in brass mount
in morocco case, Maltwood's Finder in case, two Glass Troughs, one Glass
Polyp's Trough, thin front, three Dissecting Plates, two Stage Plates, six
Tubes in case, box of :Thin Covering Glasses, three Modifiers in box, Large
Stand Condenser with Double Rod, Camera Lucida with Dark Shades,
Large Flat Walnut Case for Apparatus, with chased work, and Mahogany
Cabinet, with glazed door, for Microscope, and flat Case for the apparatus.
£200 0 0
No. 924 can be supplied to special order in a Solid Spanish Mahogany-
winged Case, with Plate Glass doors; the wings having a series of Drawers,
having Porcelain Tablets and numbered Knobs, for holding 1,000 Microscopic
Objects lying flat. Price Extra £22 0 0
The Microscopes Nos. 922, 923, and 924, are especially suited for
Presentation Instruments.
268
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
925. ENGLISH ACHROMATIC OBJECT GLASSES.
BEST QUALITY.
Object
Glass
Angular
Aperture
Magnifying Power with the
various Eye Pieces.
Price
£ 8. d.
A
B
G
D
E
F
4 in.
9 degs.
12
16
30
40
62
80
1 10 0
3 „
13 „
18
25
38
56
84
112
2 10 0
2 „
15
25
35
52
70
100
140
2 10 0
H,,
20
30
45
70
105
150
190
2 10 0
1 n
25
40
63
97
140
220
285
2 10 0
4 „
90
95
150
230
320
475
635
4 10 0
I „
100
210
310
520
780
1100
1400
500
i „
140
320
510
700
910
1380
1830
4 10 0
I.,,
140
425
600
900
1200
1830
2400
500
To »»
160
530
820
1200
2024
2900
4400
15 15 0
An
170
650
970
1500
3000
4000
5300
18 18 0
TV"
800
1000
27 0 0
Ts »
1250
2050
56 10 0
s >
11
'
The
Immersion arrangement to £th or £th powers, 42s. extra.
th, ^th, and ^th, are all of the very highest class of Optical
workmanship.
926. SECOND QUALITY.
Object
/->!-|
Angular
Magnifying Power with the
various Eye Pieces.
Price
£3
Glass.
Aperture
A
B
C
D
E
F
8. cl.
3 in.
10 degs.
18
25
38
56
84
112
1 10 0
2 „
^ »
25
35
52
70
100
140
1 10 0
15 „
30
45
70
105
150
190
1 10 0
I2,"
16 „
40
63
97
140
220
285
1 10 0
f "
55 „
95
150
230
320
475
635
2 10 0
4 9)
75 „
210
310
520
780
1100
1400
2 10 0
4"
8 »
120 „
130 „
320
425
510
600
700
900
910
1200
1380
1830
1830
2400
5 10 0
6 10 0
Those marked (*) have adjustments for covered and uncovered objects, and all the
screws are cut to the Standard Gauge of the London Microscopic Society.
927 Sets of Achromatic Object Lenses, for Microscopes of French or
German manufacture, combined focus, 1-inch . . . . £1 0 C
Ditto ditto, £-inch 150
Ditto ditto, i-mch 1 10 0
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 269
928 Field's Differential or Eatio -Micro Polariscope, an instrument for the
mathematically-exact application of Polarised light in Microscopical
research ; price, with new rotating body prism, packed in mahogany cabinet
£17 10 0
Only adapted for Instruments having Sub-Stages.
929 Improved Micro Spectroscope. Showing two Spectra in the field of view at
the same time ; the small prism by means of which the second spectra is
produced is made to remove from the field of view when only one spectra
is required : this instrument is supplied with two adjustable slits at right
angles to each other, with adjustments for regulating the width of slit
required, and the eye lens is also furnished with rack and pinion
adjustment for focussing the spectra and lines under examination. The
stage for holding Sorby's tubes, wedge cells, &c., for showing the spectra
bands, are made to remove with the reflecting mirror from the body of
the instrument when not required : this spectroscope with achromatic
lens to eye-piece, complete as described above, fitted to any microscope
£770
For Pocket Microscopes and Hand Magnifiers see pages 223 and 224.
APPARATUS, ETC., FOB MICROSCOPES.
Each. Each.
930 Eye Pieces, Huyghenian (figs. 930 and 930*) . . . 0 10 6 0 15 6
931 Ditto ditto Best A, B, C, and D, E, and F . 0 16 0 110
932 Ditto, Erecting, for Dissecting 0 15 0 100
933 Ditto Achromatic 1 12 0
934 Micrometer Eye Pieces 140
935 Kellner's Orthoscopic Eye Pieces, giving larger field . 1 10 0
936 Ross's Centreing Glass 0 15 0
937 Indicator to Eye-piece 066
938 Brook's Double Nose Piece, for rapidly changing the
Object Lens or power of a Microscope ... 1 10 0
940 Stand Condensers, small (fig. 940) 0 10 6 0 16 0
941 Ditto ditto with Large Lens and convenient
adjustments (fig. 941) 22s. 1 10 0 1 16 0
942 Shadbolt's Parabolic Condensers, in brass mountings . 1 14 0 2 15 0
942* Amici's Prisms ....,.,.. 2 10 6
943 Achromatic Condenser, plain 250
944 Ditto ditto Gillet's 700
945 Achromatic Eye Pieces, D 0 16 0
946 Ditto ditto E 0 18 0
947 Kingsley's Illuminator 3 18 0
948 Reade's Hemispherical Condenser 220
949 Lieberkuhn, or Cup Reflector . . . 10s. 6d. 0 16 0 100
950 Rectangular Prism, for use instead of a mirror . . 1 10 0 2 10 0
951 Rainey's Light Modifier 076
952 White Cloud Illuminator ...... 0 12 6
270
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 940.
FIG. 961,
FIG. 941.
953 Stage Condenser or Side Illuminator, mounted on
jointed arm 7s. 6d.
953* Nachet's Prism, for Oblique Illumination
954 Side Speculum Reflector, mounted as ditto (fig. 954) .
954* Dark Wells or Stops, three sizes on jointed holder
954f Micrometer for Stage, divided on glass, ^th and| TD'55th
of an inch
955 Maltwood's Finder
956 Polarising Apparatus fitted to Microscope .
957 Tourmalines, mounted to fit eye-tube, price according
to quality and size from
958 Selenite, mounted for Stage . . .
959 m Ditto ditto in Brass Mount ....
960 Camera Lucida, Wollaston's, for drawing magnified
image, mounted to fit microscope ....
961 Ditto ditto with additional lenses and shades (fig. 961) .
962 Beale's Neutral Tint Reflector (fig. 962)
963 Improved Argand Oil Lamp, adapted for Microscopic
purposes (fig. 963)
964 Paraffin Microscopic or Reading Lamps, in various
mountings (fig. 964)
Each,
s. d.
0 12 6
110
2 10 0
020
Each.
£ s. d.
116
220
1 12 0
0 12 6
0 10 6
086
3 15 0
0 12
0 2
0 7
0 10
1 10 0
1 10 0 1 15 0
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.
O
271
FIG. 965.
FIG. 964*.
FIG. 963.
Each.
£ s. d.
964* Microscopic Argand Gas Lamp, with Improved illumin-
ating lens and chimney, and^the stand conveniently
arranged for various purposes connected with pre-
paring and mounting microscopic objects. This
Lamp can also be used as a Reading Lamp or for
Chemical Operations (fig. 964*)
Paraffin Microscopic Lamps, with Porcelain Shade,
vertical adjustment to both Stand and Shade
(fig. 965)
Ditto ditto in Polished Pine Cabinet . .
Bochett's Microscopic Lamp (Paraffin) Brass Mounted,
with Condenser, Reflector, Shade, and universal
adjustments ; in Mahogany case . .
Porcelain Shade, for Microscopic Lamp
Lamp Glasses, for do
Forceps, of several forms, for taking up small objects,
dissections, &c 2s. 6d. 0 3
Ditto ditto Curved for Phials . . . .03
Wood Forceps, Page's, for mounting objects
Stage Mineral Holder
Stage Forceps, with jointed arm, very useful for holding
objects while under examination in the microscope
(fig. 975) 0 10
Dissecting Needles, or Needle holders . . . .01
Dissecting Scissors • . .03
Ditto ditto Curved
Ditto ditto Spring
Dissecting Knives . . 02
Each.
£ s. d
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
330
0 10 6
0 18 6
330
0 1
0 0
050
066
026
110
0 12 6
050
066
066
0 10 6
030
272
KEQRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, B.C.,
FIG. 985. FIG. 975.
Each. Each.
£ s. d. £ a. d.
980 Valentine's Dissecting Knives, for cutting thin sections
of soft animal substances, &c 0 17 6 110
981 Three-pronged Forceps, of German Silver, with screw
adjustment 0 17 6
982 Ditto ditto plain mounting .... 0 15 0
983 Microscopic Dissecting Instruments, in neat case . .110 2 10 0
984 A Selection of all the Necessary Materials for
Mounting Objects, arranged in a mahogany box .330 440
985 Glass Cell, round, for holding fluids, viewing circulation
in plants, polyps, &c. (fig. 985) 016
986 Animalculae Cage or Live Box, for conveniently
examining water containing animalculse, living insects,
&c. (fig. 986) 5s. 6d. 0 7 6 0 10 6
987 Animalculae Box, Yarley's Pattern, with raised centre
(fig. 987) 0 12 6 0 16 0
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
FIG.
FIG. 987.
0 15 0
Compressorium, for similar purposes, where the object
requires greater pressure
Ditto ditto Best Lever
Frog Plate, for holding Frogs, Fish, &c., to exhibit the
circulation of the blood
Glass Rings, Cells, Circles, Squares, &c., of various
sizes and thicknesses, for mounting injections, &c.,
from per doz. 0 30
Plate Glass Stage Plates, with Oval or Bound cells per doz.
Glass Sides, with ground edges for mounting objects,
ol! the best quality, 3-in. by 1-in. . . . per doz.
Thin Microscopic Glass, cut in Squares, per oz.
Ditto ditto cut in Circles . ...060
1
16
4
4
1
3
10
0 10 6 0 12 6
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
273
FIG. 1010.
FIG. 1014. FIG. 1013.
996 Coloured Paper Mountings for Slides, from Is. per dozen.
FIG. 997.
FIG. 998,
Each.
£ s. d.
Each.
£ s. d
997 Collector's Pocket Microscope, with two powers and forceps for holding
the object, in neat hinged case (fig. 997) ... 0 10 6
998 Pocket Microscopes or Magnifiers ; for prices, &c., see pages 223, 224 fig. 998.
999 Animalcules Tubes, or Collecting Bottles, fitted with
corks, for collecting specimens . . . per doz. 036
1000 Ditto ditto in sets and pocket cases . . . 0 10 6 0 15 0
1001 Sets of 3 Animalculse Fishing Tubes, in case . 026
1002 Ditto 6 ditto ditto 050
1003 Writing Diamonds 0 10 6
1004 Cutting Ditto 16s. 110 1 10 0
1005 Instrument for cutting Circles of Thin Glass . 1 10 0 4 10 0
1006 Turn Tables for preparing circular Gold Size Cells . 0 10 6
1007 Section Cutters, for wood, bone, &c 1 10 0 220
1008 Air Pump for preparing objects (see also Pneumatic
Section) 110 1 10 0
1009 Brass Injecting Syringe for ditto 0 10 6 1 10 0
1010 Mounting Apparatus or Compressorium, for preparing
Microscopic objects in Canada Balsam, &c. (fig. 1010) 0 12 6
1011 Canada Balsam per bottle 010
1012 Turpentine „ 010
1013 Spirit Lamps (fig. 1013) various sizes, see Chemical
Section 026 036
1014 Metal Support for Mounting 026
274 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN YIA.DUCT, E.G.
Each. Each
£ s. d. £ s. d.
1015 Gold Size ... per bottle 010
1016 Asphalte Varnish .,010
1017 Damar ditto V . . . ,,016
1018 Glycerine JeUy . ,,010
1019 Deane's Gelatine Medium 020
1020 Farrant's ditto 020
1021 Marine Glue 010
1022 JEther, Acetic Acid, Liquor Potassas, Solution of Chromic Acid,
Turpentine, Carmine Solution, Logwood Solution, &c., &c.,
per bottle, from 010
APPARATUS FOR COLLECTING MICROSCOPIC OBJECTS, &c.
1023 Complete Apparatus for collecting Animalculae, Diatoms, Desmids, &c. &c.,
consisting of Collecting or Pond Stick, Spring Clip with bottle, Metal
Ring for gauze net, Spoon and Weed Knife to screw into collecting stick,
Strainer, Drag Hooks, &c £220
1024 Collecting Bottles, clear white glass, with welted necks
fitted with corks and turned wood tops —
Capacity 123 ounces
Per doz. 3s. 3s. 6d. 4s.
1025 Set of 6 Collecting Bottles, in japanned tin pocket case 050
1026 Pipettes 003 006
All other Chemical Tests, Reagents, &c., &c., required for Microscopic
Mounting supplied to order.
SPECTRUM APPARATUS FOR THE MICROSCOPE.
1027 Sorby's Micro-Spectroscope 5 10 0
1028 Ditto ditto with Rackwork motion to the
Eye-piece . 5 15 0
1029 Ditto Standard Spectrum Scale 110
See also No. 929, page 281.
MICROSCOPIC OBJECTS.
1030 A Set of Twenty-four Microscopic Objects, Transparent
and Opaque, dry mounted and named ; in a neat box 036
1031 An extensive Assortment of Balsam Mounted
Microscopic Objects, of English and French mounting 010 016
These objects consist of insects, parts of insects, such as wings and wing-cases, stings, tongues,
eyes, dissections of the trachea and bronchial tubes, antennae, legs, the scales of butterflies
and moths, zoophytes, ferns, fuel, mosses, madrepores, sections of recent woods, leaves,
petals, and farina of plants, feathers, hairs, exuviae of spiders and aquatic insects, algae or
sea weeds, sponges, echinus' spines, shells.
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 275
Each. Each.
£ s. d. £ s. d.
1032 Test Objects, Balsam Mounted — Podura, Hair of
Mouse and Bat, Navicula Hippocampus, &c. . .016 020
1032* Entomological Preparation— Various Insects, Acara
Parasites, &c., mounted in Canada Balsam, showing
the respiratory, digestive, and nervous systems, and
• their modifications for terrestrial and aquatic habits Is. 016 020
1033 Vegetable Preparations, showing spiral vessels, ducts,
tissues, raphides, cells and spores in plants ; sections
of wood, seeds, leaves, petals, fungi, &c. . . .016 020
1033* Polarising Objects, consisting of crystalline salts, hoofs,
horn, skin, tendon, fish scales, palates of mollusca,
vegetable substances, starches, &c 016 020
1034 Anatomical Preparations, Transparent and Opaque,
muscular fibre tissues, blood discs, pigment cells, &c. 020 030
1035 Ditto ditto Bacteria, Bacilli, &c., prices various
1036 Sections of Fossil Woods, Exogenous, cut in three
directions 0 10 6
1037 Ditto ditto Endogenous, cut in two directions . 076
1037* Sections of Limestone, Oolite' Flint, containing sponges,
fish scales, and fossil infusoria 040
1038 Sections Longitudinal and Traverse, of recent and
fossil bones, fossil and recent Teeth, Sections of Flint
containing Xanthidium 020 030
1039 Diatomacese : Recent and Fossil, numerous varieties of
Navicula, Campylodiscus, Cocconema, Epithemia,
Desmidiae, &c., from various parts of the World .016 020
1040 Cabinet of polished Mahogany for containing
Microscopic Objects, fitted withjdrawers and divisions 3 3 0
1041 Cabinet ditto Spanish Mahogany, to hold 1,000
objects 660
1042 Ditto ditto with Plate Glass doors ... 880
1043 Polished Pine Wood Boxes, with trays to hold three
dozen objects 046
1044 Ditto ditto for six dozen ditto 0 10 6
1045 Ditto ditto for six dozen ditto with lock and key 0 12 6
1046 Mahogany Racks for holding objects, per foot, Is.
1047 Cardboard Boxes, with wood racks, to hold 1 dozen Is., 2 dozen, 2s.
1048 Microscopic Tables, of polished Rosewood, Walnut, or
Mahogany, the top covered with leather or cloth .880 10 10 0
A SPECIAL MEDAL
AWARDED TO
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA
FOR
MICROSCOPES.
Philadelphia International Exhibition, 1876.
T 2
276
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
CEOOKES' EADIOMETEE.
This Instrument demonstrates the supposed conversion
of Light into Mechanical Motion, invented by Mr. William
Crookes, F.B.S., and first exhibited by him at the Soiree
of the Royal Society, April 7th, 1875, and described by
him in the Quarterly Journal of Science, for July, 1875, as
follows : —
" The Instrument which I have called a Radiometer,
shown in fig. 1049, consists of four arms, of some light
material, suspended on a hard steel point resting in a
cup, so that the arms are able to revolve horizontally
upon the centre pivot, in the same manner as the arms of
Dr. Robinson's Anemometer revolve. To the extremity of
each arm is fastened a thin disc of roasted mica or pith,
white on one side and lamp-blacked on the other, the
black surfaces of all the discs facing the same way. The
whole is enclosed in a thin glass globe, which is then
exhausted to the highest attainable point and hermetically
sealed.
" The arms of this Instrument rotate with more or less
velocity under the action of radiation, the rapidity of
revolution being directly proportional to the intensity of
the incident rays. Placed in the Sun, or exposed to the
light of burning Magnesium, the rapidity is so great that
the separate discs are lost in a circle of light. Exposed
FIG 1049 ^0 a Candle 20 inches off another instrument gave one
revolution in 182 seconds. With the same Candle placed at
a distance of 10 inches off the result is one revolution in 45 seconds ; and at 5 inches
off one revolution was given in 11 seconds. Thus it is seen that the mechanical
action of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. At the
same distance 2 Candles give exactly double, and 3 Candles give three times, the
velocity given by 1 Candle, and so on up to 24 Candles. A small Radiometer was
found to revolve at the velocities shown in the following table, when exposed to
the radiation of a standard Candle 5 inches off.
Time Required for One Revolution.
Source of Radiation. Time in Seconds.
1 candle, 5 inches off. behind green glass 40
„ 5 „ „ blue „ 38
„ 5 „ „ purple „ 28
5 „ „ orange ., 26
„ 5 „ „ yellow „ 21
„ 5 „ „ light red,, 20
" The position of the light in the horizontal plane of the Instrument is of no
consequence, provided the distance is not altered ; thus' two Candles, 1 foot off, give
the same number of revolutions per second, whether they are side by side or
opposite to each other. From this it follows that if the radiometer is brought
into a uniformly lighted space it will continue to revolve.
" In diffused daylight, the velocity was one revolution in from 1*7 seconds to 2'3
seconds, according to the'intensity of the incident rays. In full Sunshine, at 10 A.M.,
it revolved once in 0'3 second, and at 2 P.M. once in 0'25 second.
" When heat is cut off by allowing the radiation to pass through a thick plate
of Alum, the velocity of rotation is somewhat slower."
1049 Crookes' Radiometer, with Black and White Discs (as fig. 1049) on Stand
£0 10 6
Ditto ditto, with Double Vanes Rotating in opposite directions, on
Stand . £110
For further details of Preliminary Experiments and Researches, &c., &c.,
see Pamphlet, Crookes' Radiometer. Price Is.
45, COENHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STBEET, W., LONDON. 277
|H|: NEGRETTI 0 ZAMBRA. '"•';i!||
FIG. 1053*. FIG. 1053.
POLARISCOPES AND POLARISING APPARATUS.
Each. Each
£ s. d. £ s. .1.
1050 Tourmaline Polariscope, elementary form — two plates
of tourmaline arranged in Spring Wire Forceps for
holding any crystal to be examined between them,
very useful for testing Pebble Lenses in Spectacles . 150
1051 Reflecting Polariscope, Malus's. The Polarising and
Analysing bundles are formed of very thin plates of
Glass mounted in* brass frames on a metal stand,
adjustable at any desired angle. Between these
Bundles or Mirrors is a stage for holding Crystals,
&c., to be examined, this stage having horizontal
movement, with a graduated circle for noting the
angle of rotation, &c. ....... 330
1052 Biot's Improved Black Mirror Polariscope. In this
instrument Black Glass Mirrors are used instead of
the Bundles of Glass, and these Mirrors are fitted with
Divided Arcs for adjusting them to any angle. The
rotating stage has also a Divided Circle and a spring
clip object holder to support the crystals,; &c., under
examination. Complete with Tourmaline Plate of
Selenite of uniform thickness, Double Image Prism,
brass frame for showing polarising structure produced
by unequal pressure in a piece of annealed glass, with
diaphragm of greyed glass, &c. ; in Cabinet . 7 10 0
1053 Woodward's Table Polariscope (fig. 1053), for conve-
niently illustrating the interesting phenomena of
Polarised Light ; fitted either with a Bundle of thin
glass or a black mirror. Large and small stage with
spring object holder, E/ack-work adjustments to
eye-tube, Powers, &c., &c., complete in a Cabinet
forming a Stand for the instrument .... 10 10 0
Woodward's Polariscope can be supplied for use with the Oxy-Hydrogen
Microscope, at a slight additional cost.
NEGEETTf AND ZAifBKA, HOLBOBN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 1055.
1054 Tourmaline Polariscope, a frame, having a revolving disc carrying a series
of Crystals, which may be successively brought between the Tourmalines ;
each of the latter can be made to revolve in its own plane, and thus place
their axes parallel or perpendicular to each other at pleasure, and vary
the phenomena of each crystal £4 10 0
1055 Soleil's Polariscope or Saccharometer, improved by
Duboscq, for estimating the value of fluids, &c., with
the most recent improvements (fig. 1055) ... 16 0 0
1056 Laurent's New Shadow Polarising Saccharometer, having two series
of divisions, one for the percentage of Sugar, and the other graduated
for general Laboratory Work. Complete with one Gas Burner, fitted
with two Jets, three Glass Tubes, &c., &c., mounted on a Bronzed
Adjusting Stand Price hi Box 18 0 0
1057 Ditto, ditto, of the most complete form, having all
recent improvements, Gas Burner with two Jets,
four Glass Tubes, &c., (fig. 1057) Price in Box 30 0 0
This Saccharometer is of much greater accuracy than previous arrangements,
and is now adopted by the French Government. In ordering the Saccharometer
the approximate pressure of Gas to be used should be stated.
1058 Eolipyle. — If Gas is not available, or if the pressure be feeble and irregular,
it is advisable to use the Eolipyle, burning Spirit instead of Gas.
(fig. 1058) Price . .£330
Instructions for use are sent with each instrument.
1059 Double Image Prism, Selenite Disc of equal thickness, and Three-hole Slider
for ditto, for showing the production of white light by the union of the
complementary colours £110
1060 Unannealed Glass, various shapes, for showing the
permanent polarising structure of glass that has been
uniformly heated and suddenly cooled ... 056
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
279
280
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
Brass Frame, for showing the transient polarising Each.
structure communicated by Pressure to a piece of s>
annealed glass
Apparatus, for showing the same effect by the unequal
application of Heat ,
Polarising Eye-piece of thin glass, in brass mounb
Nicol's Single Image Calc-Spar Prism . . 12s., 15s, 1 10 0
Nicol's Double Image Prism of Calc-Spar .
Tourmalines of various sizes and colours . . 10s. 0 12 6
Thin Selenite Plates of equal and unequal thickness,
developing uniform or various colours
Each.
£ a. d.
0 10 0
0 8
0 5
2 2
0 18
1 10
030 040
123
FIG. 1068.
1068 Selenite Designs are formed of pieces of Selenite different in thickness
arranged in a variety of forms, such as cubes or stars, for showing the
beautiful colours produced by the varying thickness of the film of Selenite.
each 10s. 6d. £1 10 0
1069 Design in Selenite, with motto on ribbon, "Forget-me-
not »_i (fig. 1068) 018
1070 Thistle, in Selenite, with motto on coloured ribbon,
" Dinna Forget "—3 0 18
1071 Tulip in Selenite— 2 . 0 18
1072 Selenite Design of a Gothic Church Window . 44
1073 Circular Plate of Selenite, ground Concave, to develop
the colours in rings ....... 0 16
1074 Rhombs of Iceland or Double Refracting Spar, to show
the multiplication of images afforded by peculiar
structure of the crystal . . 5s. 6d., 7s. 6d. 0 10 6 1 10
1075 Plates of Quartz, Arragonite, Amethyst, Topaz, Calc-Spar, Borax, Nitre,
Beryl, Bochelle Salts, Sugar, Bi-chromate of Potass, Sulphate of Iron,
cut at right angles to their axes, for exhibiting coloured rings, compound
figures, bars and cross-bars, screws, and crosses, &c. 10s. 6d. 110 200
1076 Sliders, with fish fins and scales, laminae of human cuticle, sections of teeth,
bones, hoofs, horns, and tendon, various chemical salts and vegetable
productions, &c., preserved in Canada Balsam, to exhibit their polarising
structure ; adapted for the Table Polariscope . .016 026
1076* Microscopic Quartz Lenses, £2 10s. to £6 10s., according to Diameter.
GLASS, QUARTZ, AND OTHER PRISMS, AND EVERY DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS
OR OBJECTS PREPARED FOR EXPERIMENT WITH POLARISED LIGHT.
0
Polarising Apparatus fitted to Table or Lime Light Microscopes.
Polarisation of Light. By ~W. Spottiswoode, L.L.D., late President of the
.Royal Society, &c. New Edition with numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 281
SPECTRUM APPARATUS.
FIG. 1078.
1077 Negretti & Zambia's Pocket Spectroscope, in Brass
Mountings, plain Slit
1078 Pocket Spectroscope, for observing the Rain Band,
with adjustable slit, will show many of Fraiinhofer's
lines (fig. 1078)
1079 Direct Vision Rain-Band Spectroscope, larger size, of
very great dispersive power .....
1080 Table Spectrum Apparatus (or Spectroscope), simple
form for Chemical Analysis
£ a. d.
EacR.
£ s. d.
1 15 0
2 10 0
550
7 10 0
FIG. 1081.
1081 Spectroscope, Duboscq's arrangement, one Prism, horizontal Telescope, and
transparent Micrometer, Gas Burner, and forceps; on adjusting Stand,
(as fig. 1081) £16 10 0.
1082 Table Spectroscope, with one Prism, Eye-piece, and
divided Circle 10 10 0
1083 Ditto ditto, with Two Prisms .... 17 10 0
1084 Ditto ditto, with Four Prisms .... 35 0 0
1085 Table Spectroscope, with two Prisms, high and low
Power, divided Circle, Comparison Prism, Micro
Scale, two Eye-pieces in Box 14 0 0
282
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, B.C.,
Each.
£ a. d.
220
0 15 0
Each.
£ s. d.
330
110
1086 Prisms of Glass, of various Density . .£110
1087 Bisulphide of Carbon Prisms
1088 Spring Stage, for studying the absorption Spectra of
coloured glasses 0 12 0
1089 Gladstone's Wedge, for exhibiting the absorption spectra 1 12 0
1090 9-inch Glass Tube, with Stop-Cock, for examining the
dark lines seen in gases and vapours .... 0 12 6
1091 A Divided Tube, with two compartments and two flasks, connectors, stop-cock
&c., for exhibiting the increase of dark lines with increased temperature
and length of vapour 220
Bunsen's Steatite Burner, with Copper Cone, mounted
on a stand (M fig. 1081) 0 12 6
Spectroscope Forceps (or Pincettes), on an adjusting
support (N fig. 1081) 0 11 0
Bock Salt Prisms and Lenses, Quartz and Iceland Spar Lenses or Prisms
1092
1093
1094
supplied to order.
FIG. 1096.
FIG. 1095.
PORTABLE OXY-HYDROGEN GAS POLARISCOPE.
1095 Complete with Apparatus for producing and Purifying the Gases. Full
size Gas Bags and Pressure Boards. Flexible Conducting Tubes. Brass Connec-
tions, &c., &c. Best Lime Clock. Mahogany Portable Tripod Stand, as shown in
fig. 1095 ... £34 0 0
1096 Ditto ditto with Microscope (fig. 1096) . . £42 0 0
1097 Professor Roscoe's Lectures on Spectrum Analysis (Third Edition), largely
Illustrated. Six Lectures on Spectrum Analysis and its Applications, delivered
before the Society of Apothecaries. Price £1 Is.
* See Section Electric Light for Lantern Spectrum Apparatus.
SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS,
THEODOLITES, LEVELS, C1RCUMFE RENTERS,
COMPASSES, ETC.
Negretti and Zambia's Improved 7-inch Azimuth and Altitude Instrument,
Or Transit Theodolite (Fig. 1107). See page 285.
The construction and accuracy of the instruments enumerated in this section
being of the first importance, Messrs. NEGRETTI AND ZAMBBA devote special atten-
tion to this particular branch of manufacture, to insure the most perfect finish and
precision that can be obtained by modern improvements in machinery, dividing
engines, &c.
284
NEGRETTI AND 2AMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 1100.
THEODOLITES.
1098 3-inch Theodolite, divided on Silver, with Telescope and
tripod stand .........
1099 4-inch Theodolite, divided on Silver, with three tangent
screws, tripod staff, &c., complete ....
1100 5-inch Best Theodolite, divided on Silver, reading to 1
minute, with three tangent screws, rack work adjust-
ment to telescope, tripod staff, complete ; with stout
mahogany box, improved screwed packings, strong
brass handle and loops adapted for a strap (fig. 1100)
1101 6-inch Best Theodolite, divided on Silver, reading
to 20 seconds ........
1102 7-inch ditto ditto to 10 seconds
1102* 3-inch Transit Theodolite with Tripod Staff
1103 4-inch ditto ditto reading to 1 minute
1103* 5 -inch ditto ditto best, divided on Silver, reading to 1
minute, with Diagonal Eye Piece (fig. 1103*). The tangent and
clamping adjustments are of the most approved construction .
1104 5-inch ditto ditto divided on Silver, reading
to 1 minute, complete with Illuminated Axis, Lamp, and other
Astronomical Appendages .... ...
Each
s. d.
18 18 0
21 0 0
24 0 0
31 10 0
35 10 0
21
25
29 0 0
0 0
45, CORNHILL, E.C., A.ND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 285
FIG. 1103*. FIG. 1114.
Each.
£ s. d.
1105 Transit Theodolite, 6-inch, best, divided on Silver, reading to
20 seconds 36 0
1106 Ditto r ditto, 6-inch, reading 'to 10 seconds, with
Astronomical Appendages ....... 41 0 0
1 107 Ditto ditto, 7-inch or Alt-Azimuth and Altitude Instrument The vertical and
horizontal circles are divided on Silver, reading to 10 seconds, improved magnify-
ing readers to the divided circles, inverting erecting and diagonal eye-pieces,
tangent screw adjustment levels, locking'plates, with tripod stand and Mahogany
Cabinet for the instrument, with lock and key (fig. 1107) . . . . 48 10 0
1108 Alt-Azimuth and Altitude Instrument, 8-inch Illuminated Axis,
with Lamp, &c., complete as above 56 0 0
1109 Ditto ditto 10-inch, with ditto 90 0 0
1110 Ditto ditto 10-inch with Micrometer to Declination
Circle 95 0 0
1111 Ditto ditto, 12 -inch, with Ditto 110 0 0
1112 Ditto ditto, 12 inch, with Micrometer to Declination Circle .120 0 0
1113 Transit Theodolite, 5-inch, as specially made for the War Office,
with Solid Vertical Circle and covered Arcs, having three horizontal and
two Yertical Yerniers, fitted on Locking Plate in stout Mahogany Box,
and with firm Tripod Stand 30 0 0
1114 Everest's Theodolites, 4-inch, divided on Silver reading to 30
seconds, with triangular locking plate (fig. 1114) with Tripod
Stand . . , 22 0 0
1115 Ditto ditto, 5-inch ditto 20 seconds . . . . . 26 10 0
1116 Ditto ditto, 6-inch, reading to 20 seconds 33 0 0
1117 Ditto ditto, 7-inch, reading to 10 seconds 37 0 0
1118 Ditto ditto, 10-inch, reading to 10 seconds, with open braced
stand, lantern, and axis level 63 0 0
Instruments more finely divided, 21s. extra.
Fcr description and prices of larger Transit instruments, &c., &c.,
see Section Astronomical Instruments.
286
NEORETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOKT? YIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 1120.
SURVEYING AND DRAINAGE LEVELS:
1119 10-inch best Dumpy or Gravatt's Level, with Achromatic Telescope and
rackwork adjustment, divided Silver Ring Compass, mirror and cross
Level, strong brass parallel plates, with mahogany tripod staff,
.and case .. £13 13 0
1120 12-inch ditto (fig. 1120) ... 14 14 0
1121 14-inch ditto ditto ... 16 16 0
1122 18-inch ditto ditto ... 18 18 0
1123 24-inch ditto ditto . 22 0 0
Dumpy or Gravatt's Levels, without Compasses : —
1124 10-inch ditto ditto ... 12 10 0
1125 12-inch ditto ditto ... 13 10 0
1126 14-inch ditto ditto 15 10 0
FIG. 1127.
FIG. 1130.
1127
1128
1129
Best Y Level, with 12-inch Achromatic Telescope and rackwork adjustment,
Compass, tangent screw adjustment, parallel plates, in case, with tripod
staff (fig. 1127) £17 17 0
Best Y Level, with 18-inch Telescope .... 18 18 0
Ditto ditto, with 24-inch Telescope .... 22 0 0
45, COENHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGEN1 STREET, W., LONDON.
287
1130 Negretti and Zambra's Improved Ordnance Pattern 15-inch Dumpy Y
Level, with reversing and adjusting Y's to telescope, divided Level,
Silver ring Compass, Tangent Screw and Clamp on limb, parallel plates,
mahogany tripod stand and Box with strap (fig. 1130).
£18 18 0
Ditto ditto 24-inch 22 0 0
Theodolites and Levels mounted with improved Locking Plates, as fig. 1114,
at about 35s. to 50s. extra charge, according to the size of the instrument.
1131 Solid Leather Cases for Theodolites, with Straps, 35s. £200
250
FIG. 1135.
FIG. 1132.
FIG. 1134.
Each
£ s. d.
Each
£ s. d.
1132 Drainage Level, of Brass, with plain sights, ball-and-
socket joint (fig. 1132) . . . ... . . 1 15 0 2 10 0
1132* Ditto ditto with Tripod Stand : 330
1133 Improved Drainage Level, with adjustment to the
sights, ball-and-socket joint, and tripod stand . 440
1133* 4-inch Pocket Spirit Level, or Clinometer, brass frame, with sights and
graduated arc for determining the inclination of strata, &c., with socket
for staff, in mahogany box (see also Inclinometer) . . . 3 10 0
1134 Drainage Level, Ordnance Pattern, best mounted, with plain sights, spring
adjustments to level, in mahogany box (fig. 1134) with tripod stand 550
288
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 1136.
1135 8-inch Drainage Level, with rackwork adjusting Telescope, parallel plates,
in mahogany case and tripod stand without Compass (fig. 1135) £660
1136 8-inch Drainage Level, with rackwork adjusting Telescope, with Compass,
Cross Level, parallel plates, in mahogany case and tripod stand (fig. 1136)
£880
HAND LEVELS, FOB BUILDERS, ENGINEERS, ETC.
1136* Spirit Levels, mounted in polished mahogany frames,
with brass top (fig. 1136) :—
Length— inches . 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 12.
Price . . 2s. 6d. 3s. 3s. 6d. 4s. 4s. 6d. 5s. 5s. 6d. 6s.
1137 Ditto ditto Brass-tipped at bottom. Superior finish.
Length— inches ... 6. 8. 10. 12.
Price .... 4s. 6d. 5s. 6d. 6s. 6d. 7s. 6d.
1138 Ditto ditto Brass-plated at Bottom 5s. 6d. 6s. 6d. 8s. 6d. 10s. 6d.
FIG. 1136.
FIG. 1141.
FIG. 1140.
1139 Spirit Levels, rosewood frames, and German silver
mountings : —
Length— inches ... 6. 8. 10. 12. 18.
Price . . . .6s. 6d. 7s. 6d. 10s. 6d. 12s. 6d. 16s. 6d.
1140 Spirit Levels, plain Brass mountings (fig. 1140) : —
Length— inches 4. 5. 6. 8. 10. 12.
Price .... 2s. 2s. 6d. 3s. 6d. 5s. 7s. 6d. 10s
1141 Spirit Levels, Brass mountings, with adjusting screws
and best ground tubes (fig. 1141) : —
Length— inches 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Price . . 6s. 8s. 10s. 12s. 14s. 16s. 18s. 20s. 22s. 24s.
'If with divided tubes, extra.
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 289
FIG. 1142.
i
ECKHOLD'S PATENT OMNIMETER.
1142 This important Surveying Instrument, as shown fig. 1142, measures distances
and altitudes with accuracy and great economy of time, it accomplishes the work
of Theodolite, Level and Chain, and can be used as a Transit Theodolite.
Eckhold's Patent Omnimeter, 5-inch, reading to one minute . . £45 0 0
Ditto ditto 6-inch, reading to 20 seconds . . . 50 0 0
1143 Taochiometer, 5-inch, complete in Stout Mahogany Box . . 36 0 0
Ditto ditto 6-inch 40 0 0
Printed instructions for use supplied with each instrument.
Each. Each.
£ s. d. £ s. d.
1144 Spirit Level Tubes, plain, marked and warranted, per inch 003
1145 Ditto ditto ditto best ground . 006
1146 Ditto ditto ditto best ground and graduated „ 006
1147 American Universal Hand Level, for levelling floors,
ceilings, or walls 0 16 0
1148 Circular Pocket Spirit Level (fig. 1148) .... 066
290 NEGBETTI AND ZA.MBEA, HOLBDRN VIADUCT, E.G.,
1149 Under-ground Theodolite for Mining, Surveying, Levelling, or Military Service
(fig 1149). Combining in one instrument, the conveniences of a Y or Dumpy Level,
Circumferenter, and a Theodolite. On the top of the vertical axis of the instrument
is a Compass with divided ring reading by verniers. On two sides of this
compass are Spirit Levels with the usual adjustments for Azimuth observations.
Attached to the limb of the instrument is a vertical divided circle, upon which is a
Telescope with Rackwork adjustment mounted in reversing and adjusting Ts. A
Spirit Level is placed upon the Telescope similar to a Theodolite. Vertical angles
are obtained and read off on the vertical divided circle by two arms and a vernier
scale attached to the axis of the Telescope.
The Telescope has cross wires in the Eye Tube. Clamps and tangent screws
are attached to the horizontal and vertical movements. Tripod Stand and mahogany
box for the instrument Price . £22 0 0
Plain Sights to fit on the Compass box or Telescope, Astronomical and
Diagonal Eye Pieces, Dark Glass Caps for Sun observations, — supplied to order at
an extra cost.
CIRCUMFERENTERS, OR MINER'S DIALS, CROSS SIGHTS, ETC.
£ s. d.
1150 Circumferenter, or Miner's Dial, 4-inch Ordnance pattern, divided
and figured on raised rim to 360°, and also the quarters figured below
to 90°, folding sights, ball-and-socket joint with clamping screws,
bar needle and agate centre, the dial lettered the same as a Theodolite,
jointed legs. In 2 cases for compass and stand . . . .770
1151 Ditto ditto, 5-inch, with Cross Levels 880
1152 Circumferenter, 5 -inch, with rackwork adjustment and vernier to dial,
bar needle, folding sights, ball-and-socket joint, divided cover for vertical
angles, jointed legs, complete in two cases . . . . .990
1153 Circumferenter, 6-inch, with rackwork adjustment and vernier to dial,
bar needle, folding sights, divided cover for hypo and base, cross levels,
with tripod staff, jointed extra points for use at half length, and ball-and-
socket joint with plummet, &c., in two cases complete (fig. 1153) 12 12 0
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, KEGENT STEEET, W., LONDON.
291
1154
FIG. 1153. FIG. 1148. FIG. 1154.
Circumferenter, 6 -inch, or Hedley's inclining dial, improved form, folding
sights, two spirit levels, bar needle with agate centre, rack adjustment
to dial, two verniers reading to three minutes of a degree, tangent screw
adjustment, divided arc for hypo and base, with 'plain sights, complete
with ball-and-socket stand, joint legs for use at half length, extra points,
plummet, &c., &c., in case complete (fig. 1154) . . . .£17 17 0
Circumferenter, Hedley's Improved, with Telescope, parallel plates 25 0 0
1155
Circumferenter, Lean's 6-inch, improved, with Telescope, for surface
surveying, centre quadrant, with level, shifting sights ; vernier reading to
two minutes, bar needle, cross levels, rackwork adjustments, arc divided
on one side 90° each way and on reverse for hypo and base, jointed
stand with extra points, &c. fig. 1155 18 18 0
17 2
292
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, B.C.,
FIG. 1156. FIG. 1157*.
1156 Graphometers or Surveyor's Dials, 7i-mch divided circles, folding sights,
level and bar needle and circular spirit compass, ball-and-socket tripod
stand, &o. In a mahogany box (fig. 1156) Price . . . £16 16 0
1157 Miner's Compass, 4-inch, with folding sights in
mahogany case £1 10 0 2 10 0
1157* Ditto ditto, with Spirit Levels, &c., mahogany box
(fig. 1157) 2 10 0 300
1 158 Pocket Mining Compass, plain, with Sights, round brass
box, bar needle, and stop (fig. 1158) .... 0 16 0
1159 Ditto ditto, in round gilt metal case, with bar needle,
and stop (fig. 1159) without sights . . . 15s. 0 18 0 150
See also Pocket Compasses.
FIG. 1160.
FIG. 1166.
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
Surveyor's Cross, octagonal form (fig. 1160) .
Ditto ditto, with Compass
Ditto ditto (or Pantometre), with movable head
and Divided Circle and Compass (fig. 1162) of the best
construction •
Ditto ditto, with Tripod Stand, with ball-and-socket joint
Optical Squares, for showing right angles .
Ditto ditto, with adjustment in case ....
FIG. 1162.
Each.
£ s. d.
0 10 6
Each.
£ s. c
0 12
1 5 i
10
10
1
16
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, BEGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 293
FIG. 1174. FIG. 1170.
PRISMATIC MILITARY SURVEYING COMPASSES.
1166 Prismatic Compass (Kater's), plain sights and Card dial (fig. 1166)
2-inch, 30s. 2^-inch, 42s. 3-incli, 50s.
1167 Prismatic Compass, 3-inch diameter, with Shades and Mirror,
Card dial, in Leather Sling Case £330
1168 Ditto ditto, with engine divided Silver or Aluminium ring and Case 3 10 0
1169 Ditto ditto, best, 4-inch with Sun Shades, Card Dial and Case .440
FIG. 1170.*
1170 Prismatic Compass, 4-inch best engine divided Silver or
Aluminium ring, with Sun Shades and Azimuth Glass,
with Case (fig. 1170) 550
1170* Combined Altitude Instrument and Prismatic Compass. Best
mounted, with Aluminium divided Ring, in Leather Case
with Straps (fig. 1170*) 6 10 0
294
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN YJADUCT, E.G.,
£ s. d. £ s. d.
1171 Leather Case and Strap for Prismatic Compass . . 0 7 6 0 10 6
1172 Stand for Prismatic Compass, best mounted, Ordnance pattern,
with ball-and-socket joint . . . . . . . 1 16 0
1173 Ditto ditto, plain horizontal movement 180
1174 ' Hutchinson's Prismatic Compass, 3-inch, in Leather Sling Case
(fig. 1174) 2 10 0
1175 Tripod Stand for Prismatic Compass, with ball-and-socket
movement . . 1 12 0
FIG. 1177.
FIG. 1177*
FIG. 1158.
1177
1178
1179
1 16 0
Improved Telescopic Prismatic Compass (figs. 1177, 1177*). By it
both Vertical and Horizontal Angles can be taken with speed
and accuracy Price in Mahogany Box 12 12 0
Tripod Stand for ditto with ball-and-socket movement suited for
either of above Compasses ........
See also Section Pocket Compasses.
Standard Mountain or Surveying Barometer (fig. 1179), on Fprtin's principle,
is more portable, and less liable to derangement than ordinary Mountain Baro-
meters. The arrangement of the flexible leather cistern is so simple, that should the
mercury become oxidized, it can be quickly removed, cleaned, and returned to the
cistern without fear of affecting the correctness of the indications. The vernier
reads to *002 of an inch, and the whole instrument is arranged in a compact and
convenient form for safety in travelling, and obtaining the most accurate Altitude
measurements.
Price, including Tripod Stand (as fig. 1179, or fig. 12, page 13) and stout Leather
Travelling Case for the Barometer, &c ........ £10 10 ' 0
See also pagv 10, Meteorological Instruments.
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STBEET, W., LONDOX. 295
FIG. 1179.
ANEROID BAROMETERS FOR MEASURING ALTITUDES
OR SURVEYING.
1180 Owing to the inconvenient size of Mercurial Standard Barometers, and also
from the great risk of breakage in transit, it often occurs that their use has been
abandoned by surveyors where otherwise they would have been invaluable for strict
altitude measurements.
This difficulty is almost entirely overcome by the use of Negretti and Zambra's
Altitude and Surveying Aneroid Barometers. These instruments are now constructed
with such precision that very small elevations may be ascertained with great exacti-
tude. The scale of the altitude aneroid is laid off by actual experiment in a vacuum
chamber, the readings being noted both backwards and forwards, such readings
being repeated at long intervals, and the observed differences corrected, before
finally dividing the scale on the dial. Several tests are also applied to the instrument
in order to compensate for errors arising from varying extremes of temperatures.
Where it can be conveniently carried, Negretti and Zambra would in all cases
recommend their full-sized Altitude Aneroid (fig. 1180) for observers' use ; as from
the large diameter of the divided circle, exceedingly minute movements of the
index hand may be seen with ease.
296
ITEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN YIADUCT, E.C.,
FIG. 1180. FIG. 1184.
Should it be that the large Aneroid cannot be carried, Negretti and Zambra
can with confidence advise the use of their Watch-sized Aneroids with altitude
scales. The exact size of these instruments is shown at page 19. A large number
of such small Aneroids having been made by Messrs. N". and Z., and reports
received of (their wonderfully 'accurate performance in all parts of the world,
warrant N. and Z. in giving the strongest recommendation to them. At page 3
and 26 will be found instructions for measuring heights by the Aneroid, and
comparative tables of the French and English scales.
A copy of Professor Airy's Altitude Tables supplied with each instrument.
1180 Negretti and Zambia's full range Altitude and Surveying Aneroid
Barometer (Orometer), Compensated for temperature, the Scale
divided to Inches and Hundredths or Millimetres, with Altitude
Scale to 20,000 feet, or about 15 inches of the barometer scale
(fig. 1180) in hinged leather case ....... £880
Solid leather case with Sling strap for Ditto ..... 0 12 6
1181 Pocket Aneroid Barometer, with Altitude Scales to 5,000 feet,
moderate elevations ; see ante, page 29 (fig. 24) . . . .550
1182 Watch-sized Pocket Aneroid Barometers, Compensated with
Altitude scale to 10,000 feet; see ante, page 24 (fig. 26) . .550
Ditto ditto, to 20,000 feet ........ 660
Ditto ditto, to ditto in Stout Silver case . . .770
Aneroid Barometers with adjusting altitude scales 10s. each extra.
1183 Anemometer, Pocket, Biram's, and Lown's, for registering the
velocity of currents of air in mines,- air shafts, drains, &c., &c.
For full description and instructions for use, see pages 100 to 103.
4-inch size, £2 10s. ; 2^-inch . . . .220440
1184 Surveyor's Pocket Compass, with Bar Needle or Singer's Card
Dial, in Silver Watch Case (fig. 1184) .... £2 10s. 330
See also Section Pocket Compasses.
45, CORNHILL, E.U., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
297
FIG. 1185.
1185 Perambulator, for measuring the length of roads, streets, &c., consists of an
accurately framed Mahogany Wheel, Brass Clamped, the circumference
of which is carefully ascertained ; the axis of this Wheel is connected
by a series of toothed wheels and pinions to a dial, upon which the number
of revolutions of the Wheel are recorded. The divisions upon the dial are
English^ Measures ; but any Foreign scale can be substituted to order.
Price, Best mounted and finished (fig. 1185) . . . £16 16 0
FIG. 1186.
FIG. 1190.
1186
1187
Trocheameter, Negretti and Zambra's Improved construction for
registering the revolutions of a Carriage Wheel and by this ascertaining
distances travelled ; it is also applicable for counting the revolutions of fly
wheels, paddle wheels, &c., up to 10,000 revolutions, or nearly 23 miles
distance, travelled by a coach wheel of 12 feet circumference. These
numbers can be repeated by re- setting the instrument, which is very easily
done, by removing a nut, and turning back the divided wheels to the
0 point. The Trocheameter is contained in a strong case, with a
leather strap for attaching it to the wheel, &c. (fig. 1186) . £330
The Dipleidescope.f A Pocket instrument for obtaining the
Correct Time with great facility, by observing the Transit of the
•Sun across the Meridian * best form £10 10 0
t See also N. & Z's. Improved Transit Instruments, page 254.
298
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 1187.
FIG. 1187*.
1187 Pedometer or Watch for Recording and Measuring the distance travelled by
a Pedestrian.
This little instrument is generally carried in the waistcoat pocket or in the
fob, or else attached to a belt or to a button ; the hook attached to the ring must
be so fastened to the slit of the pocket or elsewhere that the instrument be always
in a Vertical Position.
It never requires any winding up, the first step of the Pedestrian sets the
works in motion ; they continue to act as long as he moves, and stop when he
stops. The dial is divided into twelve divisions, which represent so many Miles,
but can be adapted to record Kilometres or any other measure of distance. The
Pedometer is corrected by means of an adjusting screw, which is square -headed, so
as to be turned by a watchkey ; all that is necessary to do is to walk a mile, and then
observe the position of the index hand upon the dial ; the regulator is then turned
to the left for Slow, or to the right for Fast, until one division on the dial represents
exactly the measure of distance chosen, Mile or Kilometre, &c. This of course will
depend upon the length of stride of each individual, and must be regulated accord-
ingly. The dots between the figures represent Quarter miles. When about to
start, the Index Hand should be placed at Zero, by moving it either backwards or
forwards with the finger. If the Pedometer is not required to act, it should be
carried with the Pendant ring downwards.
FIG. 1187 exhibits the dial or face of the Pedometer, and fig. 1187*, the interior
and movement of the instrument. Price, in Stout Silver with case . £2 15 0
Ditto ditto Price, in Nickel Plated with case . 220
Ditto ditto Price, in German Silver with case 110
1188 Passometer or Step Measurer, is a similar sized instrument to the Pedometer,
arranged to record the number of paces or steps taken by the wearer. These are
indicated on the face of the instrument by a small circle (similar to the seconds
dial of an ordinary watch) up to 50, and then on the large dial by a series of
divisions, each equally 50 paces up to 2,500 ; the readings on the dial are continuous
as in the Pedometer. Price, in Stout Silver Case . .£550
1189 Chronograph. Without stopping the movement of the watch the long seconds'
hand of this instrument records on the Dial the interval between two given
events, with unfailing accuracy. Price, in Gold Case, 60 guineas ; Silver Case,
45 guineas ; or to go for two hours only, Gold, £20, Silver £12 12s.
45, CORNHILL B.C., AND 122* REGENT STREET, W., LONDON-.
290
Fm. 1197. FIG. 1201.
1190 Current Meter, for ascertaining the tidal rate or flow of streams or rivers,
in Miles, Furlongs, and Feet ; the amount of Water delivered per hour
in Cubic Gallons and inches ; and the Dynamic force of the Current. This
instrument can also be .used. as a Log, to determine the rate of a ship's
speed. The scales on the'divided wheels are laid off by careful experiment
(fig. 1190). Price in mahogany box . . . .£660 770
1191 4-inch Pocket Inclinometer, Brass mounted, with Sights and Graduated Arc
for determining the inclination of strata, &c., with socket for staff ; in
mahogany box (fig. 1191) , 3 10 0
FIG. 1191.
1192 Clinometer or Inclinometer, 12-inch, plain boxwood, with divided
semi-circle and plumb, for ascertaining the inclination of
roads, drains, strata, &c., in a rough way. The divisions on the
arc show degrees and inches per yard ; it has also an inclination
scale. Price, in pull-off case 0 16 6
1193 Clinometer, 12-inch boxwood, brass jointed, with divided arc and
inclination scale, forming a pocket rule . ... 1 1 0
1194 Clinometer, 6-inch, plain-jointed, without Sights or
Compass ......... 110
1195 Clinometer, 6-inch, with Spirit Level, Magnetic
Compass, and Inclination Scale 1 18 0 220
1196 Ditto ditto, Bar Needle Compass, and two levels . . 2 10 0
1197 Ditto ditto, with best Bar Needle and Agate Centre
Compass in the joint (fig. 1197) ..... 330
The inclination scale placed upon these Clinometers, &c., gives the value of any angle, as follows , —
The angle having been ascertained from the divided arc upon the instrument, refer to that degree in the
column marked Angle, and opposite, in another column, will be found the rise or fall in any given measured
distance ; for instance, say the degree shown on the divided arc is 18, opposite to this number on the
scale is 3, this indicating one part rise or fall in three, or one mile in three miles, one t'oot in three feet, &c.
300 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBBA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G./
1198 Geological Compass, for ascertaining the dip or inclination of strata, hills,
&c., with index, in degrees and inches per yard, in mahogany box, 4| inches
square ...;., £0 10 6
1199 Ditto ditto, 3 inches 076
1200 Ditto ditto, 2| inches • . 070
1198io 1200, if with best Bar Needles, 2s. 6d. each extra.
1201 Geological Compass, Brass mounted, with best Bar
Needle and leather case (fig. 1201) . .30s. 42s. 2 10 0 3 10 0
FIG. 1202.
1202 Pocket Alt-Azimuth Instrument, improved by Francis Galton, Esq., F.RS.,
is a combined Compass and Pendulum or Wheel Clinometer. A most convenient
and portable instrument for obtaining, in a ready manner, Angles, Levels,' &c.,
similar to No. 1170*. The Telescope renders this instrument available for
observing, at a considerable distance from the Station, either Magnetic
Bearings, Horizontal or Yertical Angles, &c.. &c.
Price in case, as fig. 1202 .... £660
Pocket Alt-Azimuth without Telescope 5 10 0
Our woodcut shows the Clinometer side of the instrument, with the Telescope
as drawn out for use
1202* Hydroscope or Telemeter, a simple apparatus constructed by Negretti and
Zambra for the Government Ordnance- Department for use in Marine
Forts, to estimate the distance of vessels and other objects . 500
45, COBNHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STEEET, W., LONDON
301
FIG. 1203.
1203 Abney's Contouring Reflecting Level or Pocket Altimeter. Improved form
with divided arc to show gradients, &c., (Fig. 1203). Price in case . £220
Fig. 1202 and Fig. 1203 are very nearly the actual size of the instruments
described above.
FIG. 1215.
FIG. 1209.
FIG. 1216.
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
LAND MEASURING CHAINS, TAPE MEASURES, ETC.
Land Chain, Iron, 50 feet, and 10 Arrows
Ditto, ditto, 100 feet, and 10 Arrows ....
Land Chain, 100 feet, best Steel Wire with ditto .
Gunter's Iron Measuring Chain, sixty-six feet, or four
poles in length. Light wire .....
Ditto dito, Stouter, Galvanised
Gunter's Iron Measuring Chain, lest quality, Steel Wire,
with three sawed oval rings between each link, and
swivel in middle, and stout Brass swivel handles and
marks— Galvanized (fig. 1209)
Twenty-metre Chains, Centimetre links, best make
Arrows, set of Ten Steel wire, Pointed and Numbered
for Ditto, 15 inches long and If -inch eye .
Standard Chain, 50 -feet, best stout Steel Wire .
Ditto ditto 66-feet
Ditto ditto 100-feet
0 11
0 14
1 2
0 12
0 15
0 18 6
0 18 6
020
4 10 0
660
8 10 Q
302
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT. E.G.,
1214 Measuring Tapes, common, Leather cases :
Length . : 33-feet. 50-feet. 66-feet. 100-feet.
Price . 4s. 5s. 6d. 6s. 6d. 10s. 6d.
1215 Measuring Tapes, in japanned Leather eases, with folding
handle, rollers, &c.:-(fig. 1215.)
Length . . 33-feet. 50-feet. 66-feet.
33-feet.
5s. 6d.
6s. 6d.
100-feet.
11s.
Fig. 1225.
1219
1220
1221
0 12
Price .
1216 Best Measuring Tapes, in Best Patent Solid Leather Cases,
Black |or Brown, folding handles, rollers, scale marked on
one side only (fig. 1216.)
Length . 33-feet. 40-feet. 50-feet. 66-feet. 100-feet.
Price . 8s. 9s. 10s. 6d. 11s. 6d. 15s.
1217 Best Measuring Tapes, as No. 1216, with English and Metre
Scales, or English and Varas. (fig. ).
Length . 10-feet. 15-feet. 20-feet. 25 30-Metres.
Price . 8s. 6d. 9s. 6d. 12s. 6d. 14s. . 16s. 6d.
1218 Patent Elastic Steel Tapes, leather case, flush handles,
marked on both sides— 33-feet, or 2 poles, 24s. 50-feet £1 15
66-feet, or 4 poles, 45s. 100-feet 3 3
Patent Pocket Spring Measuring Tapes, in Brass Case,
(fig. 1219) 3-feet 2s. 6d., 036
6-feet 5s. 6d., 076
Patent Elastic Steel, ditto— 3-feet ....
(fig. 1220) 6-feet ....
9-feet ....
Pocket Spring Tapes, in German Silver Cases, with stops
and rollers, English yard, and French metre,
3-feet, 6-feet, and 9-feet . 4s., 5s. 6d., 7s. 6d. 0 10 6
1222 Measuring Tapes made to order with French, Spanish or
Portuguese and other Scales in various lengths and mountings.
1223 Levelling or Station Staff, common form . . . 1 10 0
1224 Sopwith's Station Staff, 14-f eet improved three-jointed,
"best socket fittings, each 220 'per pair 440
1225 Ditto ditto, best Painted scale, sliding in three
lengths, put together with brass screws, mountings
and springs (fig. 1225) each 2 12 6 per pair 550
1226 Ditto Ditto, Metrically divided, same price as above.
1227 Station Staff, 14 feet three-joint half-round Ordnance
pattern, per pair . . . . . . . . 7 10 0
1228 Levelling Staves. Lieut.-Col. Strange's arrangement.
The foot is divided into alternate black and white spaces, each representing
half a tenth of a foot. All the figures, both those indicating the
feet and those indicating tenths of a foot, are on the same side of the
scale. The object of this is to obtain more ground surrounding the
figures, as on this condition their visibility in a great measure depends.
The forms of the figures have been carefully studied. The figures denoting
tenths of a foot, are small. It was found that those usually employed
are needlessly large. The size now adopted is the result of trial at
10 chains, at which distance they can be easily read with a good
14-inch 'Telescope. Price per pair, £880
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, KEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
303
1229 French Pattern Station Staves, 4-Metres long with plain metal £ B. a.
mountings per pair 440
1230 Ditto ditto, 5-Metres, fully divided scale, and inverted figures with
best brass mountings . . . . . . . • .550
1231 Papers for Level Staves, per foot 003
FIG. 1241.
FIG. 1242.
ORDNANCE PATTERN MEASURING RODS, SCALES, &c.
1232 24-inch Scale, Boxwood, 25 inches long, If broad, square at the
edges, having 1 and 2-inch diagonal scales on two edges, the inch
in tenths and eighths, the foot into decimal parts, and a scale of
chords to a radius of 12-inches to be used with Beam Compasses 0 10 6
1233 Architect's Scale, Boxwood, 12i-inches long, l£-inch broad, and
the inch and half -inch to a foot on one edge, and the quarter and
three quarters to the foot on other edge 040
1234 Surveying Scale, Boxwood, 12J-inches long, 1^-inch broad, and
chamfered alternately, with diagonal scales, and scales on the
edges, also scales of yards and paces to 2, 4, and 6 inches to a mile 040
1235 10-feet Rod, l|-inch square deal painted, divided into feet and
quarters on all sides, and figured from both ends alternately, shod
with brass . . .100
1236 Link Staff, li-inch square, deal painted black, divided into 10 links
on all sides, the centre division marked with a star, shod with
brass 0 12 6
1237 5-feet Surveyor's Measuring Rods, lance wood, tipped with brass,
divided on one side into feet and quarters, and on the other into
feet, inches, and one-eighths 086
1238 2-feet Rule, Boxwood, 4-fold Gun and Shot Gauge, and the inch
divided into 10, 8, and 12 parts 0 12 0
1239 Standard Measure, Yellow Dial, 43 inches long, 24-inch wide,
I -inch thick, with edge bar along the middle, with four brass plates
let in; on the top and edge of one side, 3 standard feet are
accurately marked off, and on the other sides two brass plates
marked, 5 standard links. In a deal case 1 10 0
304
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
1240 Levelling Staff, 14-feet, mahogany sliding in 3 lengths, with brass £ a. d.
spring and fittings, Painted Scale, per Pair £550 see No. 1225.
1241 Protractor Semicircular, brass, 6-inch, figured to 180° and to 360^.
The arm 6^-inch long, with vernier reading to minutes with clamp
screw, and magnifying glass in mahogany case, both sides of
the arm parallel to the centre and zero (fig. 1241) . . ,330
1242 Protractor Plain Circular, brass, 8-inch, figured outside to 360°, and
inside each quarter to 90°, divided to half-degrees. In
mahogany case (fig. 1242) 220
FIG. 1243.
1243 Beam Compass, Mahogany beam inlaid with holly, graduated to
50 inches, vernier reading to -^ inch, 48 inches between the points,
ink and pencil points and clamping screws, in deal case (fig. 1243) 3 12 6
1244 T Square, mahogany, 12 by 25 inches having the stock and blade
flush on one side 0 12 0
1245 Ditto ditto 12 by 52-inch 0 16 0
1246 Angles, 6-inch, pear-tree, Set Square 45° 020
1247 Ditto 9-inch ditto ditto 30° 030
1248 Straight Edge, Steel, best London make, 2 inches wide, 42-inch,
in deal case 140
1249 Ditto ditto ditto 52 -inch, in ditto . . . 1 10 0
1250 Parallel Rules, 15-inch, best Ebony rolling, plain edges . . . 0 16 6
1251 Ditto ditto 12-inch ditto ditto 0 12 6
1252 Ditto ditto 9-inch ditto ditto 0 10 6
1253 Chain 100 feet with 3 oval rings between each link, stout brass
marks, best stout iron 120
1254 Ditto ditto four, Pole Gunter's . . ' 0 18 6
1255 Arrows, set of 10 by 14-inch, If -inch eye 020
1256 Dark Glass Horizon, in Brass Frame with 3 adjusting screws and
Spirit Bubble ground on one side, in Mahogany Box . . .250
1257 Centrolinead, for drawing buildings, &c., in perspective, the
instrument giving the line of direction of the vanishing point .330
1258 Elipsographs, for striking Ovals 330550
1259 Ditto ditto, German Silver 4 12 6
1260 Planimeter, Amsler's Patent Brass for computing areas . . . 3 15 6
1261 Integrator, Ansler's 18 0 0
1262 Goniometer, Wollaston's Reflecting, for measuring the Angles of
Crystals . . .. . 550
1263 Eidograph, capable of reducing any proportion from 1 to 6 inches
in box complete . . . . £11 0 0 £12 12 0 and 15 0 0
1264 Computing Scale. Universal, as used by H.M. Tithe Commission
Office, containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 chains to the inch, and 6 inches
and 5 feet to the Mill in Mahogany box 3 12 0
1265 Extra Scales fitted to above 056
1266 Computing Form Papers, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, or 60 per sheet . .050
45, COBNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
305
FIG. 1266.
1266* Pentagraph or Pantograph, in Brass, of the best construction, for ^
reducing or enlarging plans to any proportion : — £ s. a.
18-inches from 660
24-inches 7 10 0
30-inches, Ordnance size and Pattern with improved Leg
and Wheel 9 10 0
36-inches 10 10 0
42-inches 11 11 0
48-inches (fig. 1266) 13 10 0
1277 Pentagraph, Ebony ........ from 550
1278 Ditto, common White Wood . . . . . 10s 6d. 1 5 0
FIG. 1280.
FIG. 1283
1279
Opisometer or Map Meter, for measuring Curved lines on Plans or
Charts, &c 036
1280 Ditto ditto Improved, (fig. 1280) . . . . 4s. 6d. 0 5 6
1281 Chartometer for measuring and registering distances on Maps. The
Chartometer is about the size of a watch, with a small wheel partly projecting from
the lower end of the case. To measure any line, the instrument is held upright,
and the little rolling wheel is run along the line to be measured ; as the wheel
advances an index hand registers on a dial the distance passed over in miles,
yards, &c., according to the scale of the map. It can be used for maps of different
Scales by a simple substitution of one dial plate for another, a variety of those
adapted to the ordnance measurements being contained in the case of the
instrument.
1282 Chartometer with Set of Dials, in neat Leather Case . ..110
Ditto ditto German Silver Plated, complete in Case (fig. 1283) 1 12 0
Ditto ditto Gold plated best finish, complete in Case . .220
Wealemefna, a Pocket Instrument for measuring lines or distances
on a map, Nickel Plated, 7s. 6d., [10s. 6d. ; Silver, 10s. 6d., and
12s. 6d. ; Gold ditto, 30s. and 50s.
For further particulars of Drawing Instruments, Rules, Scales, &c., see Section
Mathematical Drawing Instruments.
1283
1284
1285
306 NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN TIADUCT, E.G.,
1236 EEGULATION SET OF INSTRUMENTS,
AS SUPPLIED TO NAYAL CADETS.
Metal Sextant, in Mahogany Box £8 8s. or £10 10s.
Achromatic Telescope, 1 draw £2 10s. •
Ditto ditto, German Silver Mounted £3 3s.
Ebony Parallel Rule, 18-inch, best, 6s. 6d.
Mathematical Drawing Instruments, Brass complete, with Rules and Scales, in
polished Mahogany Box £2 15s. and £3 10s.
Ditto ditto ditto, German Silver £4 10s. £5 5s.
Binocular Look-out Glass, in solid Leather Case, with Strap, £4 4s. and £5 5s.
1287 EEGULATION &ET OF INSTRUMENTS,
AS SUPPLIED TO THE ROYAL ENGINEERS.
Best Pocket Sextant with Telescope, Silver Arc, &c., in Leather Case with Sling
Strap, as No. 1303. £5 5S.
Best* Prismatic Compass with Sun Shades and Azimuth Mirror, in Leather Case,
with Sling Strap, as Nos. 1167 and 1170 £3 3s. and £5 5s.
Sketching Protractor 7s. 6d.
50-feet best Tape Measure, as No. 1216 12s. 6d.
18-inch Ebony Parallel Rule 6s. 6d.
Binocular Field Glass in solid. Leather Case, with Strap, £4 4s. and £5 5s.
Achromatic Reconnoitring Telescope £3 10s. and £4 4s.
Mathematical Drawing Instruments, Brass, with Rules and Scales, Mahogany Box,
£3 10s.
Ditto ditto ditto, German Silver £4 4s.
Scales, Rules, Tapes, and Chains made to all Foreign Measures to order.
Heliographs for Military Signalling, Universal Sun Dials both for North and
South Latitudes, Improved Binocular Telescopes, Aneroid Barometers for Altitude
Measurements, &c., &c., see the various sections in this Catalogue.
45, CORNUILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 307
1288 ESTIMATE FOB A SET OF
ORDNANCE PATTERN SURVEYORS1 AND ENGINEERS'
INSTRUMENTS,
AS SUPPLIED BY NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA FOR
GOVERNMENT SERVICE.
A 5-incli best Theodolite, divided on Silver, with Tripod Stand, as fig. No. 1100, £24
A 15 -inch Dumpy Y Level, with ditto, ditto, as fig. No. 1130 £18 18s.
Pocket Compass, 3£ square, mahogany box. 2 circles of divisions, one, 360°, the
other figured 4'90°. Best bar needle, 16s.
Surveying Cross, round, on Ash staff, as fig. No. 1160, 12s. 6d.
Drainage Level, with Tripod Stand, fig. 1134 £5 5s.
A 4-inch Circumferenter, folding sights, ball and socket joint, with jointed tripod
stand, as No. 1150 £7 7s,
Ordnance Pattern Drawing Boards : —
Antiquarian . 55 by 33 inches. Atlas . . 37 by 28 inches.
Double Elephant 43 by 29 „ Imperial . 32 by 24 „
Prices various.
Prismatic Surveying Compass. 3-inch card, with Silver ring, in Pocket case,
as No. 1168 £3 10s.
Best Pocket Sextant with Telescope, divided on Silver arc with Leather Case and
Strap as No. 1303 £5 5s.
100 feet best Stout Chain, Brass handles, &c., as No. 1206 £1 2s.
4-pole best Gunter's ditto ditto, as No. 1209 18s. 6d.
1 set 10 14-inch Arrows with eye If inch diameter as No. 1210*, 3s.
1 case of Brass Drawing Instruments : — £2 10s. and £3 3s.
Mahogany box with Tray containing 6-inch ivory scale, 6-inch ebony parallel rule,
6-inch compasses with pen and pencil points, lengthening bar, pen and pencil
bow, large and small ivory handle drawing pens, set screw, 6 drawing pins, &c.
£3 3s.
Best Mercurial Horizon, complete in box £4 10s.
6 -inch Sextant divided on Silver to 10 seconds, with plain tube, two Telescopes with
additional power and dark glasses in mahogany case,
£10 10s. and £11 11s.
Tripod Stand for ditto, with jointed legs £3 3s. and £5 5s.
30-inch brass Pentagraph, as fig. 1266, in mahogany box £10 10s.
Mountain Barometer in solid Leather case and brass stand, as No. 1179, £10 10s.
Aneroid Barometer or Orometer, as No. 1180 for Altitude measurements, £8 8s.
Pocket Thermometer, Oval Boxwood, 7-inches long, 0 to l40° Fahrenheit and
Centigrade Scales .... See also Section Thermometers 12s. 6d.
Altitude Tables for use with above, sent with each instrument.
Boiling Point Apparatus and Tables, see page 92.
308 NEGEETTI AND ZAMBKA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
NAUTICAL INSTRUMENTS.
FIG. 1290.
SEXTANTS.
£ s. d.
1589 Reflecting Circle (Troughton's Pattern) 10-inch . . . . 25 0 0
1290 Ditto ditto, 12-inch (fig. 1290) . . . . 30 0 0
This instrument perfectly corrects the error of the centre by the readings of
the three branches of the index ; this property, combined with that of observing
both ways, reduces the errors of dividing one-sixth part of their simple value. With
this Circle angles may be measured as far as one hundred and fifty degrees.
1291 Ebony Sextant, 8-inch, best, with Ivory arch
Achromatic Telescopes, &c., in mahogany case . 6 10 0
1292 Metal Sextant, 6-inch (Cadets') Circular pattern, divided
on Silver reading to ten seconds, three Telescopes, in
mahogany case (fig. 1292) - . 880
1293 Metal Sextant, best, 5-inch (Cadets') Triangular pattern,
divided on Silver, reading to 10 seconds extra power
to Telescope, strapped horizon adjustments in Box . 990
1294 Metal Sextant, 8-inch, Edge Bar Pattern, bronzed limb
divided on Silver, reading to ten seconds, in mahogany
box 10 10 0
1295 Metal Sextant, 8-inch, Oval pattern, bronzed limb
divided on Silver reading to ten seconds, stump and
block adjustment and glass reflector to vernier . 11 11 0
1296 Metal Sextant, Oval, Triangular, or other patterns, best,
bright or bronzed limb, Neutral Tint Shades, and
extra power for Telescopes, Glass Reflector, &c., in
square polished mahogany case with screwed fittings 12 12 0
45, COBNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 300
FIG. 1297.
FIG. 1292.
FIG. 1297*.
1297
Metal Sextant, 8-inch, Best Edge Bar or Triangular Pattern bridge handle
divided on Silver reading to ten seconds, bright or bronzed limb, cup
and ball tangent screw, swing horizon, and capped adjustments, Neutral
Tint Shades, and extra power to Telescopes, and of the most accurate
finish, and with all recent improvements, in square mahogany case
(figs. 1297 or 1297*) Price £13 13 0
1298 Lunar Sextant, I-inch, best make, bridge handle, triangle pattern. Extent
of arch 150 degrees. Yernier reading to ten seconds, with excess divisions,
strapped and capped adjustments, Neutral tint shades ; large size
Telescopes, with extra power ; star telescope ; magnifier, &c. In square
mahogany box, with lock and key 14 14 0
1299 Gold or Platinum Arch to either of above 2 12 0
1300 Tripod Stands for Sextants, with jointed legs, horizontal and vertical
action and clamping screw, in deal case . . . . . 550
Quadrants or Octants and Sextants can be supplied of an inferior quality, at slightly
lower prices, but they cannot be recommended.
310
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOE5T VIADUCT, B.C.,
FIG. 1301.
1300
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1214
Pillar or Double Platecl {Sextant, 8-incli, reading to ten seconds, with addi-
tional power to telescope and Reflectors to verniers, &c., of the very best
quality, in Best Square Polished mahogany case (fig. 1301) . £17 17 0>
POCKET SEXTANTS1
FIG. 1303.
Pocket or Box Sextant, with Back-work adjustment .
Pocket Sextant, best quality, divided on Silver, with
Telescope and Tangent adjusting screw, &c. (fig. 1303),
with leather case and strap
Ditto, ditto, with Cover, divided, hypo and base .
Horizon Glasses, for Quadrants . . . pei doz.
Index ditto for ditto . ...
Coloured Shades, for ditto . . . per set of 7
Horizon Glasses for Sextants . . . per doz.
Index Glssses for ditto
Neutral Coloured Shades, best parallel, per set of 7
Sets of 3 Achromatic Telescopes for Sextants, best
Extra Power for ditto
Star Telescopes for Sextants ......
Horn (Index) Magnifiers . . . .per doz.
440
550
5 15 0
0 12 0
140
0 14 0
1 10
2 2
160
110
060
0 15 0
0 15 0
45 COENHILL, B.C., AND 122, KEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
FIG. 1316.
FIG. 1315.
FIG. 1320.
QUADRANTS OR OCTANTS.
1315 Ebony Quadrant, with Tangent screw to index, in oak
case (fig. 1315)
1316 Ditto ditto with two Tangent screws, and bar to index
and vertical screw (fig. 1316)
1317 Ditto ditto ditto, with six shades .
1318 Telescope with shutter to above, extra ....
1319 Ebony Quadrant, with two Telescopes, reading to 30
seconds, long centre, and seven shades in box .
1320 Metal Quadrant, best quality, divided on Ivory, with
Achromatic Telescopes, long centre, seven shades and
index magnifier, in mahogany box (fig. 1320)
1321 Metal Quadrant, or Half Sextant, best quality, divided
on Silver, with Two Telescopes, long centre, seven
shades and index magnifier, in mahogany box .
1322 Ditto, ditto, with extended Arc
£ s. (I
2 10 0
330
3 10 0
066
4 10 0
550
660
6 10 0
312
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.
FIG. 1322.
FIG. 1324.
ARTIFICIAL HORIZONS.
1322 Black Glass Plane, or Artificial Horizon, with three
Levelling Screws, and Ground Spirit Level in box
(fig. 1322)
1323 Artificial or Roof Horizon, with Wood Mercury bottle
and Trough
1324 Artificial Horizon, Ordnance Pattern, with two Troughs,
turned Iron Mercury Bottle, complete in mahogany
box (fig. 1324)
SUN-DIALS.
£ s. a.
2 10 0
3 10 0
4 10 0
1325 Sun Dials, circular, best Brass,
full divided to 5 minutes, with
Equation Table, and hand-
somely engraved (fig. 1325) : —
"Diameter 10-in. 12-in. 14-in. 18-in.
Price 84s. 115s. 160s. 263s
FIG. 1325.
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
313
1326
1327
Vertical Sun Dial of
Stout Slate Figures
and Divisions en-
graved and Gilt.
Gilt Iron Rod
Gnomon, from
£10 10 0
Ditto ditto, of Slate
as above, but with
Stout Gun-metal
Gnomon (fig. 1327)
£14 10 0
Designs and Drawings
of Vertical Sun Dials fur-
nished to Architects or
Builders, with estimate of
Cost.
FIG. 1327.
Gnomons of any description, for Vertical Sun
Dials, supplied to order.
N.B. When ordering Sun Dials full particulars
should be given of size and form 'of Dial desired,
and also the Latitude and Locality where to be
fixed up.
Skilled workmen sent to take Bearings or fix
any description of Sun Dials.
PEDESTALS FOR SUN DIALS.
1328 Pedestal of Terra Gotta (fig. 1328) Height
3-ft. 6-in., suited for a Dial 12 to 14 inches diameter
£440
Ditto, ditto of Bath Stone . . 7 12 6
Estimates given for Pedestals of any design or
material.
FIG. 1328.
1329 Globe Sun Dial or A rmillary sphere, 24-inch
diameter, Gilt Metal hoops, with hour circle, on the
inside of this are painted the hours and divisions,
the figures being outlined with gold, nickel-plated
rod and terminals. The whole mounted on a solid
painted Iron stand .... from £25 0 0
314
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOftN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 1330. FIG. 1332. FIG. 1331.
1330 Sun Dials, with Circular Brass slab and style (fig. 1330) :—
Diameter . . 6-in. 8-in. 10-in. 12-in. 14-in.
Price . . 42s. 52s. 63s. 100s. 120s.
1331 Sun Dials on Slate, the style of Brass, 12 inclies Square
(fig. 1331) £330
1332 Sun Dial, with burning lens so arranged that the Sun's rays are thrown on
the priming of a small loaded Cannon, and cause it to be fired at noon
precisely. The mounting of the lens has a scale corresponding to the
sun's decimation for every week in the year (fig. 1332) £3 12 6 4 10 0
These dials are constructed for the latitude of London. If required for other
localities they must be made specially to order, and will be slightly increased in
cost.
POCKET MARINERS' COMPASSES.
FIG. 1334.
FIG. 1335.
1333
1334
1335
1336
d.
6
FIG. 1340*.
Pocket Compasses, Plain Needle, in square mahogany
cases, with stops .... 3s. 6d. 4s. 6d.
Ditto ditto, mounted with best Bar Needles and Agate
centres (fig. 1334) ... 6s. 6d. 7s. 6d. 0 10 6 0 12 6
Ditto ditto, mounted with Floating Card and
Agate centres (fig. 1335) . . 6s. 6d. 7s. 6d.
Small Pocket Compasses, Round metal cases . 2s.
0 10
0 2
0 12
0 3
45, COBNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STEEET, W., LONDON. 315
FIG. 1337*.
1337 Pocket Compasses, in Circular Brass boxes with covers,
Magnetic Needles, or Floating Cards, with stops
(figs. 1337 and 1337*) 6s. 6d., 7s.6 d., 0 10 6 0 12 6
1338 Ditto ditto, with Agate centre, and Bar Needle
12s. 6d. 0 15 0 110
FIG. 1340. FIG. 1341.
GEOLOGICAL AND SIGHT COMPASSES. See also page 300.
FIG. 1342.
FIG. 1343.
316
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 1339.
FIG. 1344.
FIG. 1363.
FIG. 1344.
1339 Brass Gilt Pocket Compasses, in leather cases, Plain £ s. <M £ s. a.
Needle, or Floating Card (fig. 1339) 6s. 8s. 6d, 10s. 6d. 0 12 6 0 15 0
1340 Pocket Compasses, with Enamelled dials, in Gilt Metal or Nickeled cases,
Bar Needles, or Floating Cards, with Agate centres and stops, in leather
cases (figs. 1340 and 1341) . . . 15s., 18s. 6d. 1 1 0 1 10 0
These Pocket Compasses are recommended for use in Tropical Climates. The
Dials being Enamelled similar to a watch-face, remain clean and readable, where
silvered metal or card would become tarnished or obliterated.
1340* Patent Universal Compass, Gilt Metal Case with Pendant Ring 1 10 0
1341 Singer's Patent Compasses, with floating Pearl or Enamelled Card Dials,
One-half of the compass card being Black, the points are ascertained
with ease at night in the open air. Pocket sizes in various mountings*
(figs, 1340, 1344) 10s. 6d., 12s. 6d., 16s. 6d., £1 Is. 1 10 0 1 15 0
1342 Geological Compass, for ascertaining the dip or inclination of strata, hills,
&c., Best Bar Needle with Clinometer Scale (fig. 1342), showing the
inclination in degrees and inches per yard, in Round Brass box, 4^ inches,
1 15 0 220
1343 Pocket Compass, plain, folding, with Sights, round brass
box, Bar Needle, and stop (fig. 1343) see also page 330 1 1 0 1 10 0
1344 Watch Compasses, in Bronzed Metal Hunting Case
(figs. 1334 and 1344*) 21s. 150 1 10 0
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON".
317
1345 Starlight or Moonlight Compasses, with transparent glass dial and bar
needle, for the use of travellers by night, or by the light of a match or
cigar, held beneath it, in leather case £330
FIG. A.
FIG. E.
FIG. F.
FIG. B.
1345* Magnetic Trinket or Charm Compasses, mounted in Gold and Silver in great
variety of forms, as shown in figs. A to F including the new Transparent Pebble
Mountings (figs. F and B ), the Needle being poised between the two Pebbles.
These Pebbles are so worked upon their surfaces as to form a Magnifying Lens
or Burning Glass. These Prices vary with the quality of the G-old or Silver and the
design of the frame. Fig. A 60s. ; fig. B 70s. ; fig. E 70s. ; fig. F 29s.
1346 Oat Beard Hygrometer, or Pocket Damp
Detector, Strongly gilt in morocco case
(fig. 1346) . . . 0 10 6 110
FIG. 1346.
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
FIG. 1359.
FIG. 1350.
Universal Jomt Sun Dial and Compass, with divided Arc, £ s. a.
in cases 2i-inches 330
Ditto ditto . 3^-inches 440
Ditto ditto 4^ -inches 660
Universal Sun Dial and Compass, for both N. and S. Latitudes, 2£ inches,
with Levels and Adjusting Screws, in leather case (fig. 1350) 440
Ditto ditto, 4^-inches, best mounting and dividing 770
Watch Compasses, in Silver Hunting Cases . . 2 10 0 330
Ditto ditto .... German Silver, 25s. 1 10 0 2 2 0
SI'S
KEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 1356.
FIG. 1357,
1354
1355
1356
1356*
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
FIG. 1355.
£ s. d.
Pocket Sun Dial Compassses, in oblong Boxwood case,
with Equation Table
Ditto with best Bar Needle ditto (fig. 1355) ,
Sun Dial Compasses, in common round wood case (fig. 1356)
Ditto ditto, best Mounted
Ditto ditto, in Square "Wood case, Agate Centre, best
mounting (fig. 1357) 0 12 6
Ditto ditto, Round Metal Case, with cover and stop .
Ditto ditto, German silver Nickel Plated as (fig. 1359)
s. a-
0 11
0 12
0 2
0 11
0 15
0 12
0 16
Starlight or Moonlight Compasses, with transparent glass dial, and bar needle,
for the use of travellers by night, or by the light of a match or cigar, held
220
110 1 15 0
beneath it, in leather case
Gregory's Compass for Equestrians, the Needle or Card
being mounted on two centres to prevent oscillation,
plain mount .........
Ditto ditto, best mounted in Silver Hunting case,
watch form as fig. 1344 ......
Symons' Patent True North Compass, in Square
Mahogany Box, with Agate Cap and Stop (fig. 1363) 0 10
Ditto Ditto, Trinket or Charm Form,
Gold £2 10s. ; Silver, £1 2s.
6
3 10 6
0 12 6
The true Magnetic Westerly Variation of the Compass (November, 1885) for
London is 18° 20' at Kew, 18° Greenwich. The Annual decrease, 8' The daily
Oscillation 10'.
Maximum Easterly Variation yet recorded was observed by Burroughs in
1580, viz., 11° 17'.
Maximum Westerly Variation observed by Colonel Beaufoy in 1815, 24° 27' 18".
Years of no Variation, 1657 to 1662.
" As regards the Direction of the Wind, it is hardly necessary to observe that
this should always be given according to True and NOT to Compass Searings. The
amount of Variation of the Compass in the British Islands being, roughly speak-
ing, two points to the westward."
SHIPS' OR POCKET COMPASSES REPAIRED AND ADJUSTED.
45, COENHILL, E.G., AND 122, BEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
BOAT AND SHIPS' COMPASSES.
319
1363 Boat Steering Compass, Plain mounted, 5-incli, in Square £ s. d. £ s. d.
Oak box with slide lid 0 13 0 0 16 6
1364 Brass Cone Boat Compass, in turned Wood Case (fig. 1364) 0 14 0
FIG. 1364.
FIG. 1368.
FIG. 1365.
1365 Boat Compass, Round Brass Box, 'in Gymbals (fig. 1365) 150 1 12 0
1367 Ditto ditto, Square Oak Box, with gymbals ... 1 10 0
1368 Ditto ditto, Best Mounted (fig. 1368) 1 16 0 220
1369 Ditto ditto, Polished Mahogany hinged box with Singer's
Card (fig. 1369) 220
FIG. 1369.
FIG. 1370.
1370 Improved Yacht or Boat Compass, with Singer's Patent or Ordinary Card,
with or without Binnacle or Lamps (figs. 1369 and 1370).
Size Of Compass Bo,. Diameter ot Card.
No. 1—4% inches square 2^ inches
No. 2—5^ inches square 3 „
No. 3— 6i inches square 3J „
Comp^4j;et9.
£ a. d.
0 14 0
0160
0 18 0
£ s. d.
1 14 0
200
260
£ s. d.
2 16 0
330
3 10 0
320
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOKN VIADUCT, B.C.,
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
FIG. 1372.
FIG. 1376.
11.
21s.
Ship's Steering Compasses, in Wood box : —
Inches 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Price, each 8s. 9s. 10s. 11s. 12s!
Ship's Steering Compasses, best make, Agate Cap to Needle, with
Brass bowls in gymbals, and oak box (fig. 1372) : —
Size of Box outside, Inches 7. 8. 9. 10.
Price, each 14s. 15s. 17s. 6d. 20s.
Storm Compasses, 10-inch
Ditto ditto 11-inch
Storm Compasses, double dipping Needles, best mounted,
10-inch, Transparent Storm Card ....
Ditto ditto „ 11 -inch (fig. 1376) .
Sox Ships' Compasses are measured by the outside of Box.
Amplitude Compass, brass caps, and steel centres, with
Sights, Agate, centre 11 -inch
Ditto ditto 10-inch ....
Ditto ditto, divided Silver Ring and Folding Sights in
Polished Mahogany Box (fig. 1379) . . . .410
12
14s'
12.
23s.
£1 10
1 14
2 10
2 15
16
10
5 10 6
1380
1381
1382
1383
FIG. 1381.
FIG. 1382.
Hanging or Cabin Compass, small size, best mounted,
japanned Brass ........
Ditto ditto, full size ditto, ditto, bright Brass (fig. 1381)
Ditto ditto, Brass, turned arms, and best Transparent
card (fig. 1382) ....... 42s.
Ditto ditto, Brass ditto, with Double Dipping Needles
2 10
33
1 10
2 12
3 0
3 10
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, BEGENT STEEET, W., LONDON.
321
FIG. 1384.
1384
1385
NEGRETTI &ZAMBRA
LONDON.
ial (5
and
FIG. 1385.
i Sights
Shades,
from
£
6
8
2
s. d.
6 0
8 0
2 0
Prismatic Azimuth Compass, with Card Dial & Sights
Best do. do. with divided Metal I
arranged for Iron Ships (fig. 1385)
1385* Tripod Stands for above
1386 Prismatic Azimuth Compass, with double Needles, Copper ring, inside
bowl (Sxow HARRIS'S arrangement), best mounted in mahogany box,
specially suited for Iron ships, with extra Box for Card and Iron feeders to
preserve the magnetism .800
BITCHIE'S PATENT LIQUID COMPASS.
FIG. 1387*.
1387 The principle on which the RITCHIE'S LIQUID COMPASS is constructed, is the
enclosing of the magnetic needles in metallic cylinders, and connecting with the
needles and the card a closed air-chamber, by the buoyancy of which, in the liquid
the bowl is filled with, the weight resting upon the pivot is reduced to less
than a single gramme, preventing all friction and wear at the point of the pivot.
The resistance of the liquid gives to the card far greater steadiness than can be
Cabin and Transparent Compasses are measured ly the bowl.
322
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.C.,
possible in any other compass, and the card, if disturbed, returns to rest in much
less time. The card is usually made with a curved ring bearing the divisions,
which is preferable, except when it is desired to be graduated to degrees. The
card with degrees is engraved upon a plane annular ring ; for use when the courses
are desired to be given in degrees rather than by points, and which is necessary
for azimuth observations. It has EKECT figures, which are very legible.
oS&X cgj-
Degrees.
1387* 7 -inch Compass ; diameter of card 6f -inch, of gimbal £ B. <a.
ring outside 9|-inch, mahogany box 11-inch square,
Price 450
8 -inch Compass ; Diameter of card 7^-inch, of ring
outside lOf-inch, mahogany box 12-inch square
(fig. 1387*) . . .500
9-inch Compass; Diameter of card 8|-inch, of ring
outside 12^-inch, mahogany box 13f -inch square .600
10 -inch ditto ditto, diameter of card 9|-inch
£ s. d.
4 10 0
550
6 10 0
800
All Compasses, with graduated card, are arranged for use with Azimuth Circle.
Azimuth Circles for above, 7-inch to 9-inch . . each 400
Ditto 10-inch 4 10 0
Prices for any size-Compasses, or specially fitted up to the requirements of any Government, sent upon application.
1388 5-in. Boats' Compass, mounted
with Ritchie's Patent Liquid
Compasses, in box .300
5-in. ditto ditto in Binnacle with
Lamp (fig. 1388) . . 5 10 0
6 -in. ditto ditto in box .440
6 -in. ditto ditto, Binnacle 770
7-in. Pole Compass, complete with
Support . . . 6 10 0
8-in. ditto ditto . 7 10 0
9 -in. ditto ditto . 8 10 0
7-in. Transparent ditto, [with
Arms . 660
FlG. 1388.
Binnacle, Cabin, or Saloon, Engine room, Boiler, and Forecastle Lamps. Hand,
Gimbal, or Hanging Lanterns, &c., &c., of every form. Supplied to order.
Green and Ruby Glasses, Lenses, and Prisms, Reflectors, Fittings for Ships
Lamps, &c., &c. Deck Glasses, Flat, Prismatic, or Round, Glass Deck Lights,
Round and Square Glasses for Scuttles, at per Ib.
Harbour and Pier Head Lights. Prices according to size, colour, and power
of the light. Supplied to order.
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
'323
FlG. 1389.
SHIPS' LIGHTS AND SIGNAL LAMPS, &c.
No. 1 size for Vessels up to 300 Tons. No. 2 size above 300 Tons to 536 Tons.
No. 3 size 600 Tons to largest Vessels built.
£ a. d.
1389 Port and Starboard Lamps,
Japanned . . . per pair 1 12 6
Ditto ditto, Copper, (fig. 1389) . 2 15 0
Ditto ditto, best quah'ty, Japanned
per pair 200
Ditto ditto, best Copper „ 400
Globular Anchor, Japanned, best
each 0 13 0
Ditto ditto, Copper . . „ 140
Circular Anchor, Japanned, best
each 0 18 6
Ditto ditto, Copper . „ 200
Mast Head Lamps, Japanned, best
each 1 10 0
Ditto ditto, Copper . . „ 1 10 0
Tricolour, Telegraph, or Steering
Lamp, Japanned . . each 1 10 6
Ditto ditto, Copper . „ 2 10 0
£ s. d.
220
400
2 10 0
500
140
2 12 0
2 10 0
3 10 6
220
2 18 0
£ s. d.
2 15 0
500
300
600
1 10 0
300
330
4 12 6
2 12 0
3 10 0
In our Appendix will be found instructions for truly fixing or setting Sun
Dials ; also Tables of the Equation of Time, the Difference of Time between various
localities East and West of Greenwich. The Height in feet of the rise of Spring
Tides in various parts of the world, &c., &c.
324
HEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. A 4.
FIG. A 1,
FIG. A 2.
FIG. A 3.
1390 Walker's Patent Harpoon Ship-Log (fig. A 1.) .
1391 Ditto ditto (fig. A 2.) .......
1392 Ditto ditto, Detached Ship-Log (fig. A3.).
1393 Ditto Harpoon Sounding Machine (fig. A 4) without Lead
1393* Lead for Sounding Machine
£ 8. d.
3 10 0
330
330
330
110
FIG. A 5.
I
FIG A 6.
FIG A 7.
1394 Massey's Patent Ship-Log (fig. A 5.) .
1395 Ditto, Improved ditto, ditto (fig. A 6.) .
1396 Massey's Sounding Machine (fig. A 7.), with Lead
3 10 0
2 15 0
400
45, COENHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STEEET, W., LONDON. 325
FIG. 1397.
1397 Walker's Cherub Taffrail Log (fig. 1397)
1398 Iron Governor Wheel, for use with above
1399 Log Line for ditto ....'.
1400 Bliss and Co.'s Taffrail Log, complete with Line
1401 The Pendent Log supplied to order.
£ B. d.
3 10 0
076
0 17 0
550
LOG AND TIME GLASSES.
£ 8.
0 15
0 15
1402 Log Glasses, in Wood frames, 14 seconds, per dozen
1403 Log Glasses, 28 seconds, per dozen
1404 Ditto ditto, 14 and 28 seconds, best Brass frames
1405 One-minute Glasses, in plain Wood frames .
1406 Three -minute ditto ditto
1407 Five -minute ditto ditto
1408 Quarter-hour Glasses .......
1409 Half-hour Glasses
1410 One -hour ditto *.......
1411 Two -hour ditto
1412 Quarter-hour Glasses, in Rosewood or Boxwood frame .
1413 Half-hour ditto ditto
1414 One -hour ditto ditto
1415 Quarter-hour Glasses in Brass frames ....
1416 Half-hour Glasses ditto
1417 One -hour ditto ditto
1418 Tea Brokers' Sample Glasses, plain Wood frame .
1419 Auctioneers' One-minute Glasses, Wood Pocket case .
1420 Tune Glasses, mounted in Ivory or Fancy Wood frames and
d.
6
6
Each.
£ s, d.
050
0 1 6
018
010
016
020
036
040
086
0 12 0
0 16 0
0 11 0
0 16 0
110
010
0 10 6 0 15 6
for any time.
To order.
326
NEGBETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, B.C.,
FIG. 1428.
FIG. 1422.
FIG. 1423.
SHIPS' BINNACLES.
Each.
£ s. d.
Each.
£ s. d.
770
1421 Yacht Binnacle all Brass, short Urn shape .
1422 Ship's Binnacles((fig. 1422), all bright Brass, best make,
with two Lamps, bolts, and plates for deck, &c.
10-inch bowl 11-inch 12-inch
£12 12s. £13 13s. £15 15s.
1423 Ships'tBinnacle (fig. 1423), Globe shape, Brass top, with
lamps on French polished Mahogany Stand, 11-inch 990 10 10 0
1424 Brass Binnacle Tops, of Globe, Light-house or Helmet form,
with two best Lamps.
For a 10-inch Compass 11-inch 12-inch 13-inch 14-inch
£5° £6 £7 £8 £9
1425 Brass Binnacle, Urn shape, with lion's head handles, adapted for Yachts and
Steamers, on octagon polished Mahogany stand, with two lamps in shade for
a 10-inch compass ....... 12 12 0
1426 Brass Dolphin Pattern Binnacles, and other ornamental
patterns . £12 12s. 15 15 0 16 16 0
1427 Chain Boxes for Binnacles .... extra 0 15 0
1428 Masthead Binnacles, with band for Mast and one
Lamp (fig. 1428.) (See also Pole Compass, page 322.) 550
Note — The Compasses are not included in any of the above prices.
Extra cost for Compass 18s., 38s., to 40s. each.
1429 Captain Friend's Pelorus, with German silver Dials, for testing
Compasses ..........
6 10 0
Prices for Ritchie's Patent Liquid Compasses, See page 322.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
327
Each. Each.
£ s. d. £ a. d.
1430 Speaking Trumpets, Japanned 050 0 15 0
1431 Ditto ditto, Brass 8s. 6d. 0 15 0 0 18 6
1432 Fog Horn, Brass 5s., 6s. 0 12 6 0 14 0
1433 Ditto ditto, Japanned .... 2s. 6d., 4s. 0 5 6 076
1434 Hand Fog Bells, turned edge and crown : —
5-inch, 9s. ; 6-inch, 12s. ; 7-inch, 21s. each.
1435 Key's Patent Fog Signals, giving a louder and more
prolonged blast than the fog horn, with Brass horns to
screw on bellows . . . . . . . . 0 14 0 0 16 0
1436 Ditto ditto, Tin ditto, fixed in ditto . • . . 0 12 0 0 14 0
1437 Ships' Chronometers, (8 days), of the very best
construction 42 0 0
1438 Marine Clinometer in Round Metal Case ... 3 10 0
1439 Marine Inclinometer, Admiralty Pattern ... 660
1440 Bar Magnets, for correcting Compasses . per Ib. 019
1441 Pitchometer, for measuring the angle of Screw-
Propeller Blades or Bevel Wheels. Supplied to order.
Admiralty and Official Charts, Maps of all parts of the World, Nautical
Almanacs, Admiralty Sailing Directions, Log Books, Cargo Books, Journals, and
other Nautical Publications. To order.
Bunting of all widths and qualities, Signal Flags, various Codes, in sets
roped and toggled complete, in painted boxes, Royal Standards, Ensigns, Union
Jacks, and all other English and Foreign Flags. To order.
Ship's Compasses and Barometers repaired and adjusted.
Ships' or Pilot's Telescopes, Binocular Look-out
Marine Barometers, Drawing Instruments, &c., &c.
Glasses or Horizon Sweeps,
See Sections.
COMPASS VARIATIONS. From " MecJianics' Magazine,'' March 16*7<, 1865.
Days.
Minutes.
Yearly Rate of Change.
Min.
1576
11
15
E . 7
1622
6
15
E . . 11
1657
0
0
True North 12
1672
2
30
W . 13
1720
13
0
W . 9
1765
20
0
W . . 5
1819
24
41
W Max. W 0
1852
22
18
W . 4
1865
20
38
W . 7
328
NEGKETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, B.C.,
GLOBES AND ORRERIES.
FIG. 1442.
FIG. 1443.
FIG. 1443*.
FIG. 1444.
FIG. 1445.
1442
1443
1444
1445
3-inch diameter, in hinged case
Pocket Globes,
(fig. 1442) . . ' 10s- 6d. to 16s.
Pedestal Globes, mahogany base, with semi- circular brass meridian and
Quadrant of Altitude (figs. 1443 and 1443*) :—
Diameter 9-in. 6-in. 4^-in. 3-in.
Each . 21s. 24s. 9s. 10s. 6d. 6s. 7s. 4s. 5s.
Table Globes, black stained wood frames, with brass meridian and Quadrant
of Altitude (fig. 1454)
Diameter 15-in. 12-in. 9-in.
Per Pair . . . . £6 6s. £4 4s. £3 3s.
Table Globes, mahogany frame, with brass meridian and Quadrant of Altitude
(fig. 1445) :-
Diameter
Per Pair .
20-in.
£10 10s.
15-in.
£6 18s.
12-in.
£4 15s.
9-in.
£3 12s.
FIG. 1446.
FIG. 1446*.
FIG. 1447.
FIG, 1448.
1446 Globes mounted Chair high, best Plain mounted pillar and claw, with
compass and Quadrant of Altitude (figs. 1446 and 1446°) :—
Diameter 25-in. 20-in. 15-in. 12-in.
Per Pair . £25 £14 £9 9s. £6 6s.
1447 Globes mounted Chair high, Superior Carved and polished pillar and claw
frames, with Compass, Quadrant of Altitude, and double hour circles
(fig. 1447):—
Diameter 25-in. 20-in. 15-in. 12-in
Per Pair . £31 10s. £16 £11 £7 10s.
1448 Globes mounted Chair high, on highly finished and carved tripod frames,
of polished Spanish mahogany, with Compasses, Quadrant of Altitude, and
double hour circle, with all recent improvements (fig. 1448) : —
Diameter 25-in. 20-in. 15-in. 12-in.
Per Pair . £36 15s. £18 18s. £13 £8 10s
45, COKNHILL, B.C., AND 122, KEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
329
1449 School Globes, mounted to suspend from the ceiling
with Quadrant of Altitude (fig. 1449)
Diameter 25-in. 20-in. 15-in. 12-in.
Each . £7 7s. £3 10s. £2 2s. £1 5s.
1450 Globes mounted in rosewood, walnut-wood, satin-wood,
&c., at 10 to 20 per cent, increase on the above
prices. Any particular style of frame made to
order.
1451 Covers for Globes of Leather Cloth for high frames : —
For 25-inch Globe. 20-inch Globe. 15-inch Globe. 12-inch Globe.
42s. 32s. 22s. 14s.
1452 Brass Quadrants of Altitude :—
For 25-in. Globe. 20-in. Globe. 15-in. Globe. 12-in. Globe. 9-in. Globe. 6-in. Globe.
lls. 7s. 5s. 4s. 6d. 3s. 6d. 2s. 6d.
FIG. 1449.
Old Globes repaired and re-covered with modern maps, and the brass mountings
cleaned and re-lacquered, rendering them equal to new.
FIG. 1454.
s. d.
d.
1453 Orrery Planitarium, or Tellurian, Plain mounting to
move by hand, showing the relative positions of the
planets and their satellites, &c ...... 880
1454 Orrery, exhibiting the relative positions of all the
principal planets and their satellites ; the diurnal and
annual motion of the earth ; the moon's phases and
nodes, &c. ; to move with a train of wheel work and
winch handles (fig. 1454) ...... 10 10 0 16 16 0
1455 Complete Orreries, representing the motions of all the Planets and their
satellites ; the various movements of the earth and moon ; the Sun rotating
on its axis, &c. ; arranged with very superior clock-work motion, in a
mahogany and brass frame . . to order, from 60 0 0
1456 Diagrams, illustrating the Sciences of Astronomy, Geography, Geology,
&C., &C., for Class teaching, or suited to Lectures, supplied to order.
330
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT. E.G.,
MATHEMATICAL LEAVING INSTRUMENTS.
FIG. 1486.
SETS OF DRAWING INSTRUMENTS IN CASES,
FOR TEACHING ELEMENTARY DRAWING, &C., IN SCHOOLS, &C.
£ s. d.
1457 Small or Half-Set of Drawing Instruments, consisting of brass
compasses, with pen and pencil points, boxwood scale and pencil,
in pull-off case .......... 066
1458 Ditto similar to No. 1 set, but with extra dividers and
feeder (fig. 1458) .......... 086
1459 Half-Set of Instruments, consisting of brass compasses, with pen
and pencil points, drawing pen and boxwood scale, in polished
mahogany case . ......... 0 10 6
1460 Ditto with extra bow pen, and bow pencil, and ebony
parallel rule (fig. 1460) ......... 0 16 6
FIG. 1458. FIG. 1463. FIG. 1460.
1461 Set of Instruments, consisting of brass compasses, with pen and
1462 Ditto
pencil points, lengthening bar, bow pen and bow pencil, drawing
pen, ebony parallel rule and 'boxwood protractor, fitted in
mahogany case 11
with extra dividers
150
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
331
1463
1464
1465
FIG. 1467.
Set of Instruments, consisting of brass sector-joint compasses,
with pen and pencil points, lengthening bar, bow pen and pencil,
jointed drawing pen, ebony parallel rule, and boxwood protractor,
fitted in mahogany case, with lock and key (fig. 1463)
Set of German Silver Instruments, consisting of compasses with
pen and pencil points, lengthening bar, dividers, bow pen, and bow
pencil, plain drawing pen, boxwood protractor, sector and ebony
parallel rule, fitted in mahogany case, with lock and key
Ditto, similar to No. 1464 set, but with knee-joint compass,
and jointed drawing pen
FIG. 1470.
1466 Set of German Silver Instruments, consisting of sector- joint com-
passes and hair dividers pen and pencil points, lengthening bar,
bow pen and bow pencil, jointed and plain drawing pens, box-
wood protractor and sector, and ebony parallel rule, fitted in
oak, rosewood or mahogany case, with lock and key .
1467 Set of German Silver Instruments, consisting of knee-joint
compass, as fitted with set of three spring bows and plain
drawing pen, fitted in oak or mahogany case, with lock and key
(fig. 1467)
1468 Set of German Silver Instruments, similar to No. 1466 set, but with
extra, set of three best spring bows . , . . . .
d.
1 10 0
1 15 0
220
2 10 0
330
3 10 0
332 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN YJADUCT, E.G.,
£ s. d.
1469 Set of German Silver Instruments, best finished sector-joint com-
passes and hair dividers, pen and pencil points, lengthening bar,
bow pen and bow pencil, set of three best spring bows, jointed
and plain drawing pens, needle holder, ivory protractor, sector
and parallel rule, fitted in oak, rosewood or mahogany case, with
lock and key . . . .• '. .440
1470 Set of German Silver Instruments, similar to Fig. 1470, but with
best knee-joint compass, and with brass bound case, with best
silk linings 550
1471 Set of German Silver Instruments, similar to No. 1470 set, but with
set of colours, brushes, &c 5 15 0
1472 Set of German Silver Instruments, consisting of best double -
jointed and needle-pointed compasses, hair dividers, pen and
pencil points, lengthening bar, bow pen and bow pencil, set of
three best spring bows, jointed and plain drawing pens, ivory
protractor, sector and parallel rule, fitted in brass bound case,
with lock and key 660
1473 Set of German Silver Instruments, similar to No. 1472 set, but with
needle holder, and set of best colours, brushes, &c. . . .770
1474 Set of German Silver Instruments, similar to Na 1473, but fitted in
extra finished Case, with G-erman Silver caps and corners, &c.,
suitable for presentation •• 880
1475 Set of German Silver Instruments, similar to No. 1474, but with
fully divided proportional compass .990
FIG. 1474.
1476 Set of German Silver Instruments, similar to 1475, but with dotting
and road pens . 10 10 0
45, CORNHILL E.G., AND 122 REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
333
FIG. 1478.
£ a.
1478 Addiscombe Cadets' Set of Drawing Instruments, consisting of
brass sector joint compasses, with pen and pencil points, length-
ening bar, hair dividers, bow pen and bow pencil jointed and
plain drawing pens, ivory red line protractor, sector and parallel
rule, boxwood marquoise scales and angle, in oak case, with lock
and key 3 10
1478* Ditto ditto in German Silver, rosewood case . . 4 10
FIG. 1481.
1479 Ordnance Pattern Set of Drawing Instruments, consisting of brass
sector joint compasses with pen and pencil points, lengthening
bar, dividers, bow pen and bow pencil, jointed and plain drawing
pens, ivory protractor sector, and parallel rules and drawing pins
in mahogany case with snap fastening 2 10 0
1480 Ditto ditto in German Silver, with hair dividers . .330
1481 Set of Mathematical Drawing Instruments, as used at
the Royal Military College, Woolwich ... 330
1482 Set of Mathematical Drawing Instruments, as used at
King's College and College of Civil Engineers . 2 15 0 3 10 0
334 NEGEETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, B.C.,
FIG. 1485.
1484 Pocket Set of Drawing Instruments, consisting of small sector £ s. d.
jointed German Silver compasses, with pen and pencil points,
lengthening bar, hair dividers, jointed drawing pen, and ivory
protractor, fitted in Morocco case 2 10 0
1485 Pocket Set, consisting of best double jointed and needle pointed
German Silver compasses, with pen and pencil points, lengthening
bar, hair dividers, bow pen and bow pencil, jointed and plain
drawing pens, ivory protractor, sector, and parallel rule, fitted in
Morocco case (fig. 1485) 4 10 0
1486 Magazine Cases of Mathematical and Engineering Drawing In-
struments, of our very best manuf acture, in German Silver. These
sets include proportional compasses, beam compasses, various
sizes of drawing, road, and wheel pens, dividers, sets of the best
spring bows, bow pens and bow pencils, complete sets of architects'
scales, plotting or chain scales and off-sets, curves and angles,
plain and rolling parallel rules, circular and semi -circular pro-
tractors, drawing pins, set of water colours, brushes, palettes,
saucers, &c. ; arranged in brass-bound polished mahogany,
oak, or rosewood cabinets, best locks and keys with trays and
drawers (fig. 1486) .... £15 15s.; £22; £25 and 30 0 0
DIVIDERS, COMPASSES, DRAWING PENS, SPRING BOW PENS, ETC.
Each. Each.
£ s. d. £ s. d.
1487 Dividers, Brass-jointed, 5 and 6-inch . from per doz. 0 12 0
1488 Dividers, Steel-jointed .... each Is. 6d. 0 2 6 030
1489 Five and Six-inch best Brass Sector-joint Dividers .046 050
1490 Ditto ditto, German Silver . . .(fig. 1490) 050 060
1500 Five and Six-inch Hair Dividers, Brass . . . .070 086
1501 Ditto ditto ditto, German Silver . (fig. 1501) 086 0 10 6
1502 Pocket Dividers, with sheath 076 0100
1503 Double-jointed Dividers, with Needle Points,
German Silver 1 18 0
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., 1ONDON. 33o
FIG. 1523.
FIG. 1501. FIG. 1505,
FIG. B.
FIG. 1490.
1504 Compasses or Dividers, best brass, 6-inch, with pen
and pencil joint, and lengthening bar
1505 Ditto ditto German silver best, (figs. 1490 and 1505)
1506 Pocket Turn-in Dividers, brass
1507 Ditto ditto ditto, German silver ....
1508 Spring Dividers, all Steel, with Adjusting screw .
1509 Bow Pens, or Bow Pencils, Brass
1510 Ditto ditto, best (fig. 1510) German silver
1511 Ditto ditto .... with Extra Joints
1512 Steel Spring Bow Pens (fig. A.) with best Needle
Points
1513 Ditto ditto Pencils (fig. B)
1514 Ditto ditto Dividers (fig. C)
1515 Ditto ditto best Swiss .... each
1516 Set of Spring Bow Dividers, Pen and Pencil, in Pocket
Case
1517 Ditto ditto, best, with Needle Points (fig. 1517) .
1518 Double-pointed Bow Pen, with Turn-over pen, pencil;
and point, in case
£ 8.
d.
£
8.
d.
0
15
0
1
1
0
0
7
6
0 10
6
0
13
0
0 7
6
0
10
6
0
3
6
0
5
6
0
10
6
066
066
066
0 10 6
0 16 0
110
0 18 0
336
NEGBETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 1548.
FIG. 1517.
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
FIG. 1524. FIG. 1525. 1533
Plain Drawing Pen, with brass
handle and protracting pin
from
Ditto ditto, all Steel
Drawing Pens, with Ivory handle 026
Ditto ditto, with lift Brass joints
to the blades, and Ivory handle
Drawing Pens, best German Silver
lift joints and spring (fig. 1523)
Drawing or Bordering Pens, for
very thick lines (fig. 1524)
Dotting Pen, with Ivory handles
and Wheels (fig. 1525) . .
Road Pen .....
Ditto ditto for Pencil .
Needle Holder, or Pricking Point
Ditto ditto, best improved (fig. 1529)
Map Meter or Opisometer, for
measuring Curved lines on plans
or charts (fig. 1280) see page 305.
2s. 6d. 0
Triangular Compasses, Brass
Ditto ditto, German silver, with
shifting leg ....
Elliptical Compasses or Trammel 2
£ F. (1.
026
036
030
046
056 066
0 10 6
36
10 0
0 10 6
0 16 0
0 10 6
0 10 6
030
036
046
110
1 10 0
440
FIG. 1535. FIG. 1536.
1534 Proportional Compasses, common Brass ... 0 12 6
1535 Ditto ditto, with Hackwork Adjustment (fig. 1535) . 1 10 0
1536 Ditto ditto, full divided, German Silver (fig. 1536) 1 12 6
i-5, COUNHILL, E.G., A\D 12'?, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 337
FIG. 1538.
FIG. 1539.
1537 Proportional Compasses, full divided, best make, & s. d.
Tangent Screw, Screw Adjustment, in hinged
Leather Case
1538 Pocket Divider, with turn-in points ^fig. 1538) . .
1539 Napier's Pocket Compasses, with Revolving pen and
pencil points, in neat hinged case (fig. 1539) . .110
1540 Ditto ditto Best Mounted
330
076 0 10 6
150
1 15 0
FIG. 1543.
FIG. 1544.
1541 Pillar Compasses, in Brass . . . . . . 0 15 0
1542 Ditto ditto, German Silver, in case ....
1543 Ditto ditto, with Lengthening Bars, in case (fig. 1543)
1544 Ditto ditto . . with Ivory scale, in ditto (fig. 1544")
150
150
200
250
The Pillar Compasses form a most convenient pocket set of Drawing Instru-
ments for travellers, comprising a large pair of dividers, with pen and pencil joint,
also a bow pen and bow pencil. Nos. 1543 and 1544 have lengthening bars, by which
very large circles and curves may be drawn either in ink or pencil.
1545 Whole and Half Compasses (fig 1545) .... 110
1546 Tube Beam Compasses 2 15 0
1547 Beam Compass fittings, plain, for any bar . . .150 1 10 0
1548 Best ditto ditto, with Tangent Screw and Pen and
Pencil points (fig. 1548) in case 250
1549 Tube Compasses, with case and scale .... 220
1550 Ditto ditto . . . best Sector-jointed, in case 2 12 0
1551 Callipers, Proportional, 12-inch 220 2 12 6
1552 Ditto ditto . 9-inch 1 16 0 220
338
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HQLBORN VIADUCT, B.C.,
FIG. 1556.
FIGS. 1556* 1557 FIG. 1553*
FIG. 1554.
d.
1553 Small sets of Drawing Instruments, without boxes.
1553* Compasses with pen and pencil joint and lengthening £
bar (fig. 1553*) per set
1554 Ditto ditto, with drawing pen (fig. 1554) per set
1555 Ditto ditto, Steel-jointed
1556 Common Ruling pens (figs. 1556 and 1556°) . . each 016
1557 Ditto ditto, for Double lines (fig. 1557) .
Sets of French or Swiss Drawing Instruments, in
convenient flat mahogany or rosewood hinged boxes,
adapted for Elementary School purposes
3s. 6d., 5s. 6d., 8s. 6d., 10s. 6d, 1 5 0 1 10 0
SCALES, RULES, &c.
FIG. 1558.
1558 Parallel Rules, Ebony, Plain Brass Bars :— (fig. 1558)
6-in. 9-in. 12-in. 15-ia. 18-in. 24-in.
Is. Is. 9d. 2s. 6d. 3s. 6d. 4s. 6d. 7s 6d.
1559 Ditto ditto, Ebony, Brass Edged—
6-in. 9-in. 12-in. 15-in. 18-in. 24-in.
5s. 6s. 6d. 9s. 12s. 14s. 6d. 18s. 6d.
FIG. 1560.
1560 Parallel Rules, Rolling, Ebony, Plain:— (fig. 1560)
6-in. 9-in. 12-in. 15-in.
7s. 8s. 10s. 6d. 14s.
18-in.
16s.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
339
FIG. 1561,
1561 Rolling Parallel Rules, best, with full diviled Ivory or
Metal Edges and Boilers :— (fig. 1561)
6-in. 9-in. 12-in. 15-in. 18-in.
13s. 16s. 6d. 21s. 25s. 30s.
1562 Parallel Rules, Rolling Brass, best :— :
6-in. 12-in. 18-in. 24-ir.
12s. 6d. 25s. 38s. 50s.
1563 Ditto ditto, German Silver : —
6-in. 12-in. 18-in. 24-in.
18s. 36s. 55s. 72s.
1564 Mahogany Case for ditto : —
6-in. 12-in. 18-in. 24-in.
4s. 6d. 6s. 8s. 10s.
1565 Architects' Scales, 12-inch Boxwood ....
1566 Ditto ditto 12-inch Boxwood, fully divided
1567 Ivory Architects' Scales, 12-inch (fig. 1567) .
1568 Ditto ditto 6 -inch . ....
1569 Ivory Architects' Scales, 12-inch best, fully divided, from
^ to 3 inches, containing 16 scales ....
Each.
£ s. d.
FIG. 1567.
1570 Six-inch ditto ditto
1571 Chain or Plotting Scales, Best Ivory, 12-inch 80 to 100
1572 Off-sets for ditto . Best Ivory, 2-inch
1573 Chain or Plotting Scales, best Ivory, 12-inch, 10 to 60
chains to the inch . .
1574 Six-inch ditto ditto, best Ivory .
1575 Off-set Scales, Ivory, 10 to 60 . . . from
1576 Chain or Plotting Scales, best Boxwood, 12-inch,
10 to 60 .
1577 Ditto ditto, 12-inch Best Boxwood, ditto 80 to 100
1578 Ditto ditto, 6-inch Boxwood ditto ....
1579 Off-sets, Boxwood, 10 to 60
1580 Off-sets, Boxwood, 80 to 100
1581 Complete sets of best Ivory Plotting Scales and Off-sets,
12-inch, from 10 to 100 chains to the inch, in
mahogany case, with lock and key
1582 Complete sets of best Boxwood Plotting Scales, 12-inch
with off-sets, 10 to 100 chains, in Mahogany box
1583 Set of Six ditto ......
1584 Six-inch Ivory Parallel Rules, German Silver Mounts .
Each.
£ a. d.
036
060
0 12 6
066
0 16 6
'. |^L urn JIM M| IN i'^"2ui|^j
LM I 1 I 1111 J
' 1 1 " 1
riri MI u j ii
[in i LI
1 1 1 1 1
V
NEGRETTl
8 ZAMBRA
5 fe. *r «L a
:j|-,|['[||'(f|
fi'iididiliihilt'li
9
0 10 6
0 15 0
036
0 10 6
060
030
030
050
026
010
016
0 5
0
i 2
660
220
1 10 0
060
340 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
Each. Each.
£ s. d. £ s. d.
1585 Six-Inch Ivory Sector Scales . .060080
1586 Six-inch Ivory Protractors . ..''-. • • .050 06o
1587 Ditto best full divided Ivory ditto ... 086
1588 Twelve-inch Ivory Protractors, full divided ... 160
1589 Red-line Protractor, best for Military Drawing . 066
1590 Ditto ditto, Ivory . . . best with scale of feet 0 10 0 ,
1591 Six-inch Boxwood ditto Sectors . 026
1592 Six-inch Boxwood Protractors 010 026
1593 Six-inch Ivory best Navigation Scales, full divided . 0 10 6
!594 Six- inch Military best Ivory Scales .... 0 10 6
1595 One-foot Gunter's Scales, Boxwood .... 030
1596 Two-feet ditto ditto 050
1597 Two-feet Sliding Gunter's Scales, (Bonn's) ... 0 10 6
1598 Marquois Scales, Boxwood, in case complete 0 10 6
1599 Ditto ditto, without case 086
1600 Ditto ditto Ivory 3 10 0
1601 Ditto ditto Metal 440
1602 Gunner's Rules ,..'..-• 0 10 6
1603 Negretti and Zambra's 2-foot 4-fold Ivory Pocket
Rule, combining the Protractor, Sector, and a 2-foot
rule, best, full divided, in leather case ... 3 10 0
FIG. 1611.
1604 Protractors, in Horn, semi-circular, transparent, very
convenient for roughly measuring angles on paper,
&C.:
Divided into degrees— 3-in. 3^-in 4-in. 5-in. 6-in.
6d. 8d. lOd. * Is. 6d. 2s.
1605 Card Protractors, Ordnance Pattern .... 036
1606 Brass Protractors, plain Semi-Circular . . .076 0 10 6
1607 Brass Semi- Circular Protractors, plain divided to ^ degs.
or 30 minutes . 110 1 10 0
1608 Brass Semi-Circular Protractors, 6-inch, with Arm and
Yemier, transparent centre (see fig. 1241, page
303), in Box 330
45, COENHILL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
1609 Brass Circular Protractors, plain— 6-in 8-'n. 10-in.
25s. 32s. 42s.
1610 Circular Protractors, Brass, 6-incli, (fig. 1610) with. Tangent screw
adjustment and clamp to Yernier, in mahogany box .
1611 Ditto ditto best 6-inch, divided on Silver, with
Folding Arms (fig. 1611) .
1612 Ditto ditto 7-in
16] 3 Ditto ditto 8-in.
FIG. 1615.
1614 Station Pointers for Hydrographical Surveys, 6-inch
plain, divided on Brass, with 12-inch arms
1615 Best ditto 6 -inch, with Silver divided Circles and
Yerniers, Tangent Screw adjustments (as fig. 1615),
with arms lengthening to 18 inches, in mahogany case
7-inch ditto ditto, arms lengthening to 24 inches
8-inch ditto ditto to 30 inches
341
Each.
£ s. d.
12-in.
50s.
4 15 0
7 15 0
11 0 0
13 0 0
15 15 0
FIG. 1618*. FIG. 1619. FIG. 1618. FIG. 1610.
1618 T or Drawing Squares, Mahogany, with Ebony Edges :—
12-inch plain (fig. 1618) 3s. 6d., with bevel (fig. 1618*) 0 4
18-inch „ . . 4s. „ 0 5 0
24-inch . 6s. „ 060
36-inch , 4s. 076
342
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBBA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 1630A. FIG. 1630s. FIG. 1630c.
1618° T or Drawing Squares, Mahogany, with Ebony Edges :— & B. a.
42-inch „ 0 10 6
48-inch „ 0 12 6
54-inch „ 0 15 0
1619 T Squares, Mahogany, with shifting bevel and clamp,
best (fig. 1619) :—
18-in. 24-in. 36-in. 42 -in.
5s. 6d. 7s. 6d. 10s. 12s.
1620 T Squares, Ebony, plain :—
18-in. 24-in. 36-in.
6s. 6d. 8s. 6d. 13s 6d.
1621 T Squares, Ebony, with shifting bevel and clamp :—
18-in. 24-in. 36-in.
8s. 6d. 10s. 6d. 15s. 6d.
1622 Steel T Squares, per inch . 008
16^3 Steel Triangles'. • various
1624 Steel Straight-edges, stout best, per foot ... 046
1625 Ditto ditto flexible, per foot . 030
1626 Ditto ditto best London make, 2 inches wide, in
Pine Case : —
42- in. 52-in.
24s. £1 12s. 6d.
O
FIG. 1627.
1627 Ivory, Ebony, or Boxwood Acute, Obtuse, and Right
Angles, or Set Squares, various (fig. 1627), from Is.; 026
1629 Mathematical Curves or Scrolls, Pear Tree Set of 12 .
1630 Architectural Curves, 30 different forms (figs. 1630 ABC)
Is. 0 2 0
1631 Set of Radii Curves (fig. 1631) . . . . .110
0 7
0 12
45, CORNHILI, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
343
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
Railway Curves, in Cases : —
Set of 25 ....
Set of 50 .
Set of 100 ....
Ship Curves, in Cases :— -(fig. 1633)
Set of 15 ....
Set of 40 ....
Set of 80
Cardboard Peartree Vulcanite
£0 11 6 £100 £1 15 0
130 1150 3100
220 350 5150
0 12 6
1 15 0
3 10 0
1 10
3 17
7 10
0
FIG. 1638. FIG. 1631.
Ebonite Scales, Rules, Set Squares, Curves, Slopes, and Batters for Railway
Embankments, &c., at a slight advance on the price of Boxwood.
Mitfbrd's Double Set Of Ivory Pocket Scales, arranged for Engineers, Architects,
&c. The length of each scale, six inches ; the form of a single scale, a right-angled
triangle, two making a square or set ; the two sets are packed in a leather case, and
the ends of each scale stamped with its value. The triangular form enables all the
scales to be conveniently placed on the edges. The scales are seventeen in number
fully divided, viz., 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10 chains to the inch ; 66 feet and 6 inches to
the mile ; T^, &, T\j, £, £, £, f-inch, and French Metre ; the Ordnance scale and a
line of chords ; a number of constants carefully worked out, are placed on the faces
of each scale.
Price for complete set, in case
Horn Centre Pieces /. per doz.
Drawing Pins, Brass . . . . . „ Is.
Ditto ditto, German Silver . . . . „ Is. 6d.
Drawing Pencils, all kinds and colours. To order.
Small Pencils for Mathematical Instruments, per doz.
Crayon Holders from
Drawing Boards . . 5s. 6d., 8s. 6d., 12s. 6d.5 15s.
Black Board Compasses, Wood and Metal .
Tracing Paper . . . .per sheet, 3d., 4d.
Ditto Cloth per yard
Pen Machines for making or mending Quill Pens
Cutting Compasses of Steel, with Screw adjustment
and three knives, for cutting Circles of Cardboard to
4 inches diameter .......
Paper Weights for holding drawings or papers flat on
a table. Circular
Ditto ditto, Oblong, leather covered ....
Brass Clamps to fasten Straight-edge to drawing board
Erasing and Pen Knives . ... Is. 6d.
Lamps with Shades for Drawing Table or Board, either
for Gas, Oil, or Paraffin
020
0 10
0 0
£3
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
5
12
1
variable.
0 12 6 0 15 0
140
060
0
2 10 0
Engraving name on Case of Drawing Instruments with date, 2s. 6d. to 5s. ; Crests
or Monograms, 5s. to 10s. 6d. ; Presentation Inscriptions varying according
to the Length and Style of engraving, ornamentation, &c.
3i4
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 1(558.
PREPARED WATER COLOURS BY THE MOST APPROVED MAKERS.
1653 Mahogany Slide'.Lid Boxes, Half Cakes . 5s. 6d.
1654 Ditto ditto Whole Cakes . . . .
1655 Twelve-cake Water Colour Box, mahogany, with lock
and key .
1656 Twelve -cake ditto ditto, with drawer containing
saucers, brushes, pencils, &c
1657 Eighteen-Cake Water Colour Box, caddy lid, mahogany,
with drawer containinggink stone, palettes, cut water
glass, extra brushes, pencils, &c. ....
1658 Twenty-four and Thirty- Cake ditto ditto, handsome
Spanish mahogany, brass clamped, and with superior
fittings, (fig. 1658)
1659 Thirty-Cake Water gColour Box, with a complete set of
German Silver Drawing Instruments, Ivory Rules
and Scales, Rosewood or Oak. German Silver bound,
very handsome, Suitable for Presentation .
£ s.
0 7
0 10
d.
6
6
£ s.
0 10
0 15
110
1 5
1 10 0 220
440 550
15 15 0
1660 Moist Water Colours in Japanned
Tin Box, with selected list of Im-
proved Moist Colours for Photographic
Portraiture, &c., Best Sable and Camel
Hair Brushes. &c. (as fig. 1660)
£1 Is. ; £1 10s. ; £2 2s.
Any special Colours supplied to order.
1661 Lock Mahogany Box, with velvet
Palette, Brushes, Stumps, Shells, &c..
with 24 Colours for colouring or
Tinting Photographs, £2 2s.
FIG. 1660.
45, CORtfHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 845
GAUGING RULES AND INSTRUMENTS FOR DISTILLERS, MALTSTERS,
OR WINE AND SPIRIT MERCHANTS, Ac.
1662 Gauging Instruments, as used by the Board of Customs, a Complete Set,
consisting of Long Calliper, Cross Calliper, Bung Rod, with brass slider,
4-feet, and Head Rod, with book of instructions for use, adapted for
Spirit or Oil-gauging . . Price, £440
1663 Gauging Rods, straight, with line of inches and tenths, diagonal line.
Dips for every sized spirit and beer casks.
Lancewood. 4ft. 5ft. 6ft.
6s. 6d. 8s. 6d. 9s. 6d.
1664 Dipping Wine and Spirit Rules, with similar scales and divisions
as above. s. d. s. d.
3 feet, 4 fold ... 6 6
3 „ 6 „ . . . 86
4 „ 4 „ 76
5 feet, 8 fold . . . 12 0
6 „ 6 „ . . . 12 0
6 „ 8 „ . . . 14 0
6 , 12 22 0
4 „ 6 „ . . . 96
5 „ 6 „ . . . 10 6 (
1665 Double Diagonal Rods, Imperial and Old measure, with
table of Outs of Casks.
1666 Double Diagonal 5-feet Gauging Rod, with table . . 086
1667 Ditto, ditto 4 ditto ditto . 066
1668 Spile Rods, Boxwood, screw jointed. For gauging the
dip of a cask through the spile hole.
6-feet Spile Rod, screw joints 0 14 6
5-feet ditto ditto 0 12 6
4-feet ditto ditto 0 10 6
3-feet ditto ditto 086
1669 Spile Rod, without joints 036
1670 Proof or Temperature Slide Rules, 6-inch, boxwood,
for use with Sykes' hydrometer 046
1671 Comparative or Reducing Slide Rule, showing the number of gallons of
water required to reduce spirits from a high to a low strength, &c., &c.,
as supplied with Sykes' Hydrometer, 6 -inch, boxwood 096
1672 Sliding Rule, for correcting the indications of the Hydrometer, when the
temperature of the spirit is either above or below 55 degrees of Fahrenheit.
The rule is composed of two parts, the long scale being divided similar to
the Hydrometer, ranging from 45 under to 70 over proof, the small
moving scale representing temperatures from 30 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit.
This Rule is used as follows. Having placed the Hydrometer in the spirit
to be tested and noted, the reading on the scale — say, for example, 20 over
. proof ^ take the temperature — say it is 70. Now move the sliding scale
until the star is directly opposite 20 O.P. on the long scale, and opposite
the 70 of the temperature scales will be found 15 over proof, which is the
strength of the spirit. Price, 4s. 6d.
1673 Ullage Rules, Plain, for use with dip rod or rules.
12-in. 18-in. 24-in. 36-in.
7s. 10s. 6d. 14s. 6d. 18s. 6d.
1674 Gauging, Ullaging, Reducing and Valuing Rule, with
two slides .........
In conjunction with a dip rod, this rule will gauge the
contents of any cask, and give the value of spirits.
9-in. 12-in. 18-in. 24-in.
10s. 6d. 12s. 6d. 14s. 6d. 18s. 6d.
346 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
£ s. d.
1675 Book of Instructions for using Nos. 1134 and 1234 . 020
1676 Float Rod or Bung Gauge, plain mounted, 3 to 20 feet.
3ft. 4ft. 5ft. 10ft.
7s. 6d. 10s. 6d. 13s. 6d. 26s.
1677 Ditto ditto, 100 inches, with improved Joints . 250
1678 Oil Rods, round steel, divided into inches, tenths, and
diagonals 3 feet, 25s. ; 6 feet 1 10 0
1679 Screw Sticks, 9-inch joint. See Spile Rods, No. 1236.
1680 Malt Rods or Sticks, round wood, divided into inches,
tenths, and diagonals.
30-in. 36-in. 48-in. 60-in.
5s. 6d. 6s. 6d. 7s. 6d. 8s. 6d.
1681 Malt Rods or Sticks, Round Brass, per foot, 6s. 6d.
1682 Ditto ditto flat ditto 5s. 6d.
1683 Malt _. Receivers, for sampling malt from a bin or sack,
4s. 6d., 7s. 6d., and 10s. 6d.
1684 Malt House Steel Cistern Rod, strong Brass mountings,
showing to 50 inches 0 15 6
1685 Malt House Couch Rod . . ' 076
1686 Gauging Tape Measure, or Malt Tapes.
400-in. 500-in. 600- in.
8s. 6d. 10s. 6d. 12s. 6d.
1687 Verie's or Veroe's Malt Gauging or Ullaging Rule, Two
Slide 9-inch, 8s. 6d. ; 12-inch, 10s.
Ivory Gauging Rules made to order.
FIG. 1688.
*
1688 Chrondrometer, or Corn Balance, for ascertaining the differential value of
Corn, Barley, Malt, Seeds, &c. ; in mahogany box, with instructions for
use, and Table of average weights of grain and seeds (fig. 1234) : —
ithofapint ; .. . . .220
i „ . ' 2 12 6
330
ENGINEERS' AND CARPENTERS' POCKET RULES,
TIMBER AND ROPE GAUGES, &c.
1689 Carpenters' Rules, Boxwood, 2-feet, 2-fold . . . £0 2 6 £0 3 6
1690 Ditto ditto best Boxwood, 2-feet, 4-fold and joint 0 4' 6 086
1691 Pocket Rules, Boxwood, 1-foot folding . . . .020 046
1692 Ditto ditto Boxwood, 2-feet, best, full divided . 0 10 6 0 12 6
1693 Pocket Rules, Ivory, 1-foot folding, German silver
mounts . ' 086 0126
1694 Ditto ditto full divided 0 16 0 150
1695 Ditto ditto 2-feet folding, ditto ditto 16s. 150 1 10 0
1696 Pocket Rules, Ivory, four-fold, full divided, in case .220 2 10 0
1697 Ditto ditto, French Metre, divided to Decimetres,
Centimetres, and Millimetres; on the reverse side
the English yard — inches and l-8ths, and on the edge
French inches and lines, 4-fold, best Boxwood . . 0 16 0 110
1698 Improved Engineers' Slide Rule, in Boxwood, for cal-
culating, squaring, &c., with Routledge's book of
instructions . . . . 10s. 6d. 0 12 6 110
1699 Ditto ditto, in Ivory 220 2100
1700 Ivory Pocket Rule, 12-inch four-fold, with English,
French, Spanish, and Rhineland scales . . . 0 12 6
1701 Hull Callipers, for Square timber measuring, 12-inch 1 10 0
1702 Bow ditto Round ditto 10-inch 0 18 6
Larger sizes of these Callipers at about Is. 6d. to 2s.
per inch, according to size.
1703 Timber, Plank and Cubing Rules, Measuring Rods,
and Tapes marked with inches and quarter girt . various prices.
1704 Scribing Iron . . .036 056
1705 Rope Gauge, Boxwood and Brass 086
1706 Ditto ditto German Silver and Ivory . 0 15 6
1707 Rule or Gauge for Measuring Horses, to close up in
the form of a walking stick ..... 110
1708 Cattle Gauge, with Tape Measure, giving solid contents 086
1709 Radii Curves cut to order in Yulcanite, Brass, or German Silver, any radius
up to 100 feet.
Templates of Rails made in Metal to order.
MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUMENTS.
1710 Cavalry Sketching Board, fitted with rollers for con-
tinuous paper, 7 by 7| inches . ^ . 170
Larger sizes supplied to order.
1712 Plane Table, simple form, as used by the School of
Military Engineering 880
1713 Plane Table, Mahogany, with Compass and Sighted
Rule and Tripod Stand 10 10 0
1714 Ditto ditto Best Mounted, with Telescope . 24 10 0
1715 Standard 10-foot Rods, Pine, inlaid with Brass . 2 17 0
1716 Steel Band Chain, in Metal Frame mounting, 50 feet
£1 14s., 100 feet .... ... 2 10 0
1717 Standard Yard of German Silver, in Pine Case, plainly
divided 6 10 0
1718 Ditto ditto German Silver, fully divided English
and Metric Scales, with Thermometer, in Mahogany
Box 12 12 0 to 25 0 0
348 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBORN YIADUCT, E.G.,
£ s. d.
1719 Stadiometer, as used in the Army - 300
1720 Spherometer, to measure the diameter of bullets, &c.,
divided into O'OOl of an inch and millimetres . 5 10 0
1721 Wire Gauge of German Silver, for measuring the
diameter of Wires to '001 of an inch .... 1 15 0
1722 Ditto ditto of larger size, to measure to -01 of a
millimetre or '001 of an inch 1 15 0
1723 Patent Wire Gauge (Milner's), to read outside and inside
to '002 of an inch, circular form .... 2 10 0
1724 Ditto ditto flat form 330
1725 Off- set Rod, shod with Point, 10 -link .... 040
1726 Ditto ditto 10-link to part in centre with Point
and Hook 096
1727 Ditto ditto 10 feet, jointed, to part in centre,
ends plain ferrules 0 11 0
1728 Pickets or Ranging Poles, painted three colours, with
Iron Strap Shoes, 6 feet . . . per dozen 1 15 0
1729 Ditto ditto 8 feet .... per dozen 220
1730 Ditto ditto 10 feet 3 10 0
1731 Flags, White and Red, fixed to Picket Poles or loose,
per dozen 6s., 9s., 11s. 6d. and 0 16 6
1732 Sounding Chain, Stout Iron, welded inch links with
heavy lead (in Stout Case) 50 feet £7 7s., 100 feet . 11 0 0
1733 Sounding Lines for Coast Survey, with weight, 50 feet, 110
1734 Ditto ditto 100 feet 1 10 0
1735 Negretti and Zambra's Improved Portable Helio-
graphs, for Military Signalling, Surveying, &c.
3 inch, per pair 10 10 0 8 inch, per pair 17 17 0
5 „ „ 14 14 0 10 „ „ 25 0 0
1736 Lanterns on Stands for.Night Signalling, with key and
shutter each 550
1737 Heliostat Spencers, local, with one Mirror ... 990
1738 Torpedo and G-un Directors as specially constructed by Negretti and Zambra
for the Admiralty and her Majesty's Navy. Supplied to order.
ARITHMOMETER OR CALCULATING MACHINE. Fig. 1738.
In the present age, when so many calculations are required, it is a matter
of surprise that mechanical aids to abridge the mental labour involved are not
more used. The efforts made by inventors and manufacturers to perfect machines,
and the numbers that have been made, proves that many are alive to the facilities
they afford ; but it is undeniable that calculating machines, and foremost among
them the Arithmometer, are not so generally employed as their utility warrants.
When it is considered that by means of the Arithmometer long operations in the
fundamental Rules of Arithmetic can be performed with rapidity, unfailing accuracy,
and without appreciable mental effort, it should be in general use by Accountants,
Astronomers, Bankers, Electricians, Engineers, Surveyors, Merchants and others.
Members of the Actuarial profession early discovered the benefits to be derived
from the use of the Arithmometer, and they have constructed sets of Tables, and
made other calculations on it for some years past.
As an instance of the rapidity with which results may be obtained, it may be
mentioned that, with the improvements lately introduced, eight figures can be
multiplied by eight figures in about fifteen seconds, and larger operations in
proportion.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
349
§
P-,
I
KI
EH
EH
ARITHMOMETER. THOMAS DE COLMAR'S.
Giving the product of 12 figures, Complete for use with Quotient
be
e
"Sb
Ditto ditto, 16 figures 24 0 0 Ditto Ditto, 20 figures
Instructions for use sent with the Instrument.
£17 17
38 0
NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA'S
IMPROVED
MAGIC AND PHANTASMAGORIA LANTERNS,
APPARATUS FOR EXHIBITING DISSOLVING VIEWS,
TRANSPARENT PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEWS AND STATUES,
DIORAMIC VIEWS WITH MECHANICAL EFFECTS, &c., &c.
NOW PUBLISHED,
A New and Revised Edition, Illustrated with Seventy-five Wood Engravings.
THE MAGIC LANTBEN,
DISSOLVING VIEWS,
AND
OXY-HYDBOG-EN MICROSCOPE,
THEIR HISTORY AND CONSTRUCTION,
ALSO
DIRECTIONS FOR USE,
WITH OIL OB, PARAFFIN LAMPS, THE OXT-CALCIUM LIGHT
AND THE OXY-HYDROGEN OR LIME LIGHT.
ALSO
INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAINTING ON GLASS.
SPECTRAL EFFECTS
DESCRIBED, AND HOW TO PRODUCE THEM.
Price (Post Free) One Shilling.
A detailed description of Lanterns, Slides, and Apparatus with practical
instructions for their use will be found in the above Lantern Manual, on the pages
indicated at the top of each section of the List.
Special List of Negretti & Zambra's Photographic Views for the Lantern
supplied upon application.
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBKA, HOLBOBN VIADUCT, E.G., 351
FIG. 1739. FIG. 1740*.
MAGIC LANTERNS FOB EXHIBITING COMIC AND AMUSING
SUBJECTS.
(Page 7.)
1739 Magic Lantern and one dozen Comic Sliders, in a box with about fifty
figures— (fig. 1739)
No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. No. 5.
7s. 6d. 10s. 6d. 23s. 30s. 42s.
1740 Extra Slides for above : 4s. 6d. 5s. 6d. 12s. 6d. 16s. 21s.
1740* Magic Lantern No. 6, in a box, with Solar Argand £ s. d
Lamp, one dozen Comic sliders (fig. 1740°) . 330
1741 Astronomical Slides for above Lanterns : —
No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. Nos/,5 & 6.
11s. 13s. 30s. 40s. 50s.
1742 Views suited to Nos. 4, 5, and 6 . . . 2s. 6d. 0 3 0 046
1743 Comic Slip Slides for Nos. 4, 5, and 6 ... each 016 020
1744 Estimate A. — No. 6 Magic Lantern, with a selection of
Sliders sufficient for an entertainment, including a
box of 12 Humorous slides, about 50 figures : 6 moving
Comic slides, a Fairy tale 6 slides, 1 Chromatrope,
and one of Negretti and Zambra's Photographic
Statues 550
1745 Estimate B. — A similar set to the above, but with
6 additional Coloured Views, 1 Lever Slide, and 2
Negretti and Zambra's Photographic Statues . . 6 16 0
PHANTASMAGORIA LANTERNS.— (pp. 12 to 22.)
FOB BURNING SPERM OR COLZA OIL.
1746 Phantasmagoria Lantern, same size as No. 6, with a
Microscope to attach to front, and six Microscopic
Objects, Water Trough, &c., in case .... 550
1747 Superior Phantasmagoria Lantern, with two Condensing
Lenses 3-inch diameter, mounted in Brass Cells,Sli ding
tubes for adjusting the focus, Fountain Argand Lamp
and Reflector, &c., complete ; will give a disc of
8 feet diameter 2 12 6
1748 Ditto ditto with Rackwork Adjustment . 300
352
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 1750.
FIG. 1751
1749 Very Superior large -sized Phantasmagoria Lantern,
with 34-inch condensing lenses, sliding tube for
adjusting the focus, improved Fountain Argand
Lamp, with Reflector complete, of the very best
construction ; to show a 3-inch painting on a disc of
10 feet diameter (fig. 1750)
1750 Ditto ditto with Rackwork adjustment
1751 Ditto ditto, 4-inch, with ditto ditto (fig. 1751)
Each. Each.
£ s. d. £ s. d.
330
3 12 6
440
These Lanterns are so much improved, and used with such facility, that they may be recommended
with the greatest confidence, giving a perfectly defined figure, with a well illuminated fiel o view, from
6 to 10 feet in diameter. Combined with Negretti and Zamtora's Coloured Photographic
Slides, they present a delightful mode of instruction with amusement. To Schools, Mechanics'
Institutes, &c., they offer peculiar advantages, and are extensively used by the conductors of these
institutions for illustrating almost every branch of scientific information.
1751* Estimate for Sets of Lantern Sliders. — a box of
12 best Comic sliders, 12 movable Comic slip slides,
2 sets of Fairy stories, 2 best Chromatropes, 2 lever
sliders, 6 Coloured views, and 3 Negretti and Zambra's
Photographic Statues.
"With Phantasmagoria Lantern as —
No. 1749 .......
No. 1750 ditto ditto
No. 1751 ditto ditto
A Microscope adapted to the above Lanterns, at £2 2 0 additional, will
show small objects brilliantly enlarged on a disc 4 feet in diameter.
Balsam-Mounted Microscopic Objects, suited for above, 2s. to 2s. 6d. each.
1752
1753
11 11
12 12
14 14
1754 An Improved form of Paramn Lamp can be supplied with the Lanterns
Nos. 1749 to 1751, in place of Oil Lamps, as described on future pages.
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, BEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
353
FlG. 1755
1755 The Bijou Magic Lantern and Slides. Improved Shape Mineral Oil Lantern,
fitted with Brass Paraffin Lamp, with Reflector and Lamp Glass, 12 Slides
comprising 4 Comic, 4 Nursery Tales, and 4 Mechanical Slides, in all 36
Subjects, complete in Box,
No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
12s. 6d. 18s. 26s. 32s. 6d. 37s. 6d.
FIG. 1756.
1756 Ditto ditto larger sized Lantern, with 24 superior Slides, 72 Subjects,
complete in Box,(fig. 1756)
No. 1.
15s
2.
20s.
3.
30s.
4.
36s
2 A
5.
45 r.
354 NEGEETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
ESTIMATE FOB SETS OF LANTERNS AND SLIDES FOR PARAFFIN
LIGHT.
1757
No. 1. Comprising Improved form of Lantern to burn Paraffin or Mineral Oil,
3-inch Condenser, with a selection of 24 Various Slides, consisting of a
Fairy Tale, Moving Comic Slides and Yiews, in Box . . .£440
No. 2. Ditto ditto ditto with 3|-inch Condenser and a selection of
36 Slides, and 1 Chromatrope in a Box ... . . 5 10 0
No. 3. A Pair of Improved Lanterns as above, with Paraffin Lamps and a selection
of Slides as No. 2, and 4 Sets of Dioramic Yiews, in a Box . . 12 12 0
This Set forms a very Complete Entertainment for Parlour Use.
FIG. 1758.
APPARATUS FOR EXHIBITING THE DISSOLVING YIEWS, WITH
IMPROVED FOUNTAIN ARGAND OIL LAMPS.
The enchanting optical effect termed Dissolving Views is produced by means
of two Phantasmagoria Lanterns, so arranged on a stand that the centre of the discs
or pictures projected by each are coincident, and the dissolving or blending of the
pictures is effected by a contrivance in front of the two Lanterns, which gradually
shuts off the image thrown from one Lantern, whilst the other becomse gradually
clearer, until a perfect picture is seen on the disc ; a fresh picture being put into
the darkened lantern, the action is reversed.
1758 Dissolving View Apparatus, adapted for parlour use, £ s. a. £ s. <L
consisting of two of Negretti and Zambra's Superior
Lanterns of Japanned Metal with Rackwork adjust-
ment to the front Lenses, mounted, with Dissolving
Apparatus. Fig. 1758, or mounted as fig. 1765, page
358. In this arrangement the views are exhibited
with clearness and brilliancy on the screen, from
6-feet to 10-feet diameter, by improved Fountain
Argand Oil lamps and Reflectors. It is simple in
use, and well adapted for private exhibition . .880 10 10 0
Messrs. Negretti and Zambra can confidently recommend the Apparatus at £10 10s. as being of the most
improved construction, and particularly adapted for the purpose of instruction or amusement, where the
expense or trouble of the Oxy-Calcium or Oxy-Hydrogen Light cannot be undertaken. If desired, Paraffin
lamps can be supplied to these Lanterns, as mentioned on the previous page, in place of Oil Lamps.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
355
FIG. 1759.
1759 Improved form 'of Three-Wick Russian Iron Paraffin Lantern, with 4-inch
Condensers, Achromatic front Lens, with Back .vork adjustment, in Box
(fig. 1759) . . . £4 10 £0
FIG. 1760.
1760 Ditto ditto fitted with Polished Mahogany Body, 4-inch
•Condensers, Achromatic front Lens, &c., &c., (fig. 1769) . . 5 10 0
2 A2
356 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBORN YIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 1761.
1761 Dissolving View Apparatus, consisting of two Improved Three Wick Paraffin
Lanterns, with 4-in. Condensers, A chromatic Front Lenses, with Hackwork
Adjustments, and Dissolver in box . . . . . . £12 12 0
1762 Ditto Ditto, best Mounted with Mahogany Bodies to Lanterns
and all Brass Fronts , . . . £16 16 o
These Improved Lanterns No. 1761 can be supplied with either Oxy-Calcium
or Oxy-Hydrogen Burners. Prices given upon application.
SLIDES FOR DISSOLVING VIEW APPARATUS.
(Page 61.)
1763 An Extensive [Stock of Hand Painted .Views of all
parts of the World, 3^-inch Circles, adapted for
either the Single Lantern, or Dissolving View
Apparatus 8s. 0 10 6 150
These paintings differ materially from the common lantern slides, requiring first-rate artistic talent
to make them effective, as, owing to the intensity of the light, the slightest defect is developed. They
therefore require the most scrupulous care with regard to the minutest details. Subjects may be
painted to suit the taste or view of the purchaser, varying in price according to the subject and size of
the painting.
Slides carefully painted from Drawings or Photographs to order.
Engravings, Drawings, Maps, &c., copied by Photography for the Magic Lantern, &c.
DIORAMIC AND MECHANICAL EFFECTS.
Seepages 365 to 368.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
357
FIG. 1764.
PATENT IMPROVED LANTERN.
1764 The great advantage of this Lantern is, that by means of its double changing
holder, working vertically, any framed slides (such as Rack work, Lever Action,
Changing Comic, &c,) can be shown one after another without any interval, thus
doing away with the unsightly white disc of light seen on the screen while
changing the slides in the ordinary single Lantern.
With the Patent Lantern any Mechanical Slide can be introduced into a Lecture
set of Photographic Slides used with a carrier frame, without taking out the carrier,
by simply placing the Mechanical Slide in the bottom stage and raising it when
required into position, and then lowering the stages again to their former position ;
without having, during the change, shown any white light on the Screen, which
is impossible to do with an ordinary single Lantern.
The Changing Holder is raised and lowered by a Lever which enables the
operator to either raise it slowly, so as to make the Slides exhibited appear like
a Panorama, or to raise it so quickly that the change from one slide to another is
almost imperceptible.
The Patent Lantern is fitted with a 4-inch Condenser and Achromatic Com-
bination Front Lens, with large size lenses to the back combination (thus giving
greater light) and double pinions to the rack adjustment. It has a4-wick Paraffin
lamp, with wicks 2 inches wide (arranged to form 2 wedges, thus W, this preventing
the flicker of the wicks, seen on the Screen, when they are placed parallel to one
another), and a tall jointed Chimney, complete in Box. (fig. 1764) Price £880
Prize Medal, 1851. Honourable Mention, Paris, 1855.
TWO
PRIZE MEDALS.
1862.
FIG. 1768.
THE OXY-CALCIUM LIGHT.
$. Negretti and Zambra would call especial attention to the Oxy-Calcium
Light, which, at a trifling advance on the expense of the best Argand Oil lamps,
gives a light very nearly equal to the Oxy-hydrogen Light. It is perfectly safe,
easily managed, and occupies small space; very cleanly in use, all grease and smoke
being avoided. With the Oxy-Calcium Light a brilliantly illuminated disc may be
obtained 14 to 16 feet diameter.
1765 A best Phantasmagoria Lantern, with 3|-in. Condensing Lenses,
with Hackwork Adjustment to front Lenses, fitted with the
Oxy - Calcium Light. Apparatus for making the Oxygen gas,
Gas Bag, and Pressure Board, Conducting tube, &c., complete;
in box
A ditto ditto with four 4-inch Condensing Lenses, &c., com-
plete ; in box
1766
£ a. d.
990
11 11 0
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, -HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G., 359
FIG. 1770.
1767 Oxy-Calcium Light Dissolving View Apparatus, fitted with condensing
lenses, 3^-inch diameter, complete with apparatus . . . £14 14s.
1768 Ditto ditto with Rackw.ork Adjustments (fig. 1768) . . £15 15s.
1769 Dissolving View Apparatus, fitted with Oxy-Calcium Light, condensing
lenses, 4-inch diameter, Hackwork Adjustments, complete with apparatus,
£17 17s.
Argand Oil Lamps are supplied with the above marked thus * for use when the Oxy-Calcium Light is
not convenient.
t
The Lanterns ISTos. 1765 and 1767, and Dissolving Yiew sets 1758 to 1761, can
be fitted with the Oxy-Calcium Gas jets (as shown fig. 1776), in place of the Spirit
Burners at the same cost.
The light obtained by this arrangement is almost equal to the Oxy- Hydrogen,
and is Quite Safe. Wherever Coal Gas is laid on to the house or building we
should advise the use of this jet, being far superior to the Oxy-Calcium ; but where
pictures of more than 20 feet diameter are desired, the Oxy-Hydrogen Light
must be used.
THE OXY-HYDROGEN LIGHT.
1770 Dissolving View Apparatus, illuminated by the Oxy-Hydrogen Lime Light,
giving a brilliant and distinct picture on the disc 30 feet diameter.
Consists of two Mahogany Lanterns with best condensing lenses, 4^-inch
diameter, Brass fronts and slide holders, mounted on a stand ; dissolving
apparatus^ improved Oxy-Hydrogen Jets and Limeholders ; flexible con-
necting Tubes, with stopcocks; gas-bags with Pressure Boards; Hydrogen
Generator and Purifier; Oxygen E/etort and Conducting Tubes, &c}
complete with Clock Work Motions (best manufacture), adapted to the
limeholders, for keeping the lime cylinders slowly revolving and exposing
a fresh surface to the action of the gases. The best form of Apparatus
for Exhibiting the Photographic Views (fig. 1770) . . . £47 0 0
This Apparatus is supplied either as shown in fig. 1770 or fig. 1765 as may be
desired.
Dissolving View Apparatus, fig. 1768, if mounted with Mahogany Lanterns,
as fig. 1770, will be 42s. the pair extra.
360
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 1771.
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA'S IMPROVED BI-UNIAL OXY-HYDROGEN
LIME LIGHT DISSOLVING VIEW APPARATUS.
1771 Mahogany Lantern Lined with Tin (as fig. 1771), having 3| inch Condensing
Lenses, Brass Mounts to Front Lenses with Rackwork Adjustments,
Japanned Tin Sliding Front to vary distance between Lantern and Screen.
Complete with Apparatus for making and purifying the Gas. Full size
Gas Bags and Pressure Boards. Flexible conducting Tubes and Con-
nectors, &c., &c. To give a brilliant Disc of 12 to 16 feet in diameter
from Paintings 3i inch diameter . . . . . . £27 0 0
1772 Ditto ditto as above, but with 4-inch Condensing Lenses for producing a
Disc of 16 to 20 feet diameter £31 10 0
Handsome Brass Fronts to either of the above Sets with Extra Lenses and
mountings for projecting a smaller picture at great distance.
each extra £300
The arrangement of Lanterns (as fig. 1771) can only be effectively used with
the.Oxy-Hydrogen Lime Light, the vapour or smoke given off in the lower Lantern
injuriously affecting the Light in the upper one.
361
1772 Negretti and Zambia's Improved
Tri-Unial Lantern (fig 1772) for ex-
hibiting Dissolving Yiews and Effects
by the Oxy- Hydrogen Lime -Light.
Best 4-inch Condensers. Polished
Mahogany Lanterns, with Brass Fronts,
Hackwork and Sliding Tubes for adjust-
ing the Front Lenses for varying
distances^from the screen. A set of 3
Achromatic Lenses being supplied
giving pictures at a range of from 20
to 120 feet.
Price for the set in its most
i
complete form, including Gas generat-
ing and Purifying Apparatus, 2 stout
y Gas_Bags,[&c., &c. (fig. 1772)
Price £46 10 0
FIG. 1771
FIG. 1773.
1773 Improved Apparatus for exhibiting OPAQUE OBJECTS, magnified by
the Oxy-Hydrogen Light, upon a Screen in their natural colours
(fig. 1773), Complete £26 5 0
1774 The Aphengescope, a small modified arrangement of the above Apparatus,
adapted for use with a pair of Dissolving Yiew Lanterns .£220
Ditto ditto for a Single Lantern (fig. 1774) . . . 0 18 6
These effects can only be well exhibited by the Oxy-Hydogen or Oxy-Calcium Lights.
OXY-HYDROGEN AND OXY-CALCIUM GAS APPARATUS.
No. 1775.
No. 1776.
HYDROGEiN APPARATUS. No. 1780.
No. 1779.
No. 1784.
OXYGEN APPARATUS.
45, COENHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STREET
W., LONDON. 363
(Pages of Lantern Manual, 19 to 93.)
Each.
£ s. d.
1775 Oxy-Calcium Spirit Lamp' . . . (page 24)
1776 Oxy-Calcium safety Gas or Blow-through Jet ( „ 31)
1777 Oxy-Hydrogen Burner with Platinum Jets . ( „ 32)
1778 Oxygen Retort , . ( „ 24)
1779 Ditto ditto Stout Copper, with Cap and Flexible
Tube
1780 Hydrogen Generator, Stout Lead (page of Book 34)
1781 Zinc Purifier .... Do. do. ..
1782 Copper ditto, Stout
1783 *Gas Bags for Oxy-Calcium Light . . (page 42)
1784 *Ditto ditto Large and Stout, for Oxy-Hydrogen
Light (fig. 1784) (page 42)
1785 Pressure Board (fig. 1785) .... (page 29)
1786 Flexible Tube i-in. inside (page 38) . . per foot
1787 Barker's Safety Valves for Oxy-Hydrogen Light, each
1788 Cog Wheel Lime Adjuster (registered) to Nos.
1789 Mahogany Slide Holders for Photographic Lantern
Yiews perdoz. 0
1790 Improved Oxydating Lamp Glasses . . per doz. 0
1791 Opaque Screens of Oil Cloth, from 3 to 9 yards square, made to order.
1792 Transparent Screens of all sizes, (page 63).
8-ft. square, 21s , 10-ft. square, 25s., 12-ft. square,
35s., 20-ft. feet square, 105s.
Each.
£ s.
0 15
1 5
2 0
0 15
1 1
0 13
0 7
0 12
2 15
150
3
1
0
0
4s. each extra.
FIG. 1793.
FIG. 1793.*
Portable Frames for Screens, in Box (figs. 1793 and
1793*) 42s. 2 10 0
Oxygen Gas Mixture, variable . . . per Ib.
Best Lime Cylinders for Oxy-Calcium Light per bot. 036
Ditto ditto for Oxy-Hydrogen Light . . .050
Magnesium Wire per foot
026
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798^ Glass Water Trough
All the Accessories and Scientific Apyarati
figured in the Lantern Manual, supplied to order.
' for use nith the Lantern as described and
OXY-HYDROGEN MICROSCOPES AND POLARISCOPES.
(See No. 1095, page 282.)
364 NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
SLIDES FOR MAGIC LANTERNS.— Cpp. 48 to 62,)
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
FIG. 17 yy.
Large size Best Comic Slides, One Dozen in box, about £
fifty figures (fig. 1799) 2
Fourteen-inch ditto 1
Twelve-inch ditto .......
Fairy and Nursery Tales, painted on three-inch circles :—
Cinderella, Robinson Crusoe, Blue Beard, John
Gilpin, Robin Hood, Jack the Giant Killer, Jack and
the Beanstalk, Tale of a Tub, Whittington and his
Cat, St. George and the Dragon, &c., &c.
Per set of eierht. ten. or twelve slides £1 Is. 1
10
10
10
220
FIG. 1805.
Astronomical Sliders, for illustrating the various
Phenomena of the Heavens, with Descriptive Book,
for the Phantasmagoria Lantern .... 220
Ditto ditto for the Second Size , 330
Ditto ditto for the Large Size (fig. 1805) . 440
A Series of Ten Finely-painted Astronomical
Diagrams, with Rack and Pinion Movements,
by which the images produced are made to revolve ;
In Box— for Phantasmagoria Lanterns . 660880 10100
Sets of Natural History Slides, consisting of correct
drawings of Mammalia, Birds, Fishes and Reptiles 42s. 330 440
Geological Slides, showing the Earth's Strata, with
figures of Fossil Animals and Plants .... 440
Photographic Portraits of Celebrated Individuals, in Frames 036
FIG. 1810 FIG. 1810*.
1810 Comic Movable and Shifting Glass Slides, (or Slip Slides)— a
diversity of Subjects, by which the magnified images appear to
have life and motion (figs. 1810, 1810*) . Is. 6d. 2s. 2s. 6d. 0
3 6
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 365
FIG. 1811.
£ s. d £ s d
1811 Panoramic . Landscapes, Marine Views and Railways, with Moving Figures,
Shipping, Railway Trains, &c. (fig. 1811) . 7s. 6d. 0 10 6 0 16 0
FIG. 1812.
FIG. 1815*.
1812
1813
1814
1815
1815*
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
Lever Slide, representing the movements of Animals,
Birds, &c., such as a Stag or Swan drinking 5s. 6d. 0 6 6 0 10 6
Mechanical Slide representing a Dog Begging, with
a pipe taken from the mouth of his master and
placed in the dog's mouth ...... 0 12 6
Ditto ditto, with moving Smoke effect — two slides 150
Mechanical Slide, representing the Bat Eater . 0 12 6
Chromatropes, (best painting) a variety of Beautiful
and Brilliant Designs (fig. 1815*) . . . . 0 11 6 0 12 6
Ditto, Small 086
Ditto, with Motto or Design in the centre . . . 0 14 0 0 16 0
Rackwork Slides, to represent Wind and Water mills
in motion on the screen — best paintings . . . 0 12 6 0 14 0
A Rackwork Slide, to show the Aurora Borealis, with
a Yiew in the Polar Regions 140
A Rackwork Slide, with Yiew and Rainbow Effect . 110
FIG. 1821.
Rackwork Fountain Effect . . . .(fig. 1821)
Kaleidoscope for the Lantern, for Oxy-Hydrogen
Light
0 12 6 0 14 0
2 10 0
3G6 NEGKETTI AND ZAMBKA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G..
1823 Mechanical Slide, to represent the Effects of a Snow £ s. a. £ s. d.
Storm 0 12 6
1824 Ditto ditto Moving Water, simple effect . 0 10 6
1825 Ditto ditto Shipping with Moving Waves, and
Birds, best painting . 1 10 0
1826 Ditto ditto for Curtain Effect ... 0 lo 0
1827 Ditto ditto an Aquarium with moving Fish . 0 12 6 0 14 0
1828 Ditto ditto a Scene at a' Fair, with moving
Swing (lever motion) 0 10 6
1829 Ditto ditto Destruction of Pompeii, with
Hackwork Effect . 0 12 6 0 14 0
DIOBAMIC EFFECTS FOR DISSOLVING YIEW APPARATUS.
FIG. A. FIG. B. FIG. c.
They are arranged in sets of two, four, six, and sometimes ten. We give a list
of a few of the most striking. Two prices are quoted, regulated by the quality of
the paintings and the amount of fine detail.
The following prices are for 3i-inch circular paintings, suited for the 3^ or
4- inch lanterns. Larger sizes are painted to order at proportionate price.
1830 Mount Vesuvius. — Three slides, Day and Night, and
an Eruption .140 1160
1831 Ditto ditto. — Three slides, with Hackwork to exhibit
the Smoke and Lava in Motion . 2 16 0
1832 Rustic Scene.— Three slides, Watermill, Summer, ditto
Winter, and Moonlight . 140 1 16 0
1833 Rustic Scene. — Three slides, Watermill in motion, a
Swan moving along the Water, Summer changing to
Winter by Moonlight ; the clouds move, lights appear
in the windows of the mill, with ripples on the water 330
1834 Landscape. — Three slides, with Rain Storm, Lightning,
and Rainbow Effects . 110 1 10 0
1835 Castle of Chillon by Day and Night, two slides . . 0 16 0 150
1836 The Emigrant Ship.— Six slides. The Ship leaving
Port ; at Sea ; Full Sail by Moonlight ; the Storm ;
Ship struck by Lightning ; Ship on Fire ; the Raft
with Survivors ........ 220
1837 Ditto ditto with Moving Effects . . .330 550
1838 Mount Ararat, with Rainbow effect .... 0 16 0
1839 The Soldier's Dream.— Two slides 0 16 0 150
1840 Arctic Regions. — Three slides, Mock Sun and Aurora
Borealis effects 140 1160
1841 Farm House. — Three slides, Summer, Winter and
Moonlight 140 1160
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STEEET, W., LONDON. 367
1842 Niagara Falls.— Two slides with Rainbow . . . £0 12 6 £0 15 6
1843 St. Peter's, Rome.— Three slides, Day and Night, with
Fireworks from the Tower of St. Angelo . . .140 220
1844 Interior of ditto. — Two slides ditto ditto, with effects . 180
1845 Milan Cathedral by Day and Night, two slides . . 0 12 6
1846 The Rialto, Venice ditto ditto . 0 12 6
1847 Holyrood Palace ditto ditto . 0 12 6
1848 St. Paul's Cathedral ditto ditto and Interior 150
1849 The Old Royal Exchange, London, by Day, by Night,
on Fire, and the present Royal Exchange; three
slides , . . . .1160 220
1850 A Storm at Sea and the Life Boat . . . . 0 16 0 150
1851 Mount Hecla, with Lava and Smoke in Motion, two
slides 1 12 0
1852 The Magician's Cave and effect 1 10 0
1853 The Magic Mirror.— Two slides, and effect ... 1100
1854 Faust and Mephistophiles, with effect, Vision of
Marguerite, two slides ...... 1 10 0
1855 Mosque of Omar. — Two slides, Day and Night effect . 0 16 0
1856 The Four Seasons, Spring, Summer, Autumn, and
Winter . 1 12 0
1857 The Serenade.— Moonlight Scene with Gondola . . 0 14 0 150
1858 The Angel's Whisper.— Two slides .... 150
1859 London.— St. Paul's and the Thames, Day and Night . 150
1860 Virginia Water, Moving Swan and Night effect, three
slides . 1 10 0
1861 OsbornelHouse, by'.Day and Night and effects, Windows
lit up . . ' . . 0 18 6
1862 Old London in 1666, Day View and the great Fire,
with Rackwork effect, Smoke and flames, three slides 220
1863 The Port of Alexandria, with Shipping in motion,
Smoke, Moonlight, and ripple on the Water . . 1 10 0
1864 Esquimaux Village. — Snow Huts, with Aurora, &c.,
three slides 110
1865 The Overland Route. — A series of twelve views, each
view .080 0 12 0
1866 Mount Blanc. — A series of eighteen views. The Ascent
from Geneva to the summit, and the Descent to
Chamouni, each view 080 0120
1867 The Arctic Regions. — A series of twelve views, each
view 0 8 "O 0 12 0
1868 Natural Phenomena.— A series of eighteen slides, each
view .080 0120
1869 The Bottle.— Eight slides, each Painting . . . 0 10 6 0 12 0
1870 The Drunkard's Children. — A series of views, each
painting 0 10 6 0 12 0
1871 The Pilgrim's Progress.— A series of twelve, each
painting 0 10 6
1872 A Journey Round the World. — All the most remarkable
and interesting views in the four quarters of the
Globe, each slide 080 0126
Nos. 1865 to 1868. These series can be extended to thirty-one views each, and with No. 1872 will be
painted to order.
368
I
a
O
S
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
Photographed and Engraved half the
size of the Slide.
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45, CORtfHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 3G9
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA'S
TRANSPARENT PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEWS AND STATUES,
PRINTED ON ALBUMEN, f
FOE EITHER MAGIC LANTERNS OR DISSOLVING VIEWS.
The award of the only PRIZE MEDAL by the Jury of the International
Exhibition of 1862 to NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA'S Photographic Transparencies
sufficiently stamps their value as aids in the advancement of Science and Education
without further comment.
The following extract from CHAMBERS' JOURNAL will describe these
Photographs exhibited by the Lantern : —
"Unquestionably, however, the most important use which has yet been made of this new process
(illuminated dissolving Photographs) was the exhibition through the whole of the winter, at the Man-
chester Mechanics' Institution, of a series of Egyptian Photographs. The most remarkable feature of
these series of pictures was the solidity and reality with which they were invested, which were almost
sufficient to cheat the beholder into the belief that, by some optical glamour, he was transported bodily
to the mystical banks of the Nile. Most of us are familiar with these scenes through the medium of
David Roberts' paintings, but whilst we willingly pay them the tribute of our admiration, gratefully
remembering the pleasant hoars we have spent in studying them, we must admit that they fall short
of producing the interest and effect which result from Photographs of the same scenes shown in this
manner."
(See also Page 56 of 1ST. & Z.'s Manual.)
Negretti and Zambra's Photographic Lantern Slides include Yiews of the
most remarkable places in the Globe, Photographic Statues, &c., &c.
REDUCED PRICES.
Price of Photographic Views, printed with Albumen, £ s. d.
Uncoloured, mounted in Frame each 026
Ditto ditto Coloured, ditto ditto 056
Photographic Statues . . . . . ditto ditto 026
Mahogany Frames or Holders for above . . ditto ditto 006
LIST OF STATUES
PHOTOGRAPHICALLY PRINTED ON ALBUMEN.
1873 CRYSTAL PALACE SERIES.
3 A Nymph preparing for
the bath
3c Apollo discharging his
bow
4 The Tired Hunter
4c Eve Listening
5 Una and the Lion
5A Dorothea
6A Jane Shore
GB Maid of Saragossa
7 Andromeda
7* A Naiad
9 Mercury
10 Flora
11 Boy with Tambourine
12* Venus
13 Venus Vincitrice
14 Flora
16
17
18
19
22
27
28
31
32
The Laocoon
Minerva of Farnese
Aurora
Demosthenes
Diana
Ariadne
Minerva
Posidippus
Neranda
t Messrs. Negretti and Zambra beg to caution purchasers of Photographic Slides against pictures
printed with Collodion, as definition and clearness, fit for exhibition, are only to be obtained from
Albumen prints.
2 B
370
KEGEETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
33* Children and Pony
34 The Emigrant
37 Samson
37* Minerva
38 Musidora
39 The Massacre of the
Innocents
40 Milo
40* Minerva
41 Satan
42 Ariel
44* David
46 The Mourners
47 Andromeda
47* The Borchesse Flora x
48 Ulysses
49 The First Whisper of
Love
51 Sabrina
52 Zephvr and Aurora
53 Geoffrey Chaucer
54 A Nymph of Diana
55 Mercury
56 Shakspeare
57 Lavinia
58 Highland Mary
62A Diana
62C Night
62o Morning
63 JEsculapius
64 Psyche
64* Pomona
66 A Fawn with Cymbals
67 Angel watching
67* David
63 Venus and Cupid
75 Diana
78 Cupid and Psyche
'79 Thalia
80 Zephyr wooing Flora
80* Augustus
80A A Roman
81 Apollo
81* A Victory
82 Penelope
83 Venus at the Bath
83* A Bacchante
84 A Victory
85 Penelope and Telema-
chus
89 Bacchus
90 .ZEsculapius
91* A Hunter
92 Julian the Apostate
93 The Three Fates
94 The Chase
96 The First Cradle
98 A Neapolitan Dancer
99 A Neapolitan Improvi-
satore
100 Cain
Virginius
Jason
A Day Dream
The Dying Gladiator
Eve at the Fountain
101 A Bather
102 Milo of Crotona
115 Eurydice
115**Night
115* Charity
116 Venus disarming
Cupid
121 Charity
120-29* Pudicita
130 Ceres
131 Venus leaving the
Bath
135 Mars and Venus
155 Hope
138 Magdalen
152 The Murder of the
Innocents
142* A Vestal Virgin
146 David
147 A Girl Knitting
148 First Steps
149 Italy
150 Veritas
150* Eve
152 Melancholy
156 Esmeralda
160 Ishmael
162 Minerva protecting a
Warrior
163 A Child Christ
155-65* Juno
167 A Nymph
168 A Girl bearing Fruit
169 A Vase
170 Pomona
171 Medicine
171A Maria F. Malibran
176 Homer
177 Thucydides
178 Guardian Angel
185-7-8 A Victory
191 An Eagle
195 Priest of Bacchus
196 A Pieta
196* Melpomene
201 Madonna of Munich
201* A Violin Player
201 Iris Hecate of
Lucifera
202 A Nymph
204 Ceres and Proserpine
308 Angel
21 2 A Knight
223 Love
224 Venus
229 Julia
230 Musician
• 231 Victory
232 A Youth
233B Voltaire
234 Camillus
Love Triumphant
Europa
Toilet of Atalanta
Titania
The Greek Slave
239 Urania
250 Psyche
251 Belvidere Apollo
253 Eros
255 Ariadne
259 Iphigenia
261-270 Diana
262 Hagar
263 A Hunter
2t)4 Hunter defending his
family
265 Abraham Duquesne
267 A Nereid
269 Winter
271 A Flower Girl
279A Chateaubriand
286 Trajan
295 A Fawn
308A Louis. XIV.
313 Peter Paul Rubens
314 Antinous
321 Demosthenes
327 Zeno
385 GotholdEphraimLessing
251 Pallas
358 Cupid encircled by a
Dolphin
362 Venus di Medici
3 7 A Fawn
374 Urania
407 Shakspeare
412* William Wordsworth
431 Humphrey Chetham
449 Earl of Chatham
0-1 Massacre of the
Innocents
0-2 Mattabuz and Camilla
0-3 Aurora
0-4 Sleeping Children
0-5 Godiva
0-6 Ajax praying for Light
0-7 A Girl witi Triangle
0-8 Music's Martyr
0-9 The Pieta ; by Bermine
0-10 The Minstrel
0-11 Michael Angelo
0-12 Jonah
0-13,0-14,0-15 Virgin and
Child
0-16 Marriage of Virgin
0-17 Girl with Pet Bird
0-19 Bas Relief— The Last
Supper
0-20 Bas Relief — The Adora-
tion of the Magi
0-21 Bas Relief— Virgin and
Child
' 0-24 John Bunyan
0-23 St. George
0-25 St. Andrew
0-26 St. John
Wrestlers
Ancient Briton
A Warrior
The Son of Niobe
Salmacis
45, COBTTHILL, E.G., AtfD 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
371
1874 LIST OF VIEWS IN EGYPT AND NUBIA,
Photographically Printed on Albumen.
309-2-28 Views of the Temple of Dendera
301 The Granite Quarries of Syene
300-4 The Rock Temple of Derr, the chief
town in Nubia
305 The Kock of Abouseer and the second
Cataract
300 Kalet Adde, a ruined Saracenic town
307-9 The Fagade of the Great Rock
Temple at Aboo-Simbel in Nubia
310 The smaller Rock Temple of Aboo-
Simbel, time of Rameses the Great,
B.C. 1400
311 Girgeh, Upper Egypt
312 The Temple of Amada near Derr
313, 314 The Temple of Wady Saboda
315-317 The temple of Dacke, founded by
Ergamun, about 2000 years ago
316 Temples at Makarraka in Nubia
318-19 The Portico of the Rock Temple of
Gerf Hossayn or Gyrche
320 The Temple of Dendoor, built in the
reign of Augustus Cgesar
321-2-3-4 The Temple of Kalabshee, Nubia
325 Traveller's Nile boat or " Dahabeah "
326-7 Wady Kardassy in Nubia
229-30-31 Views in the Island of Philse
333-4 The Principal Court of the Large
Temple at Philas
335 Crocodile on a sand bank in the Nile
336 Principal Corridor of • the Island of
337-8 Views from the Island of Philse
339-41-42 Hypsethral Temple at Philse.
usually called " Pharaoh's Bed "
340 View between the upper portions of the
Two Principal Pylons at Phil SB
343 View of an Arab Village and ruins,
Island of Biggeh, opposite Philae
344 Ruined Mosque of Mishdd, with
distant view of Philse
345 Remarkable Granite Formation be-
tween the first Cataract and Philaa
346 The River Wall and South End of Philae
347 North Approach to Philas
348 Assouan, Upper Egypt
349-88 The Sphinx and Great Pyramid at
Geezeh
550-51 The Temple of Kom-Ombo
352-3-4 Grottoes and Rock Cuttings in the
Sandstone Quarries at Hagar Silisili
355-56 Temple of Edfou, Greek Period
357-8 The Temple of Erment, near Thebes
359-60-61 Views of Luxor
362-3 The Approach to Karnac, the Avenue
of Sphinxes, and the Ptolemaic
Pylon
364-6-7 The principal Ruins of Karnak
365 General View of Karnak
368-9 The Two Obelisks, and part of the
Hall of Columns at Karnak
370 Remains of the Granite Pylon and two
Colossi at Karnak
371-95-6-7-8-9 Six views of the tombs
of the Memlook Kings at Cairo
372-3-4-93-4 Views of Portions of the
Great Hall of Columns at Karnak
372 Rock Tombs under the Great Pyramid
at Geezeh
376-89 The Two large Pyramids at Geezeh
377 The Colossi of the Plain, the celebrated
Statues of Memnon, at Thebes
378 The Temple Palace of Goorneh, at
Thebes, commenced by Sethos, some
3000 years ago
379-80-01 The Memnonium at Thebes
382-3-4-5-6 Medeenet Haboo. the Temple
Palace of Rameses III. at Thebes,
about 1300 B.C.
387 The Valley of the Tombs of the Kings,
at Thebes
390-91 The entrance to the Great Temple
at Luxor
392 The Court of Sheshonk (the Shishak of
the Scriptures) at Karnak
1876. HOLY LAND.
400 Gaza. The Modern Town
400D Gaza. The Old Town
401 Samson's Gateway. (Gaza)
402-3 Ramleh, the ancient Arimathaea
404 Village of Aboo Gosh, Kuriat el Enab,
the ancient Kirjath Jearim
405-6 Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives
407 Jerusalem. Pool of Bethesda
408 Jerusalem. Church of St. Anne
439 Jerusalem, from the north-east corner
of the present city
410 En Rogel; or, the fountain-head of
Rogel
411 Jerusalem, from fortification on Sion
412 Jerusalem, from the south part of the
city wall
413 Jerusalem, from the chief tower of the
Citadel
414 Jerusalem. View from the south wall
on Mount Sion
415 Jerusalem.' View taken within the
present city
416 Tomb of Absalom, at the foot of the
Mount of Olives ,
417 Jerusalem, from the south-east
418 Jerusalem, from the top of the Mount
of Olives
419-20 Jerusalem, from the top of the Citadel
421 Jerusalem, English Protestant Church
422 Jerusalem, from the Mount of Olives
423 Tomb of Rachel, from the north-north-
east
424 Bethany, from the south
425 Bethlehem, from the north-east
426 Hebron. Southern half of the city
427 Hebron, the Pool of David
2B'2
372
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOEN YIADTTCT, E.G.,
428 Hebron. Northern half of the city
429 The Dead Sea, seen from its northern
shore, looking west-south-west
430 Monastery of St. Saba
• 431-2-3-4 Banias, the ancient Paneas and
Cresarea Philippi
435 The Ford of the Jordan, the site of the
Baptism
436 Distant View of Damascus
437 The Old Wall of Damascus
438 Damascus. The East Gate
439 Panorama of Damascus, looking west
440 Panorama of Damascus, looking south-
west
441 Panorama of Damascus, looking east1
442 Damascus, Roman gateway and street
view
443 Nazareth, from the south-east
444 Nazareth, from the north-west
445-6 Nablous (ancient Sidiem or Sechem)
447 Nablous, seen from the south-west ;
Mount Ebal is seen to the left, and
Mount Gerizim to the right
447D Sebustieh, the ancient Samaria
448 Tiberias, seen from the south, on the
shore of the lake
449-50 Baalbec, the ancient Heliopolis, or
City of the Sun. The Six Great
Columns and the smaller Temple
451-52 Baalbec. View from the north-west
and the south-east
453 Baalbec. The Temple proper
454 Baalbec. The Octagon Temple
455-6-7 Cedars of Lebanon
1877 SECOND SERIES OF EGYPT AND HOLY LAND.
458 Cairo. Group of Tombs and Citadel,
from the Mukattan Hills
459 Cairo. Ruined Mosques, with Cufic
writing on the Mukattan hills
460-61-64 Cairo. The Mosque of Sultan el
Hakem
462-65-90 Cairo from the citadel
463 Cairo. Gateway of the Ruined Palace
of the Grand Vizier, and Mosque of
ditto
466-91 Cairo. The Mosques of Mardani
and Sultan Hassan, City Walls and
General View, looking south-west
467-8 Cairo. Modern Painted Tombs, near
Cairo, — Tombs of the Caliphs in
the distance
469 Boulac. The Port of Cairo
470-74 Cairo. Tombs of the Caliphs
471-72 Cairo. Street Scene on the Way to
the Citadel
473-75 Cairo. Gateway of the Citadel
466 Cairo. View in the Roumaleah Square,
and Mosque of Mahmoudieh, with
Camels
477-8-9 Belzoni's Pyramid at Geezeh
480-82-85^ The Pyramids of Dashour
481 Arab Sportsman and Cook
483 The Pyramids of Sakkara
484 The Three Pyramids of Geezeh
485 Cairo. The Babel-el-Nasr, or Gate of
Victory .
486-7-8 Cairo. Tombs of the Mamelukes
489 The Mosque of Emeer Akoor
492 Cairo. From the Citadel Fort, with
distant View of the Tombs of the
Caliphs
493 Cairo. View from the Citadel Fort
494 Camels and Prickly-pear Orchard
495 Suez, on the Red Sea
496 Peninsula of Sinai. The Wady Bahala
497 Peninsula of Sinai. Sculptured Stones
at Sirabit-el-Rhadem
498-9 Peninsula of Sinai. The Wady
Mukatteb, or Written Valley, and
Sinaitic Inscriptions in this Wady
500-1-2-3 Peninsula of Sinai. View of
Mount Serbul from Wady Feiran
504-5 Peninsula of Sinai. View in the
Wady Feiran
506-7 Peninsula of Sinai. The Convent of
Sinai, and the distant plain of
El-Raheh
508-9 Peninsula of Sinai. Bird's-eye View
of the Convent of Mount Sinai
510-11 Peninsula of Sinai. Mount Sinai
(Horeb) with the Convent. From
the Plain of El-Raheh (the Place of
the Assemblage)
512 Peninsula of Sinai. Gebel Mousa
(Sinai) from the Wady-es- Sebaiy eh
513 The Island of Grayia
514 Jerusalem. Facade at the Church of
the Holy Sepulchre
515 Jerusalem. Street in Jerusalem, with
Church of the Holy Sepulchre
516 Jerusalem. The Village of Siloam, and
Valley of Kidron
517 Jerusalem. Ancient Tombs in Valley
of Jehoshaphat
518 Jerusalem from Mount Scopus
519-20-21-22 Jerusalem from the Mount of
Olives
523 Mount of Olives. The Church of the
Ascension «
1878 A Collection of Photographic Lantern VIEWS of the most interesting
localities in the World. Plain, Is. 6d. each. 5s. Coloured.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
1879 SCRIPTURE SCENES. Price 5s. each Coloured.
373
Adam and Eve in the Garden
of Eden
The Expulsion from Paradise
Cain and Abel
Adam finding the body of
Abel
Noah sending the Dove from
the Ark
Sending away of Hagar and
Ishmael
Hagar and Ishmael in the
Desert
Sacrifice of Isaac
Jacob and Laban
Jacob's Dream
Eebecca at the Well
Departure of Kebecca
Arrival of Rebecca
Joseph sold by his Brethren
Joseph interpreting Pharaoh's
Dream
Worship of the Golden Calf
Pharoah's daughter finding
Moses
Moses striking the Rock
The Brazen Serpent
The Angel appearing to
Balaam
Ruth in the corn fields
Ruth and Boaz
Samson slaying the Lion
The Death of Samson
Jael and Sisera
Samuel and Eli
Samuel praying
Saul and the Witch of Endor
David with the Head of
Goliath
The Judgment of Solomon
Mordecai's Triumph
Daniel in the Den of Lions
The Handwriting on the Wall
Job and his Three Friends
The Angels appearing to the
Shepherds
The Nativity
The Adoration of the Magi
The Flight into Egypt
The Murder of the Innocents
Christ with the Doctors in
the Temple
The Holy Family
The Baptism of Christ
Christ at the Well with the
Woman of Samaria
Christ giving sight to the
Blind
Christ healing the Sick
Christ blessing Little Child-
ren
The Miracle at the Marriage
Feast at Cana
Christ and the Tribute Money
Christ weeping over Jerusa-
lem
Christ's entry into Jerusalem
Mary anointing Jesus's feet
Christ raising Lazarus
The Miraculous Draught of
Fishes
Christ walking on the Sea
THE PARABLES.
The Prodigal Son in want
The Return of the Prodigal
Son
The Good Shepherd
The Vineyard— Hiring the
Labourers
The Husbandman and the
Heir
The Unjust Steward
Dives the Rich Man
The Wise & Foolish Virgins
The Good Samaritan
The Widow's Mite
Christ's Agony in the Garden
The Last Supper
Christ before Pilate
Ecce Homo
The Crown of Thorns
Christ bearing His Cross
The Crucifixion
The Dead Christ
The Descent from the Cross
Mary at the Sepulchre
The Ascensiom
Stoning of Stephen
The Angel releasing
from Prison
Death of Ananias
Conversion of St. Paul
Paul Preaching at Athens
Elymas struck Blind
Sacrificing before Paul
Peter
CHINA
1880
Rice Sellers
Cat Merchants
Chinese Punishments
Opium Smokers
Chinese Jugglers
Feast of Lanterns
Chinese Junk
Shuttlecock playing with the
Feet
Travelling Tinker
The Great Wall
Chinese Lantern Maker
Temple of Buddha, Canton
Chinese Ladies Playing
Cards
Chinese Ladies' Boudoir
Panorama of Canton
1881
Panorama of London
The Marble Arch
Buckingham Palace
Westminster Abbey
Houses of Parliament
Victoria Tower
Clock Tower
The Horse Guards
Trafalgar Square
tSt. Martin's Church
at
AND THE CHINESE.
Transplanting Rice
Chinese Boatmen
Ditto ditto fighting Quails
Chinese Dice Players
Chinese Emperor Reviewing
his Guards
Silk Farm at Hoo Chow
Winding the Cocoons
Feeding Silk Worms and
sorting Cocoons
Chinese Temple
Chinese Joss House
Bridal Presents
Chinese Capmaker's Shop
Bamboo Aqueduct at Hong
Kong
Loading Tea Junks
London. Plain 2s. Coloured 5s. each.
Coloured. 5s.'each.
Pavilion and Gardens of a
Mandarin
Culture of Tea
Celebration of Meeting the
Spring
Kite Flying on the 9th day
of the 9th moon
An Itinerant Doctor
Ditto Barber
Raree Show
A Street in Canton
Western Gate, Pekin
The Nine-storied Pagoda
The Five-storied ditto
The Hall of Audience, Pckiu
The British Museum
Temple Bar
Waterloo Bridge
Somerset House
St. Paul's
Guildhall
The Post Office
The Bank
The Royal Exchange
The Monument
London Bridge
The Custom House
The Tower
The Royal Mint
The Trinity House
St. Katherine's Docks
Victoria and Albert
bankment
Em-
374 NEGKRETTI AND ZAMBBA, HOLBORN" VIADUCT, E.C.,
1882 Crystal Palace. Comprising all the Courts and objects of interest.
1883 Java, Sumatra, Japan, Siam, Manilla, Moluccas; a series illustrating
Tropical Scenery.
1884 Prepared Colours for Painting on Glass, 12 Colours, with Brushes, Palette
Knife, Yarnish and Turpentine, in neat japanned tin case, 24s. and 42s.
1885 Single Colours for Painting on Glass, Is., Is. 6d., and 2s. each.
1886 Varnish, prepared for ditto, Is. 6d. per bottle
These Lists comprise only a very small portion of Negretti and Zambra's Photographic Series that
can be conveniently described within the limits of a Catalogue.
Engraving*, Drawings, Maps, &c., copied by Photography for Projection
by the Lantern.
Instructions for Painting Lantern Slides will be found at page 94 in N. & Z.'s
Lantern Manual.
FIG. 1887.
The wood engraving (fig. 1887), exhibits in section the general arrangements
of the improved 3 Wick Parrafin Lanterns. P and Q are the Condensing Lenses,
A, B, and C the Achromatic Combination of Front Lenses, having Hackwork
Adjustment, S, U, Y, the Lamp, I and J Chimney and Cap, O O Spring Clamp
for holding the picture, G, Flame Chamber Glasses, B, Reflector closing down on
the back of the Lamp Chamber. The Slide Holder is open at the top and is
adjustable, admitting of a variety of chemical and other experiments being performed
and exhibited upon the screen.
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, EEGENT STEEET, W., LONDOX.
375
CHEMICAL APPAEATUS.
FIG. 1888.
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
GLASS, PORCELAIN-, EARTHENWARE, &c.
£ s. d. £ s. d.
Adapters for connecting retorts to receiver, small tube,
straight, 8 oz. and 16 oz 009 0 0 10
Ditto ditto, bent, 8 oz. and 16 oz 0 0 10 010
Adapters, full size, for large operations . . various
Air Jar Tubes, for experiments on the gases : —
Long . 2-in. 3-in. 4-in. 6-in. 6-in.
Width. -1-in. |-in. |-in. f-in. 1-iu.
Price . 3d. 4d. 6d. 94 lOd.
Air Jar Tubes, Cylindrical, per nest of six . . .086 0 10 6
Air or Gas Jars, stout bell glass, with ground edges —
£- pts. pts. qts. 3 pts. 4 pts.
Narrow Mouth, plain (fig. t) Is. 3d. 2s. 3s. 4s. 6d. 6s.
$-pts. pts. qts. 3 pts.
Air or Gas Jars, Stoppered (t) 2s. 3s. 4s. 5s.
Ditto ditto mounted with Brass Cap 2s. 6d. 3s. 6d. 5s. 6d.
6s. 6d.
5s.
Air or Gas Jars, Wide Mouth, Plain Is. 6d. 2s. 6d. . 4s.
Ditto, ditto Stoppered 2s. 6d. 3s. 6d. 5s. 6s.
Air or Gas Jars, mounted with Brass cap, two Stop-
cocks, Connecting-piece, and Bladder Ferrule from
Air or Gas Jars, Graduated into Cubic Inches and
Decimal parts, for mixing gases, Capped or Stoppered from
4 pts.
7s.
8s. 6d.
7s. 6d.
8s. 6d.
0 18 0
056
376
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADTTCT, B.C.,
IM-
yc-
So-i
70-f
FIG. 1902.
FIG. 1903.
FIG. 1904.
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
FIG. 1907.
1902)
FIG. 1907*.
Alkalimeters or Chlorimeters, Sink's form (fig.
Ditto ditto, with Foot (fig. 1903) ....
Ditto Gay Lussac's (fig. 1904)
Ditto old form . .
Schuster's Alkalimeter (fig. 1906)
Alkalimeter, 1000 grains, divided into 100 parts of
equal capacity, for Volumetric Analysis (figs. 1907
and 1907*) 0
Alembics —
4 oz. 8 oz. 16 oz.
Earthenware . . .2s. 6d. 3s. 6d. 4s. 6d. (
Glass (fig. 1908) . . .6s. 6d. 7s. 6d. 12s.
Alembics of German Glass, 4 oz. and 6 oz. capacity, for
experimental distillations
Alembics, Berlin ware, with movable head, for distil-
lation of substances at very high temperatures .
Arsenic Tubes, of hard German Glass, Berzelius',
Clark's, Liebig's, or Rose's form (fig. 1911) per doz.
Aspirators, Glass, see Water Bottles.
Barometer Standard, for Laboratory use, entirely of
Glass, Gay Lussac's syphon form, the scale divided
on the tube either inches or millimetres
a.
66 086
qrt.
6s. 6d.
14s.
026
0 12 6
016
330 550
See ante, page 11.
Basins, Evaporating, of Berlin ware, flat bottoms,
with spout, shallow form; depth, one-fourth the
diameter : —
Contents . 1-oz. 2-oz. 3|-oz. 5-oz. 8-oz. 12-oz. T8-oz.
Price . 9d. lOd. Is. Is. 3d. Is. 6d. 2s. 2s. 6d.
Basins, Berlin Porcelain, small and thin, for Analytical
Experiments, uniform in substance : —
Contents . g-oz. i-oz. f-oz. 1-oz. H-oz. 2-oz.
Price 3d. 5d. 6d. 8d. lOd. Is.
45, CORNHILL E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
377
1916
1917
1913
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
FIG. 1908.
FIG. 1911.
FIG. 1906.
FIG. 1918.
Beaker Glasses, (fig. 1916), Cylindrical form, the glass
uniformly thin and well annealed, of German manu-
facture; Sets of 3 5 8 12
Price 2s. 3s. 5s. 6d. 11s. 6d.
Beaker Tumblers, with spout, for hot solutions, &c., being shorter,
are easier cleaned than beakers, and precipitates more easily £ s.
removed. In sets of six (fig 1917) 06
Bottles, best Flint glass, London Stoppered (fig. 1918) : —
i-oz., ^-oz., and 1 oz., narrow mouth, per doz. 4s. wide mouth per doz. 0
2-oz. ... „ „ 5s.
3-oz. .... „ „ 6s.
4-oz. ... - „ „ 7s.
6-oz. . „ „ 8s.
8-oz. ...
10-oz. ...
16-oz. „ , „
20-oz. ...
Bottles, Green glass, Stoppered : —
i-pint, narrow mouth, per doz. 5s. wide mouth, per doz.
i-pint - , „ 5s. 6d. „
1-pint „ „ 6s. , „ „
2-pint „ 7s. „ „
Bottles, Acid, with elongated stoppers .... from
Ditto, Capped, for uEther, &c. i-oz. 2-oz. 4-oz.
2s. 2s. 6d. 3s.
Ditto, Capped, and fitted into turned wood boxes, various, from
Bottles, small Tube, for containing rare specimens, plain, per doz.
Ditto ditto, Stoppered
Bottles, Specific Gravity, Grains or Grammes, see Specific Gravity.
os. „
9s. 6d. „
10s. 6d. „
11s. 6d. „
13s. 6d. „
0 5
0
0 6
0
0 7
0
0 8
6
0 9
6
0 10
6
0 11
6
0 13
0
0 15
0
6
6
7
11
1
8-oz.
3s. 6d.
016
020
080
378
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 1926.
FIG. 1948. FIG. 1946.
FIG. 1969*.
FIG. 1932.
from
Is.
1926 Bottles, washing, Gmelin's (fig. 1926) ....
1927 Ditto ditto, with Handle for hot water, &c
1928 Capsules, glass 003
1929 Capsules, of Berlin Porcelain, with spout and handle, very light : —
Contents .... 1-oz. 2i-oz.
Price lOd.
1930 Bulb Tubes for weighing Oxide of copper ' . each
1931 Brunner's Aspirator, consisting of a Glass Bottle, one
gallon capacity, with tap
. For other sizes of this useful article, see Water Bottles.
1932 Connecting Tubes, Bent (fig 1932) . . each
1933 Combustion Tube of Hard German Glass, very
infusible per Ib.
1934 Combustion Tubes prepared from the above Glass
per doz.
1935 Chloride of Calcium Tubes, for absorbing moisture
from gases, with straight or bent point (figs. 1935) each
1936 Ditto ditto U shaped, with two bulbs (fig. 1936) .
1937 Crucibles, real Hessian, triangular shape, in nests : —
Nest of 3 Crucibles, Nos. 2 to 4
5 1 to 5
6 1 to 6
,,8 1 to 8 . ...
£016
040
006
4-oz.
Is. 2d.
008
140
010
030
0 10 0
'0 0 6
016
006
010
016
026
45, COENHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
379
1938 Crucibles, London Made, Fire-Clay, round form, capable
of resisting high temperatures : —
Height, without covers 3-in. 4-in. 4|-in. 5-in. 6-in. 7-in.
Price ; . 2d. 2R 3d. 4d. 5d. 8d.
Covers at the same prices as the Crucibles.
8-in.
Is.
r
k
^
IB-3
ly^y
a
—
1940
-:
":"
1941
1 :
53-3
•:
j—
1942
-
DJ
1943
":
J=
1944
_-
jd!
1945
:
l)|
1946
• -
---
1947
3> 1948
Crucible Cases, or Jackets and Covers, of fire-clay, to
protect platinum crucibles, and raise them to where the
heat is the most intense
Crucibles, Wedgwood Ware .
Ditto, Skittle shape 3 to 12 inches high,
from .......
*Ditto, Bound, with Covers .
Ditto, Berlin Porcelain, various from
Ditto ditto, not glazed, with perforated
covers
Calcining Pots, to open in the middle .
Cooper's Receiver, for collecting Gases
over mercury (fig. 1946)
Ditto ditto, Graduated .
Cryophorous, Wollaston's, or Frost
Carrier or "Rearer (fig. 1948)
Cubic Inch Tubes, graduated into lOths and lOOths
(fig. 1949)
1950 Ditto ditto on Round Foot (fig. 1950)
1951 Cubic Inch Bottles, (see Specific Gravity Bottles).
£0
0
1
0
0
8
£0
0
1
1
G
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
6
0
0
1
2
8
0
0
0
1
7
6
(>
FIG. 1949. FIG. 1950.
1949
FIG. 1961.
FIG. 1963.
FIG. 1952.
1952
Drying Tube, (fig. 1729) a bent tube in which
substances to be analysed are placed to dry them, each
0
1
f>
1953
Drainers for Crystals, Porcelain
0
2
6
1954
Ditto ditto shallow form
0
2
0
1955
Deflagrating Jars, (see Gas Receivers) ....
1956
Dishes, Glass, various shapes . . . from
0
2
G
1957
Ditto, Evaporating, Berlin ware, various.
1958
Dishes, Evaporating, Wedgwood ware, not liable to stain or
crack : —
Diameter . 2-in. 3-in. 4-in. 5-in. 6-in.
7-in.
Price . 4d. 6d. 9d. Is. Is. 4d.
Is. 8d.
Diameter . . 8-in. 9-in. 10-in. 11-in.
12-in.
Price . . .2s. 2s. 6d. 3s. 3s. 9s.
4s. 6d.
1959
Dishes, Sulphuric Acid, for desiccating purposes .
0
5
0
1960
Ditto, Washing, flat Porcelain (see Photographic Apparatus).
1961
Dropping Tubes, or Pipettes (fig. 1961) 4d., 6d., and
0
0
s
1962
Ditto ditto Graduated to grains, &c. . . 0
3 0
0
7
6
1963
Dropping Bottles (as fig. 1963) 0
2 0
o
2
G
1964
Dialysers, Graham's Glass, with Welt top and bottom Is. 0
1 6
0
2
0
380
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBBA, HOLBOBN YIADUCT, E.G.,
1978
FIG. 1978.
1965 Desiccating Jars, for drying gases by the aid of Chloride
of Calcium (fig. 1965) .......
1967 Desiccating Tubes, with one bulb, and the end straight
or bent (fig. 1935)
1968 Evaporating Dishes (see Dishes).
1969 Ettling's Gas Transferors, various forms (figs. 1969, 1969*)
1970 Eudiometer, Volta's, graduated to 200 divisions=2
Cubic Inches (figs. 1970 and 1970*) . (
1971 Eudiometer, Ure's U-shape (fig. 1971), graduated to
200 divisions=2 Cubic Inches .....
1972 Flasks, Florence
1973 Flasks, White Flint Glass wide and narrow mouthed,
with round and flat bottoms, from 1-oz. to 1-qt., from
1974 Flasks, with Side Neck, for Fractional Distillation,
(fig. 1974) .... 1 pint, 2s. 6d. 2 pints,
1975 Flasks, very light, mounted with Brass Stop-Cock for
weighing gases ........
1976 Flasks, Graduated to hold 1 Pint Imperial .
1977 Flasks, Graduated to hold exact quantities — Grains,
Cubic Inches, or Cubic Centimetres ....
0
0
s.
d. £
s. d.
7
6 0
11 0
0 6
0
3 6
7
6 0
12 6
0
0
10 6
0 4
0
4 to 0
4 0
0
5 0
0
0
12 6
3 6
2
6 0
5 6
FIGS. 1974, 1978*.
Flasks of Hard German Glass, capable of resisting extreme and sudden
changes of temperature ; flat or round bottoms (figs. 1978 and 1978*) : —
Contents
Price
2oz.
4d.
4oz.
5d.
6oz.
6d.
8oz.
8d.
12oz.
10d.
16oz.
Is. 3d.
24oz.
Is. 6d.
40oz.
2s.
1979 Filter and Funnel Rings of Porcelain (fig. 1979) 4d. and 6d.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
FIG. 1980. FIG. 1985. FIG. 1984.
381
FIG. 1984. FIG. 1982. FIG. 1983. FIG. 1983*.
1980 Funnels, of Glass (fig. 1980) :—
Diameter . 1J in. U in. 2 in. 2£ in. 3 in. 4 in. 5 in. 6 in.
Price 3d. 4d. 5d. 6d. 8d. Is. Is. 6d. 2s.
1981 Funnels, "Wedgwood ware, best quality, from 2-oz. to 2-qts. from £009
FIGS. 1993. and 1993*. FIG. 1994. FIG. 1995. FIG. 1990.
1982 Funnels, long tube, thistle-headed for gas bottles, &c.
of blown glass (1982) :—
Length . 4 in. 13 in. 18 in. 20 in. 24 in.
Price . 4d. 6d. 9d. Is. Is. 3d.
1933 Funnels, for filling plain Retorts without soiling the neck
(figs. 1983 and 1983*) £026
1984 Funnels, with Handle, for introducing substances into
tubes without soiling the sides (fig. 1984) . . .£026 036
1985 Ditto with Stopper (fig. 1985) 046
1986 Ditto with Glass Stop-Cock (fig. 1986) . ... 0 12 6
382
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, B.C.,
f
PU
FIG. 2017. FIG. 1979
FIG. 1970. FIG. 1971. FIG. 1970*. FIG. 1998.
1989 Gas B ottle, Clark's, for preparing Sulphuretted Hydrogen,
1990 Gas Bottle, with bent glass tube, for generating
Hydrogen, Sulphuretted Hydrogen, Carbonic Acid,
or Chlorine Gases (fig. 1990) . . . complete
10 oz. 16 oz. 20 oz. 40 oz.
Price . . Is. 6d. 2s. 2s. 6d. 3s.
1991 Gas Flasks with Bent tubes as fig. 1763
1992 Oxygen Gas Retort, of hard glass, with bent tube, for
making pure Oxygen from Chlorate of Potash and
Oxide of Manganese .......
1993 Gas Receivers or Deflagrating Jars (figs. 1993 and
1993*) for containing and preserving Gases for
experiment :
Width.
. 3 in. .
. 4 in. .
s. a.
2 6
026
016
Price Plain.
Is.
Is. 9d.
2s. 6d.
4s. 6d.
Price Stoppered.
Is. 6d.
3s.
5s.
7s. 6d.
Height.
5 in. .
7 in. .
94 in. . . 5i in.
Hi in. . 6i in.
1994 Gas Receivers mounted with brass cap, stop-cock
and bladder ferrule, (fig. 1994)
about 7 in. high . . . 4 in, wide
„ 9 in. ,, . . .5 in. „
1995 Gas Receiver (fig. 1995), mounted with Brass Cap and
Stop-cock, and Graduated into Cubic Inches
1996 Globular Receiver, with welted mouth, for showing the
combustion of Phosphorous, &c., in Oxygen Gas
1997 Gas Jars, Cylindrical, Stout Glass, for exhibiting the
explosive nature of a mixture of Oxygen and Hydrogen
6d.
0 10 6
0 12 6
0 16 6
066
009 010
NEGBETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOBN YIADUCT, E.G.
383
FIG. 2028.
FIG. 2098.
FIG. 2029. FIG. 2028*. FIG. 2099. FIG. 2099*
1998 Graduated Gas Tubes, for measuring Gases, &c.,
(figs. 1998 and 1998*) :—
4 in. | in. about 1 cubic inch, showing l-100ths cubic inch
6 in. | in. „ 1 „ 1-lOOtha
7 in. f in. „ 3 cubic inches „ l-50fchs „
10 in. 1 in. „ 1 „ „ l-10ths
12iin.l|in. „ 14 „ „ l-10ths
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Dumas's Gas Tubes, for Nitrogen determinations, 17 in.
by 1£ in., containing about 20 cubic inches, and
divided to either l-10th of a cubic inch or cubic
centimetres .........
Liebig's Gas Absorber, for saturating a liquid with Gas,
and useful in preparing a solution of any gas
Kerr's Gas Tube, stoppered and graduated to 2 cubic
inches, so as to show l-10fch of a cubic inch (fig. 2001)
Glass Plates, ground, for covering Air Jars :—
Square . 2in. 2£ in. 3 in. 4 in. 8 in.
Price . 8d. lOd. Is. Is. 6d. 2s.
German Glass Tubing, free from lead, in lengths of
about 36 or 18 inches, for convenience of packing : —
£ in. bore and under .... per Ib.
n. n.
down to in.
£ s. d.
046
4 6
5 6
0 12 6
016
060
026
020
FIG. 2001,
FIG. 2012.
FIG. 2012*.
384
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBOBN VIADUCT, B.C.,
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
FIG. 2016. , FIG. 2014*.
FIG. 2014.
FIG. 2015.
FIG. 2015*
£ a. d.
a.
0 15 0
2
1
3
0
2
10
10
Flint Glass Tubing, very soft, easily bent and worked : —
i in. bore and under .... per Ib.
1 in. ^in, „ down to ^in. . . ,,
Combustion Tube, German Glass „
Gauge Tube, for Steam Boilers, &c., according to
diameter, see page 197 per inch
Glass Rod, of various diameters . . . per Ib.
Glass Inhalers
Lamp, Hydrogen, Dobereiner's . . . 10s. 6d.
Lamps, Spirit, glass, round tops and Brass mounts,
(figs. 2010 and 2010*) . . . . . 2s., 3s.
Ditto ditto, Common Mountings
Lixiviating Jars (figs. 2012 and 2012*) of German Glass
strong and convenient in shape, for cold fluids : —
Contents . 1 pt. H pt. 2 pts. 3 pts.
Price . . Is. Is. 4d. 2s. 2s. 9d.
Liebig's Retort, with extra neck for passing gases over
any substance while heated for distillation, best hard
Bohemian glass (fig. 2013)
Measures, Graduated Glass, showing ounces and drachms
(figs. 2014 and 2014*) :—
Conical or Cylindrical Form 1-oz. 2-oz. 4-oz. . 8-oz.
Price . . Is. Is. 2d. Is. 9d. 2s.
Measures, Glass, Graduated Imperial Pint (fig. 2015) 036
Ditto ditto ditto Quart (fig. 2016) 050
Measures divided to show equal parts, Grains, Cubic Inches, or Centimetres
&c., to order (fig 2017). Price various.
0
0 5
076
10-oz.
2s. 6d.
FIG. 2013.
FIG. 2030.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, EKGENT STRKET, W., LONDON.
385
FIG. 2034*.
Each.
Each.
£ s. d.
at s. u
2018 Measures, Glass, one drachm, divided into drop or 60
minims (fig. 2014*) 012
2019 Ditto, Cubic Inch divided into lOths (fig. 1950) . . 056
2020 Mercurial Trough, Porcelain (fig. 2030) from 026 05-6
2021 Mortars and Pestles, Agate.
The prices are only approximate, as they vary according
to the soundness of the materials, as well as size : —
Diameter If-in. If-in. 2-in. 2|-in. 2|-in. 3-in. 4-in. 6-in.
Price 8s. 6d. 9s. 10s. 12s. 15s. 20s. 55s. 60s.
2022 Mortars and Pestles, Berlin porcelain . Is. 6d., 2s. 6d., 036 056
2023 Mortars and Pestles, best quality, "Wedgwood ware : —
Diameter 2|-in. 2i-in. 3-in. 3J-in. 3|-in. 4J-in. 6Hn.
Price Is. Is. 4d. Is. 6d. 2s. 2s. 2s. 6d. 5s.
2024 Ditto, in Stout Glass . 2s. 6d. 3s. Od. 3s. 6d. 0 4 6 066
2025 Mineralogical Anvils, Hard steel, small square . .076 0 10 (3
2 c
386
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBORN" VIADUCT, B.C., "*
FIG. 2035.
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
Each.
£ s. d.
1 6
1 0
FIG. 2035*.
Muffles . 9d. Is 0
Mixing Jars for Alcalimetry (figs. 2027 and 2027*) . 0
Test Mixers (fig. 2028,2028°), for preparing Test Acid;
containing 1,000 septems, divided into 100 divisions .
Parting Glasses, for assaying (fig. 2029) . . from
Pneumatic Trough, mercurial, Berlin ware, for tube
experiments (fig. 2030°)
Porcelain Retort, (Berlin) tubulated and stoppered,
contents about forty fluid ounces (fig. 2030)
Pipettes, with Round or Pear shaped bulbs (figs. 2032
and 2032*) .... .... 0 0 6
Pipettes, or Dropping Tubes, straight bulb, 6-in. long 006
Ditto, with elongated bulb, for use in Edulcoration
(figs. 2034 and 2034*)
Pipettes, Graduated, for delivering exactly 1,000, 700,
500, 350, or 50 Grains, Cubic Centimetres, Equal
Parts, or any quantity to order
(figs. 2035 and 2035*), 2s. 6d. 3s. 6d., 5s. 6d. 0 7 6
Pipettes, with two bulbs, for delivering exactly 500 and
1,000 grains (fig. 2036)
FIG. 2037.
2037 Pipettes, for passing a Solution of Potash into a Gas
contained in a Tube over mercury (figs. 2037 and 2037°)
Each.
£ a. d.
026
026
090
009
040
0 13 6
008
008
010
0 10 6
050
014
re
FIG. 2052. FlG. 2054. FIG. 2052*
2038 RETORTS, Glass, various forms and sizes, see also next page.
45, COIINUILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
387
FIG. 2053.
FIG. 2037*.
FIG. 2040.
FIG. 2055.
FIG. 2041.
Each.
£ s. d.
10-oz.
Q/
0 5
20-oz.
2/6
Each.
£ s. d.
008 01
3-lb.
2s.
010 016
2039 Pipettes, with bent points (figs. 2039 and 2039°)
2040 Percolator Glass, for preparing tinctures, &c. (fig. 2040) 1 15 0
2041 Pourettes or Burettes, divided into Grains, Grammes,
Equal Parts or Cubic measures (fig. 2041) . .056 076
8-oz.
2042 Precipitating Glasses, on foot (fig. 2027) 1/6
2043 Ditto ditto Philip's /7 /8 /9
2044 Pulse Tubes .........
2045 Reduction Tubes, 12-in. tube, 1 or 2 bulbs, straight o
bent ..........
2046 Reduction Tubes, with one bulb, the tube bent, for de-
composing oxide of copper by heat, in hydrogen gas (fig . 2046)
2047 Retorts, Earthenware, plain . . . . . .016
2048 Retorts, Earthenware, to open in the middle 2s. 6d. 0 3 0
2049 Ditto, of hard glazed Stoneware, for Acids . from
2050 Ditto, of Berlin Porcelain, for high temperatures, plain 046
2051 Retort, Porcelain, Stoppered ...... 0 10
2052 Retorts of hard German glass (figs. 2052 and 2052*) :—
Contents 2-oz. 4-oz. 6-oz. 8-oz. 12-oz. 1-lb. li-lb. 2-lb.
Plain . 4d. 4d. 6d. 8d. 9d. lOd. Is. Is. 6d.
Tubulated 7d. 8d. lOd. Is. Is. 2d. Is. 3d. Is. 6d. 2s. 2s. 6d.
Stoppered Is. Is. 4d. Is. 6d. 2s. 2s. 3d. 2s. 6d. 3s. 3s. 6d.
2053 Retorts (Small) of blown Glass, 2 to 4-oz. capacity,
plain and stoppered (fig. 2053 and 2053*) . . .009 01
2054 Ditto ditto, with bent point (fig. 2054) ... 01
2c2
388
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBKA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
FIG. 2059.
FIG. 2062.
Retort and Receiver, Clark's (fig. 2055), exceedingly
useful in small distillation
Receivers, of blown glass, 1-oz. to 2-oz. capacity, plain
and tubulated (fig. 2056) 6d.
Receivers, Plain, bolt heads, short neck (fig. 2057) ; —
Contents . 4-oz. 8-oz. 12-oz.
Price . . 6d. 8d. 9d.
Contents . 1-lb. H-lb. 2-lb. 3-lb.
Price . . Is. Is. 2d. Is. 6d. 2s.
Receivers, with long neck (fig. 2058) : —
Contents . 1-lb. H-lb. 2-lb. 3-lb.
Price . . Is. Is. 2d. Is. 6d. 2s.
Ditto, with Tubulure Stoppered, the neck short (fig.2059):—
Contents . 4-oz. 8-oz. 1-lb. 2-lb.
Price . . 8d. lOd. Is. 2d. Is. lOd.
Receivers, with Tubulure Stoppered, the neck long
(fig. 2060):-
Contents . 4-oz. 8-oz. 1-lb. 2-lb.
Price . . Is. 2d. Is. 4d. Is. lOd. 2s. 6d.
Receivers for preparing Nitric Acid (fig. 2061)
Receivers with three necks (fig. 2062) . . . 0
Each.
£ s. (1.
Each.
d.
016
1A
FIG. 2056.
FIG. 2027.
FIG. 2030*.
FIG. 2027*
45, CORNHILL, B.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
389
FIGS. 2068.
cr
FIG. 2070.
FIG. 2067.
Each.;
£ s. d.
2063 Receivers, V shaped, small size, of German glass
(fig. 2063) 0
2064 Ditto, U shaped, large size, of German glass . . 0
2065 Receivers, with delivery tube (fig. 2065), for distilling
small portions of substances that require the receiver
to be surrounded by ice
2066 Ditto ditto fitted to a japanned copper vessel .
2067 Funnel, with bent tube for charging retorts (fig. 2067)
2068 Safety Funnels (Welter's), for gas bottles, retorts, &c.,
various forms (figs. 2068) ......
2069 Ditto, with four bulbs, preventing any fluid in the
funnel reaching the retort by sudden condensation
(fig. 2069)
2070 Safety Funnel, with two valves which obviate the neces-
sity of using mercury or fluid in the funnel (fig. 2070)
FIG. 2069
Eaclv
£ s. d.
0 1 3
026
036
0 10 G
010
016 026
036
056
FIG. 2072.
FIG. 2073.
FIG. 2073'
KEGKETTI AND ZAMER\, HOLBOEN VIADUCT, E.G.,
390
2071 Separating Funnel, with Stop- Cock and Glass Cover
(fig. 2071)
2072 Separating or Florentine Keceivers (fig. 2072)
2073 Ditto (figs. 2073 and 2073*) with Stop-Cock and Stopper
2074 Specific Gravity Bottles, of 1,000 grains capacity, with
adjustable counterpoise, in japanned tin case .
2075 Ditto, of 500 grains
2076 Ditto, of 250 grains
2077 Ditto, 1 cubic inch
FIG. 2063.
Each.
£ s. d.
Eacn.
£ s. d.
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
0 16
04
0 18
0 10
08
07
07
FIG. 2091.
FIG. 2234.
FIG. 2078*.
and
FIG. 2065.
Spirit Lamps of Glass, with ground caps
Brass wick-holders (figs. 2078 and 2078°) :—
Contents . 2-oz. 4-oz. 8-oz.
Price . . 2s. 3s. 5s.
If with screw wick holders, 6d. extra.
Spoons, stout glass, for transferring small quantities of
acid, &c., from one vessel to another ....
Stirrers, of soft glass, that do not scratch glass vessels
in which^they are used : —
Length . 4-in. 6-iiu 9-in. 12-in.
Price (per doz.) . Is. Is. 3d. 2s. 6d. 3s.
Stirrers, unprepared, in lengths of 18 or 24-in. per Ib. .
Stone Ware Still and Worm, hard glazed, from 1 gall.
Stone Ware Adapters and Taps, Acid Jugs, Ladles,
Funnels, Bottles, Pots, Evaporating Dishes, and
Coolers, &c., of various sizes and shapes
Stop -Cocks, solid Glass, accurately fitted, the open end
straight and adapted to receive a tube fitted with cork
Ditto, with Bent End, for running off a liquid
Sulphuric Acid Dish, for desiccating purposes
Sulphuretted Hydrogen Gas Bottle (fig. 2087)
Suction Tube (fig. 2088), for filling Potash Apparatus
and to ascertain if the connections are Air Tight
Syphon of a simple form
Ditto, with Suction Tube ffi^s. 2090 and 2090*) .
026
026 056
45, COENHILL, B.C., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON. 391
FIG. 2090. FIG. 2112.
FIG. 2092. FIG. 2095.
2091 Syphon, Wurtemberg (fig. 2091) . . 2s. 6d 5s.
2092 Syphon, Mitscherlich's, suction tube with bulb, and
end bent upwards (fig. 2092) ... 3s. 6d.
2093 Ditto, with Stopcock 10s. 6d.
2094 Syphon, with Negretti and Zambra's adaptation of
Syringe, useful where Acids, &c., are being
drawn off (fig. 2094) . . . 5s. 6d.
FIG. 2094
FIG. 2095*
FIG. 2102.
FIG. 2087. FIG. 2095*. FlG. 2097. FlG. 2096.
392
NEGBETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
FIG. 2116*.
FIG. 2121.
FIG. 2118.
2103
104
FIG. 2122.
£ s. a.
Syringes of Glass (figs. 2095 and 2095*) . . . .010
Ditto, with bent point (fig. 2096)
Thermometers, various, for chemical purposes (figs. 2097, 2097*)
see also pages 153 to 175) insulated in glass tube 3s. 6d. 0 5 6
Test Glasses, Conical, Clark's pattern (fig. 2098) .008
Test Glasses, Cylindrical, for lecture table (figs. 2099 and 2099*) :
Capacity . . 12-oz. 8-oz.
Is. 6d. Is. 4d.
Ditto ditto Conical form : —
Contents . . 2-oz. 4-oz. 6-oz.
Price 8d. lOd. Is.
Test Mixer, Graduated and Stoppered for quantitative
analysis (fig. 2101)
Test Tubes (fig. 2102), of German Glass, free from lead, carefully
the closed end, and bordered at the mouth :—
Diameter.
fin. . .
i-in.
l-in. . .
|-in. . .
l-in.
l-in.
Tube Flasks .
Tube Retorts .
£
0 1
0 2
s. A.
Length.
2 and 2^-in
3, 3J. 4, 4|, 5, and 6-in. .
4i, 5, S&, and 6-in. .
4, 5, and 6-in
5 and 6-in. ....
7 and 9-in. *
per doz.
040
. each
006
076
009
4-oz.
d.
8-oz.
Is. 4d.
086
rounded at
Per Dozen.
010
016
020
0 2 f
0 3 (
0 4 £
0 6 0
008
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, REGENT STREET, VV., LONDON.
393
.50-
e \/
FIG. 212G.
FIG. 2126*. FIG. 2101. FIG. 2109.
FIG. 2127.
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
Tubes of Berlin
redness : —
Length .
Diameter
Price .
Porcelain, for containing substances to be heated to
18-in.
24-in.
.
4s. 6d. 5s. 6d.
18-in.
f-in.
7s. 6d.
24-in. 18-in.
f-in. 1-in.
7s. 6d. 10s. 6d.
24- in.
1-in.
12s.
6
Trays, flat, Porcelain, for washing papers, &c. Is. 6d. £0
Ditto, shallow, G-lass ...... from
Tubes/three-limb and letter Z, for ad justing apparatus
to the exhausting syringe (fig. 2108) . . . .016
Tubes, long Glass conducting U shape (fig. 2109) .
Turpentine Bulbs, of glass, for containing volatile
£046
036
substances about to be analysed . . . per doz.
Watch Glasses per doz.
Water Hammers (fig. 2112)
Ditto ditto, best make . . . . 5s. 6d.
Water Baths, for drying precipitates or explosive
compounds, stoneware or porcelain ....
Water or Oil Bath, of Berlin Porcelain, especially
adapted for drying a precipitate contained on a filter
Water Bottle, stoppered, with glass tap, for holding
distilled water, &c. ; also useful as Aspirators
(figs. 2116 and 2116*) :—
Contents 4-lb. 6-lb. 8-lb. 12-lb. 20-lb. 24-lb.
Price . 11s. 6d. 12s. 6d. 15s. 18s. 25s. 30s.
Washing Bottle, Berzelius' Fountain, for washing
precipitates by a continual jet of water
The Tube only (fig. 2118)
Washing Bottles, Gmelin's, fitted to a 16-oz. flask
Washing Bottle, Syphon, improved form, in which a
current of water is supplied continuously .
The Tube only (fig. 2121)
Washing Bottle, improved form, complete with sup-
port, funnel and receiving jar (as fig. 2122)
010
020 040
040
086 0 12 0
036
046
026
0 1 6
026
0 6 Q
0 4 9
0 16 0
394
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
Each.
£ a. d.
056 076
2123 Volumeter, 1,000 grains capacity, divided into 100 equal
parts (fig. 2101)
2124 Woulffe's Bottles, well made plain necks, so as to cork
easily ; with two necks shape as fig. 2124 : —
Contents i-lb. 1-lb. 2-lb. 4-lb. 6-lb. 8-lb. 10-lb.
Price . Is. Is. 6d. 2s. 6d. 3s. 8d. 5s. 7s. 8s. 6d.
2125 Woulffe's Bottles, with three plain necks, shape as fig. 2125 :—
Contents £-lb. 1-lb. 2-lb. 4-lb. 6-lb. 8-lb. 10-lb.
Price . 2s. 2s. 6d. 3s. 4d. 4s. 8d. 6s. 9s. 6d. 11s. 6d.
2126 Woulffe's Bottles, with one neck, accurately Stoppered,
as figs. 2126 and 2126° :—
l-pint. 2-pints. 3-pints.
2-neck 3s. 2d. 3s. 8d. 4s. 6d.
3-neck 3s. 8d. 4s. 6d. 5s. 6d.
2127 WoulfFe's Bottles, a set of three l-pint, in a Mahogany
tray, fitted with safety funnels, tubes and connectors
(fig. 2127)
0 18 6
FIG, 2137.
FIG. 2137*.
FIG. 2145.
FIG. 2138.
APPARATUS FOB ORGANIC ANALYSIS, &c.
£ s. d. £ s. d.
2128 Apparatus for illustrating the Composition of Water
Synthetically, by burning Hydrogen gas in
atmospheric air ........ 050
2129 Berzelius' Sulphuretted Hydrogen Apparatus
(figs. 2129, 2129*) 086
2130 Ditto, ditto, with extra Washing Bottle, ... 1 12 6
2131 Cavendish's Apparatus for detonating a mixture of
Oxygen and Hydrogen Gas, illustrating the
Composition of Water 2 12 6
2132 Donavon's Apparatus for Filtering Caustic Potash
(fig. 2132) 1 10 0
2133 Dobereiner's Extracting Apparatus (fig. 2040) . 1 15 0
2134 Fritzch's Apparatus, for Analysis of Carbonates (fig. 2234) 020
2135 Glass Apparatus for showing Diminished Bulk by
mixing Sulphuric Acid and Water (fig. 2135) . 050
2136 Glass Apparatus, for Exhibiting the Philosophical
Candle and producing musical sounds by Hydrogen
Gas " from 0 10 6
2137 Leibig's Potash Apparatus, made very light from
German glass, free from lead (figs. 2137 and 2137*) .026 036
45, CORNIIILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STREET, W., LONDON". 395
FIG. 2139. FIG. 2140.
2138 Mitscherlich's Potash Apparatus, very light, (fig. 2138)
2139 Marsh's Apparatus for detecting Arsenic (fig. 2139) .
2140 Ditto, ditto, on Stand (fig. 2140)
214 L Clark's Apparatus for. detecting Arsenic (fig. 2141) .
2142 Percy's Apparatus, for Analysis of Carbonates .
2143 Ure's Apparatus for determining the quantity of
Nitrogen ..04
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
FIG. 2132
FIG. 2136.
FIG, 2129*
036
£
0 3
0 7
0 9
0 10
0 7
056
Will and Varrentrap's Nitrogen Bulbs ....
Nitrogen Bulb with Horsford's Modification (fig. 2145)
Bell-Shaped Dialyser of Glass, with two Flanges
Cylindrical Glass Jars, for using above
Dialysers, Tube Form, Dr. Alfred S. Taylor's Form,
for testing Mineral Poisons
Parchment Paper, for use with Dialyser, best quality
84 by 6 inch, Is. 6d. ; lOf by 6 inch, 2s. ; 12 by 12 inch,
2s. 6d. ; 14 by 12 inch, 3s. 6d. per dozen.
Flat Conical Glass Basins, with Spout for holding
Distilled Water below the Dialyser, and collect the
Diffusate 3s. 6d. 0 5 6 06
066
Sets of Chemical Apparatus and Tests adapted for the Analysis of Soils,
Manures, &c., &c., or for the examination of Adulterated Articles of Focd
fitted up to ordir. See also end of Chemical Section, page 411.
39C
NEGEETTI AND ZAMBRA, HOLBOEN YIADUCT, EC.,
FIG. 2153.
Sets of, seepage 400.
CHEMICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS.
2151 Balances, Chemical, with Glass Cases, highly finished and carefully adjusted,
to turn with T^th of a grain or one Milligramme
£8 8s. 10 10 0 12 12 0
2152 Balances, Assay, with framed beam and steel knife, edges resting on
Agate planes, sliding weight on beam, with adjustments, in Glass
Lantern, with levelling screws, &c., of the most delicate accuracy, to turn
with TTJVoth of a grain 15 15 0 25 0 0
2153 Balances, Assay or Chemical, of the highest precision, fitted with all recent
improvements, adjustments and appliances. Plate Glass for bottom
of the case (fig. 2153) £35 to £50 0 0
Decimal Weight
2154 Balance (fig. 2154) for Assay-
ing, Analysis, or Diamond weighing,
will carry 500 grains and turn with
-ji^th of a grain ; all bearings of Steel.
In plain Glass Case, with -key arrange-
ment for lifting . .£660
Ditto ditto with Set Screws
and Spirit Level . .£770
2155 Balance for determining the
Specific Gravity of Fluids, whether
heavier or lighter than water, to the
third place of decimals. This Balance
consists of weigh-beam, a plunger FIG. 2154.
to be immersed in the fluid ; fitted with Thermometer, Set of Weights and Riders,
Glass Solution Jar, &c., in wood case price £4 10 0
45, CORNHILL, E.C., AND 122, REGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
307
FIG 2170. FIGS. 2168,
2171, 2167*, 2165, 2167 2166 2169, 2167*
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167*
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
Balances and Scales with Weights, for Commercial, rough Laboratory, or
counter use, see pages 405, 408.
Balloons, for inflation with Hydrogen or Coal Gas : —
Diameter . 9-in. 10-in. 12-in. 16-in. 18-in. 20-in. 36-in.
Price . Is. 6d. 2s. 6d. 3s. 6d. 4s. 6d. 5s. 6d. 8s. 6d. 36s.
Each.
£ s. d.
Balloons, oval shape, 3-ft. high and 2-ft. diameter
Balloons, fish shape, 15-in. and 30-in. long .
Bladders, mounted with Ferrules
Ditto ditto and Stop-Cock 076
Bar Compound, for showing the unequal expansion of
metals by heat ...!*.'.
Bars of Antimony, Bismuth, Copper, Iron, Lead, Tin,
and Zinc, for precipitating metals from solution, from
Blowpipes, common Brass 010
Ditto, Black's (fig. 2165) 010
Ditto, Bergman's improved (fig. 2166) with two jets .
Blowpipes, various patterns : Berzelius' (fig. 2167) ;
Pepy's (fig. 2167*) with movable Jet, for use at any
angle ; or Wollaston's Pocket form 2167* . . from 0 16 0
Blowpipe, Hemming's Safety, Oxy-Hydrogen (fig. 2168)
Blowpipe, Oxy-Hydrogen, complete with Lime-Holder,
Stopcocks, &c., (fig. 2169)
Blowpipes, Spirit, Self-acting, for bending glass tubes,
strong Tin (fig.2170) *
Ditto ditto, Copper Ball (fig. 2171) ....
Blowpipe, Self-acting, Gas and Steam, very convenient
and powerful for small solderings, brazings, or
fusions ..........
Blowpipes, Spirit, or Russian Furnace ....
Ditto ditto, with ring and support ....
Blowpipe, Tilley's Water Pressure, with jets, &c.,
complete, in japanned tin ......
Bruner's Aspirator, Japanned Tin or Zinc (see fig. 78*
page 72). See also Water Bottles
Glass Blower's Table, with best double-action bellows,
jointed motion to jet-holder, and two jets (fig. 2177) .
Glass Blower's Lamps (figs. 2178 and 2178°)
Spirit Lamps, of glass (fig 2179) ....
Each.
£ s. d.
110
0 18 6
036
0 10 6
050 0 12 6
004
016
020
076
0 12 6
0 12 6
2 10 0
0 10 6
0 15 0
220
0 15 0
110
1 12 6
150
330
050
036
398
KEGRETTI AND ZAMBEA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.,
FIG. 2177,
2179* Glass Blower's Apparatus, Patent, consisting of a
circular column of japanned zinc, table covered with
zinc (having brass-bound edges) double -action cir-
cular bellows, drawer, and universal -jointed iet
(fig. 2179) . . .
2179f Ditto ditto without Zinc cover to the table
FIG. 2179.
£5 10 0
500
FIG 2178.
FIG. 2179.
FIG. 2178"
2180 Hot Blast Blowpipe, for temperatures above those obtained by the ordinary
gas and air blowpipe. It will be seen by the wood-cut (fig. 2180) that the
tube of the Air Jet is coiled round the gas tube, both being heated by a
Bunsen Burner underneath, each being controlled by separate taps.
The jet when reduced down to a small point of flame is nearly equal in power
to the Oxy-Hydrogen Jet, readily fusing a moderately thick Platinum "Wire.
It is a most useful arrangement for Chemical Soldering, and general
Workshop use. Price 16s. 6d.
2181 Hand Blower (fig. 2181) for use with above
0 16
2182 Foot Blowers, for Blowpipe work, Autogenous Soldering or Furnace use.
21s., 30s., 35s.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, EEGENT STEEET, W., LONDON.
399
FIG. 2180.
FIG. 2181.
Each.
£ s. d.
2183 Blowpipe Jets, Platinum .... from
2184 Blowpipe Forceps of Brass with fine points .
2185 Ditto ditto Steel and Platinum Points . 5s. 6d. 0 7 6
2186 Ditto Spoons, Platinum or Silver . . . from
2187 Blowpipe Apparatus, for Pocket, containing requisites
for Assaying metals, in case .....
2188 Bellows, portable Double, for table furnaces . from
2189 Blowpipe, Mineral Fragments, per box ....
2190 Brass Tobacco Pipe, for blowing Gas Bubbles
2191 Brushes, Test Tube ..... from
2192 Ditto, Phial and Bottle ...... 8d. 0 0 10
2193 Caoutchouc in sheets .......
2194 Caoutchouc Gas Bags, wedge shape, see also Lantern
Section ........ from
2195 Ditto Connectors, for joining tube apparatus from
2196 Ditto, Vulcanised Tube . . . .per foot, from 006
2197 Ditto Varnish ....... per oz.
2198 Ditto Water Bottles ....... 0 10 6
2199 Capsules of Platinum, Silver, Copper, &c., various.
2200 Chauffers with cover and pipe for increasing heat . 0 10 6
2201 Chemical Labels ..... per set 0 0 8
2202 Combustion Furnace of stout Sheet Iron
2203 Cross of Four Metals for showing unequal power of
conducting heat ........
2204 Connecting Pieces, Brass Angle and T Pieces, Union
Joints for uniting Stop-Cocks, &c. . Is. Is. 6d. 0 2 6
2205 Connecting Ferrules, Brass, for Bladders . . .010
2206 Crucibles, Platinum, Silver, Iron, &c., various.
2207 Crucible Jacket, iron plate, to hold any size Platinum
Crucible .........
2208 Crucible Stands and Supports, various . . . .002
2209 Ditto Tongs, straight, bent, &c., of various sizes Is. 6d. 0 2 6
2210
Each.
£ s. d
026
026
0 10 6
050
1 10 6
1 10 0
0 12 0
030
006
016
016
1 10 0
002
020
004
110
0 12 6
030
076
060
046
016
020
008
046
Fletcher's Blowpipes and Furnace Apparatus supplied to order.
400
NEGRETTI AND ZAMBBA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, B.C.,
FIG. 2212.
Each.
£ s. a.
Each.
£ a. d
0 10 6
2211 Condensers, Liebig's form for Distillation (fig. 2212)
The steam passes through a long Glass tube, inclosed in an outer Metal tube ; in the intervening space
water is made to flow continuously, and rapid condensation is effected.
2212 Support for Liebig's Condenser, best make, in wood,
capable of being elevated and inclined to any angle
(see fig. 2212) • 0 10 6
2213 Ditto ditto, Metal ......... 0 16 0
2214 Adjustable Wooden Stand for water vessel (see fig. 2212)
2215 Cork Borers, a set of four, without case ... 026
2216 Ditto, of polished brass, set of six, in a case . . 046
2217 Ditto, a set of twelve 076 0126
2218 Deflagrating Spoon, the bowl rivetted to the stem, with
a sliding cover for the jar (fig. 2218) .... 008
2219 Ditto, Ground Cover, to fit the top of Glass Receiver . 026
2220 Drying Apparatus, or Hot Air Bath, on stand, japanned
tin, from 110
2221 Ditto ditto «£ Copper, or Copper tinned . .220 440
2222 Decimal Weights, from 1,000 grains to a 10th of a grain,
in mahogany box 1 10 0
2223 Ditto, from 1,000 grains to 1 -100th of a grain, the
smaller weights of Aluminium or Platinum . 220
2224 Diamonds, for Writing and Engraving on Glass from 0 10 6
2225 Ditto for Cutting ditto 0 15 6 to 2 2 0
2226 Dishes, Evaporating, Copper .... from 026
2227 Ditto ditto Copper tinned inside . 030
2228 Ditto ditto Copper plated with silver . 066
2229 Ditto ditto Silver. . . . from 0 12 6
2230 Ditto ' ditto Enamelled Iron ... 026
2231 Evaporating Capsules, of Platinum : —
Diameter
Contents
l-in. |-in. 1-in.
l-16th oz. l-10th oz. i-oz.
i-oz.
2-in.
|-oz.
21-in.
i-oz
2f-in.
ll-oz.
Price variable, according to weight, about 35s. per oz.
45, CORNHILL, E.G., AND 122, BEGENT STREET, W., LONDON.
401
FIG. 2257f.
FIG. 2257*.
2232 Files, for cutting Glass Tube, with wood handle .
2233 Files and Rasps, for fitting Corks to tubes, with wood
handle
2234 Flexible Tube, Metal, for conducting gases, from per
foot
2235 Ditto ditto Vulcanised India Rubber
2236 Filter Paper, very thick and coarse ....
2237 Filter Papers, Circular, ready cut for use; give a
very minute portion of ash, and filter rapidly ; in
packets of 100 :—
Diameter . 2] -in. 2|-in. 2|-in. 4^-in
Price per 100 . 3d. 5d. 7d. 8d.
2238 Filtering Paper, superior quality, per quire .
2239 Ditto, Swedish, per quire, Munktell's Genuine
2240 Filter Paper Boxes, japanned, holding 200 filters:—
For No. 1 23456 Filters.
7d. 8d. 9d. Is. Is. 3d. Is. 6d.
2241 Funnels, Gutta Percha from
2241* Ditto, Ebonite veacl1
2422 Ditto, Tin and Tinned Copper ....
2243 Furnaces, Aikin's blast . . . . .
2244 Furnaces, Black's Universal, of Sheet Iron, with Cast
Iron fittings, applicable to the reduction and assay
of metallic ores, cupellation of silver, &c., full size .
2245 Furnaces, portable Table Earthen and Black lead, from
2246 Ditto, Black Lead, larger, for retorts or tubes, &c.
2247 Furnaces, round Iron, lined with fire lute or brick,
applicable for general chemical purposes .
2243* Furnace Blowers, see page 398.
2244* Forge, improved single blast. These Forges possess
great power, and are very portable . . Round
2245* Forge, Patent double Deck or Rivet, having large powers
of blast, insuring great and rapid heat (fig. 2245) Round
006
Is. Is. 4d.
016
550
016
0 0 10
010
019
0 2 0
046
020
036
026
0 18 6
5 10 0
1 10 0
440
330 550
660
880
2 D
NEGRETTI AXD ZAMBRA, HOLBORN VIADUCT, E.G.
FIG. 2247*.
2246*
2247*
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2257*
2257f
FIG. 2245*.
Each.
£ s. d.
Each.
Forge, improved Portable Iron, adapted for soldering
and brazing purposes, jewellers' uses, and suited for
amateur mechanics Square 550 660
Forge, portable Iron, improved with double bellows,
the whole fitted together with nuts and screws for
convenience of packing, arranged with connecting
screw and pipe for blast furnaces (fig. 2247*) . 10 10 0
A most useful article for persons residing in foreign parts, or Emigrants. 
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